HIV-1 envelope gp41 antibodies can originate from terminal ileum B cells that share cross-reactivity with commensal bacteria.

Monoclonal antibodies derived from blood plasma cells of acute HIV-1-infected individuals are predominantly targeted to the HIV Env gp41 and cross-reactive with commensal bacteria. To understand this phenomenon, we examined anti-HIV responses in ileum B cells using recombinant antibody technology and probed their relationship to commensal bacteria. The dominant ileum B cell response was to Env gp41. Remarkably, a majority (82%) of the ileum anti-gp41 antibodies cross-reacted with commensal bacteria, and of those, 43% showed non-HIV-1 antigen polyreactivity. Pyrosequencing revealed shared HIV-1 antibody clonal lineages between ileum and blood. Mutated immunoglobulin G antibodies cross-reactive with both Env gp41 and microbiota could also be isolated from the ileum of HIV-1 uninfected individuals. Thus, the gp41 commensal bacterial antigen cross-reactive antibodies originate in the intestine, and the gp41 Env response in HIV-1 infection can be derived from a preinfection memory B cell pool triggered by commensal bacteria that cross-react with Env.

Programming stress-induced altruistic death in engineered bacteria.

Programmed death is often associated with a bacterial stress response. This behavior appears paradoxical, as it offers no benefit to the individual. This paradox can be explained if the death is 'altruistic': the killing of some cells can benefit the survivors through release of 'public goods'. However, the conditions where bacterial programmed death becomes advantageous have not been unambiguously demonstrated experimentally. Here, we determined such conditions by engineering tunable, stress-induced altruistic death in the bacterium Escherichia coli. Using a mathematical model, we predicted the existence of an optimal programmed death rate that maximizes population growth under stress. We further predicted that altruistic death could generate the 'Eagle effect', a counter-intuitive phenomenon where bacteria appear to grow better when treated with higher antibiotic concentrations. In support of these modeling insights, we experimentally demonstrated both the optimality in programmed death rate and the Eagle effect using our engineered system. Our findings fill a critical conceptual gap in the analysis of the evolution of bacterial programmed death, and have implications for a design of antibiotic treatment.

Release of outer membrane vesicles by Gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response.

Conditions that impair protein folding in the Gram-negative bacterial envelope cause stress. The destabilizing effects of stress in this compartment are recognized and countered by a number of signal transduction mechanisms. Data presented here reveal another facet of the complex bacterial stress response, release of outer membrane vesicles. Native vesicles are composed of outer membrane and periplasmic material, and they are released from the bacterial surface without loss of membrane integrity. Here we demonstrate that the quantity of vesicle release correlates directly with the level of protein accumulation in the cell envelope. Accumulation of material occurs under stress, and is exacerbated upon impairment of the normal housekeeping and stress-responsive mechanisms of the cell. Mutations that cause increased vesiculation enhance bacterial survival upon challenge with stressing agents or accumulation of toxic misfolded proteins. Preferential packaging of a misfolded protein mimic into vesicles for removal indicates that the vesiculation process can act to selectively eliminate unwanted material. Our results demonstrate that production of bacterial outer membrane vesicles is a fully independent, general envelope stress response. In addition to identifying a novel mechanism for alleviating stress, this work provides physiological relevance for vesicle production as a protective mechanism.

A noisy linear map underlies oscillations in cell size and gene expression in bacteria.

During bacterial growth, a cell approximately doubles in size before division, after which it splits into two daughter cells. This process is subjected to the inherent perturbations of cellular noise and thus requires regulation for cell-size homeostasis. The mechanisms underlying the control and dynamics of cell size remain poorly understood owing to the difficulty in sizing individual bacteria over long periods of time in a high-throughput manner. Here we measure and analyse long-term, single-cell growth and division across different Escherichia coli strains and growth conditions. We show that a subset of cells in a population exhibit transient oscillations in cell size with periods that stretch across several (more than ten) generations. Our analysis reveals that a simple law governing cell-size control-a noisy linear map-explains the origins of these cell-size oscillations across all strains. This noisy linear map implements a negative feedback on cell-size control: a cell with a larger initial size tends to divide earlier, whereas one with a smaller initial size tends to divide later. Combining simulations of cell growth and division with experimental data, we demonstrate that this noisy linear map generates transient oscillations, not just in cell size, but also in constitutive gene expression. Our work provides new insights into the dynamics of bacterial cell-size regulation with implications for the physiological processes involved.

An Investigation into the Efficacy of a pH-Sensitive Material for Milk Spoilage Detection

Ambiguous expiration dates on milk cartons can mislead consumers into prematurely disposing unspoiled milk and potentially drinking spoiled milk. These misconceptions can lead to wastage that harms the environment, or potential discomfort and illness. The incorporation of pH-sensitive indicators into plastic milk cartons has the potential to replace stamped expiration dates as the traditional method of milk spoilage indication. We studied the correlation between bacteria count and milk pH to establish pH measurement as an effective indicator of milk quality. We then developed a method for incorporating bromothymol blue, a pH-sensitive color-changing dye, into a hydrogel made of polyacrylamide. This hydrogel can be added to existing packaging for milk or other products with detectable pH changes. Additionally, we conducted a consumer survey and analyzed current food packaging trends in the market. Our research indicates that a spoilage-indicating milk carton could have strong market potential as food industries increasingly adopt intelligent packaging designs.

Effects of Gallium-Desferrioxamine Compounds on Bacteria

Over 70% of nosocomial infections in the United States are resistant to one or more traditional antibiotics, necessitating research for alternative treatment options. This study aims to chelate gallium (Ga) onto a bacterial siderophore, desferrioxamine (DFO), to retard bacterial growth. By exploiting natural bacterial pathways, metal-siderophore treatments are hypothesized to circumvent traditional resistance mechanisms. Additionally, the GaDFO complex will be tested against several bacterial species to determine the specificity of DFO uptake. This research aims to prove the feasibility of siderophore piracy as an alternative to antibiotics. In showing the feasibility of siderophore piracy mechanisms, this research will enable the development of future avenues for protecting against resistant nosocomial infections.

Transporte de microorganismos indicadores de contaminación fecal en una cuenca de la pampa ondulada : el rol de las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos y de los sedimentos

Dentro de las actividades agropecuarias, es la ganadería sobre pastizales una de las principales producciones que favorece la contaminación biológica de las aguas superficiales. Uno de los principales factores que afecta este proceso es la absorción bacteriana. Por ello se analizó la interrelación entre el suelo y los fenómenos absortivos en tres escalas de percepción en una cuenca agropecuaria de la pampa ondulada. En la escala de laboratorio se pudo demostrar el importante rol de las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos en la absorción y coeficiente de partición bacteriana. Entre estas se destacaron la CIC, contenido de arcillas y PSI como predictores de estos parámetros biolóbicos. Además, los suelos evaluados mostraron una alta heterogeneidad en la capacidad de absorción bacteriana (45 por ciento a 73,3 por ciento) lo cual permitió separar ambientes con capacidades de absorción diferentes, encontrándose en los Argiudoles una abserción significativamente mayor que en los Natracualfes. En esta misma escala fue probado la importancia del tamaño de agregados y la calidad del medio líquido circundante en la regulación de los procesos abserotivos. El tamaño de agregado clave en estos procesos fue el de 20 a 50 µm mientras que un medio líquido con alta fuerza iónica intensificaba estos procesos. A escala de parche, en parcelas inoculadas con E. coli bajo lluvia simulada, se corroboró la importancia de la absorción y coeficiente de partición en la retención bacteriana por parte del suelo y se comprobó el rol de las propiedades del suelo sobre estos parámetros a semejanza de lo encontrado en laboratorio. Por último a escala de cuenca se puso de manifiesto la incidencia de la absorción y Kd bacteriano en el transporte de contaminantes biolóbiocos a través del escurrido superficial. Esta escala permitió la consideración de parámetros claves en el transporte bacteriano como la supervicencia bacteriana, la temporalidad de ocurrencia de las lluvias así como su intensidad. Los resultados obtenidos a nivel de laboratorio, parche y cuenca constituyen un avance en el estudio de la dinámica de la contaminación biológica de los suelos y los cursos de agua en ambientes frágiles destinados a la producción animal

Monitoreo descriptivo de parásitos de origen fecal hallados en hortalizas de hojas

p.271-276