Terapia fotodinâmica em esporos de bacillus atrophaeus e bacillus subtilis: estudos com LASER, LED, azul de metileno, rosa bengala e verde malaquita

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação da reparação de feridas cutâneas e ósseas realizadas por técnicas convencionais e com laser de Er, Cr:YSGG: estudo em ratos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Ação de biomateriais e laser de baixa intensidade na reparação tecidual óssea: estudo histológico em ratos

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Avaliação histológica do efeito do laser de baixa intensidade na resposta do tecido conjuntivo ao cimento Endofill

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Efeito do laser de baixa intensidade na polpa e nos tecidos apicais e periapicais em dentes de macaco

Pós-graduação em Odontologia - FOAR

Controllability and stabilizability of linear time-varying distributed hereditary control systems

This paper is concerned with the controllability and stabilizability problem for control systems described by a time-varyinglinear abstract differential equation with distributed delay in the state variables. An approximate controllability propertyis established, and for periodic systems, the stabilization problem is studied. Assuming that the semigroup of operatorsassociated with the uncontrolled and non delayed equation is compact, and using the characterization of the asymptoticstability in terms of the spectrum of the monodromy operator of the uncontrolled system, it is shown that the approximatecontrollability property is a sufficient condition for the existence of a periodic feedback control law that stabilizes thesystem. The result is extended to include some systems which are asymptotically periodic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.

Influence of the quantity of coloring agent in bleaching gels activated with LED/laser appliances on bleaching efficiency

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the quantity of coloring agent on the bleaching efficiency of gels containing 35% H2O2. Sixty human third molars were sectioned mesiodistally, darkened in a coffee solution and sectioned in the occlusal-cervical direction, resulting in mesial (not bleached) and distal halves (bleached). They were distributed into three groups: Whiteness HP, Total Bleach, and Whiteform Perox Red Gel; and subdivided into four sub-groups: no coloring agent, manufacturer's standard, double the standard, and triple the standard. The gels were activated with light-ermitting diode/laser appliances. The images were analyzed with the Adobe Photoshop program (deltaEL*a*b*). The variation was submitted to the ANOVA test (two factors: type of gel and quantity of coloring agent) and Tukey test. Differences were observed for the quantity of coloring agent. The mean (+/-SD) was determined for each quantity of coloring used: no coloring agent -6.85 (+/-2.26)a, manufacturer's standard -794 (+/-2.55)ab, double the standard -8.65 (+/-2.47)b, triple the standard -9.05 (+/-2.72)b. In conclusion, the standard quantity of coloring agent did not provide significantly more intense bleaching than when it was completely absent. The use of double and triple the amount provided greater bleaching than that observed for the gel without coloring agent. No significant differences were observed between the tested gels.

Microhardness of Radicular Dentin Treated with 980-nm Diode Laser and Different Irrigant Solutions

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microhardness of radicular dentin after treatment with 980-nm diode laser and different irrigant solutions. Background data: There are few reports of the consequences of diode laser irradiation emitted at 980 nm on the mechanical properties of dentin. Methods: Seventy-two single canal, human canines with complete root formation were randomly distributed among three groups (n = 24), according to the irrigant solution used in the biomechanical preparation: distilled water; 1% NaOCl; and, 1% NaOCl + 17% EDTA. These groups subsequently were divided into three subgroups (n = 8), according to the diode laser parameter: no irradiation (control); 1.5W/100 Hz; and 3.0 W/100 Hz. Laser was applied with helicoidal movements for 20 sec. Roots were sectioned in slices and the fragment corresponding to the middle third was submitted to the microhardness test (KHN) at depths of 30, 90, 150, and 300 mu m. Results: ANOVA and Tukey tests showed that the microhardness of the groups irradiated with 1.5 W/100 Hz (49.7 +/- 11.2) and 3.0W/100 Hz (50.6 +/- 11.9) were statistically similar to each other (p > 0.05) and different (p < 0.05) from the non-irradiated group (45.0 +/- 9.7). Higher microhardness values were obtained at 150 mu m (49.2 +/- 11.0) and 300 mu m (52.3 +/- 11.3) which were similar among themselves and different (p < 0.05) only at the depth of 30 mu m (44.4 +/- 10.5). No differences were found among the irrigant solutions (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The microhardness of the radicular dentin increased after irradiation with 980-nm diode laser.

Stability of dental implants after irradiation with an 830-nm low-level laser: a double-blind randomized clinical study

Little is known about the benefits of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on improvement of stability of dental implants. The aim of this randomized clinical study was to assess the LLLT effect on implants stability by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Thirty implants were distributed bilaterally in the posterior mandible of eight patients. At the experimental side, the implants were submitted to LLLT (830 nm, 86 mW, 92.1 J/cm(2), 0.25 J, 3 s/point, at 20 points), and on the control side, the irradiation was simulated (placebo). The first irradiation was performed in the immediate postoperative period, and it was repeated every 48 h in the first 14 days. The initial implant stability quotient (ISQ) of the implants was measured by means of RFA. New ISQ measurements were made after 10 days, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The initial ISQ values ranged from 65-84, with a mean of 76, undergoing a significant drop in stability from the 10th day to the 6th week in the irradiated group, and presenting a gradual increase from the 6th to the 12th week. The highest ISQ values were observed on the 10th day in the irradiated group, and the lowest in the 6th week in both groups. Under the conditions of this study, no evidence was found of any effect of LLLT on the stability of the implants when measured by RFA. Since high primary stability and good bone quality are of major relevancy for a rigid bone-implant interface, additional LLLT may have little impact macroscopically.

The effect of low-level laser irradiation (In-Ga-Al-AsP - 660 nm) on melanoma in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Background It has been speculated that the biostimulatory effect of Low Level Laser Therapy could cause undesirable enhancement of tumor growth in neoplastic diseases. The aim of the present study is to analyze the behavior of melanoma cells (B16F10) in vitro and the in vivo development of melanoma in mice after laser irradiation. Methods We performed a controlled in vitro study on B16F10 melanoma cells to investigate cell viability and cell cycle changes by the Tripan Blue, MTT and cell quest histogram tests at 24, 48 and 72 h post irradiation. The in vivo mouse model (male Balb C, n = 21) of melanoma was used to analyze tumor volume and histological characteristics. Laser irradiation was performed three times (once a day for three consecutive days) with a 660 nm 50 mW CW laser, beam spot size 2 mm2, irradiance 2.5 W/cm2 and irradiation times of 60s (dose 150 J/cm2) and 420s (dose 1050 J/cm2) respectively. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the in vitro groups, except for an increase in the hypodiploid melanoma cells (8.48 ± 1.40% and 4.26 ± 0.60%) at 72 h post-irradiation. This cancer-protective effect was not reproduced in the in vivo experiment where outcome measures for the 150 J/cm2 dose group were not significantly different from controls. For the 1050 J/cm2 dose group, there were significant increases in tumor volume, blood vessels and cell abnormalities compared to the other groups. Conclusion LLLT Irradiation should be avoided over melanomas as the combination of high irradiance (2.5 W/cm2) and high dose (1050 J/cm2) significantly increases melanoma tumor growth in vivo.

A systematic review with procedural assessments and meta-analysis of Low Level Laser Therapy in lateral elbow tendinopathy (tennis elbow)

Abstract Background Recent reviews have indicated that low level level laser therapy (LLLT) is ineffective in lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) without assessing validity of treatment procedures and doses or the influence of prior steroid injections. Methods Systematic review with meta-analysis, with primary outcome measures of pain relief and/or global improvement and subgroup analyses of methodological quality, wavelengths and treatment procedures. Results 18 randomised placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) were identified with 13 RCTs (730 patients) meeting the criteria for meta-analysis. 12 RCTs satisfied half or more of the methodological criteria. Publication bias was detected by Egger's graphical test, which showed a negative direction of bias. Ten of the trials included patients with poor prognosis caused by failed steroid injections or other treatment failures, or long symptom duration or severe baseline pain. The weighted mean difference (WMD) for pain relief was 10.2 mm [95% CI: 3.0 to 17.5] and the RR for global improvement was 1.36 [1.16 to 1.60]. Trials which targeted acupuncture points reported negative results, as did trials with wavelengths 820, 830 and 1064 nm. In a subgroup of five trials with 904 nm lasers and one trial with 632 nm wavelength where the lateral elbow tendon insertions were directly irradiated, WMD for pain relief was 17.2 mm [95% CI: 8.5 to 25.9] and 14.0 mm [95% CI: 7.4 to 20.6] respectively, while RR for global pain improvement was only reported for 904 nm at 1.53 [95% CI: 1.28 to 1.83]. LLLT doses in this subgroup ranged between 0.5 and 7.2 Joules. Secondary outcome measures of painfree grip strength, pain pressure threshold, sick leave and follow-up data from 3 to 8 weeks after the end of treatment, showed consistently significant results in favour of the same LLLT subgroup (p < 0.02). No serious side-effects were reported. Conclusion LLLT administered with optimal doses of 904 nm and possibly 632 nm wavelengths directly to the lateral elbow tendon insertions, seem to offer short-term pain relief and less disability in LET, both alone and in conjunction with an exercise regimen. This finding contradicts the conclusions of previous reviews which failed to assess treatment procedures, wavelengths and optimal doses.

Optical power stabilization of a laser diode for qnd measurement

La realizzazione di stati non classici del campo elettromagnetico e in sistemi di spin è uno stimolo alla ricerca, teorica e sperimentale, da almeno trent'anni. Lo studio di atomi freddi in trappole di dipolo permette di avvicinare questo obbiettivo oltre a offrire la possibilità di effettuare esperimenti su condesati di Bose Einstein di interesse nel campo dell'interferometria atomica. La protezione della coerenza di un sistema macroscopico di spin tramite sistemi di feedback è a sua volta un obbiettivo che potrebbe portare a grandi sviluppi nel campo della metrologia e dell'informazione quantistica. Viene fornita un'introduzione a due tipologie di misura non considerate nei programmi standard di livello universitario: la misura non distruttiva (Quantum Non Demolition-QND) e la misura debole. Entrambe sono sfruttate nell'ambito dell'interazione radiazione materia a pochi fotoni o a pochi atomi (cavity QED e Atom boxes). Una trattazione delle trappole di dipolo per atomi neutri e ai comuni metodi di raffreddamento è necessaria all'introduzione all'esperimento BIARO (acronimo francese Bose Einstein condensate for Atomic Interferometry in a high finesse Optical Resonator), che si occupa di metrologia tramite l'utilizzo di condensati di Bose Einstein e di sistemi di feedback. Viene descritta la progettazione, realizzazione e caratterizzazione di un servo controller per la stabilizzazione della potenza ottica di un laser. Il dispositivo è necessario per la compensazione del ligh shift differenziale indotto da un fascio laser a 1550nm utilizzato per creare una trappola di dipolo su atomi di rubidio. La compensazione gioca un ruolo essenziale nel miglioramento di misure QND necessarie, in uno schema di feedback, per mantenere la coerenza in sistemi collettivi di spin, recentemente realizzato.

Studio di cavità Fabry-Perot per laser ultrastabili

Lo scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato quello di studiare il comportamento di un fascio laser interagente con un risonatore ottico, grazie al quale il laser può essere stabilizzato agganciando la sua frequenza di missione ad uno dei modi della cavità. In sintesi la lunghezza d’onda del fascio è vincolata ad assumere valori multipli della lunghezza della cavità, dato che in questo modo si possono decisamente migliorare le caratteristiche spettrali di un laser tipico. La stabilizzazione, e il restringimento di riga del laser, vengono effettuati agganciando la sua frequenza sul modo trasverso fondamentale tramite un sistema di feedback. La cavità è però soggetta a sua volta a fluttuazioni di tipo termico e meccanico. Una variazione in lunghezza del risonatore comporta una variazione in frequenza dei modi. Le derive di frequenza dovute agli effetti termici si possono limitare utilizzando materiali con bassa dilatazione termica posti in ambienti la cui temperatura viene stabilizzata tramite un sistema di feedback. Per le vibrazioni, invece, il lavoro è più complicato: non essendo sufficiente mettere il sistema in ambienti isolati per attenuare le fluttuazioni, è stato recentemente proposto di studiare la posizione migliore dei sostegni affinché le fluttuazioni, e quindi le conseguenti variazioni in lunghezza della cavità, risultino minime. Per analizzare questo problema è stato utilizzato un software open-source per l’analisi agli elementi finiti, Salome-Meca, tramite il quale è stata riprodotta la geometria del un risonatore ottico a nostra disposizione, per simularne il comportamento sotto l’effetto del campo gravitazionale. Da qui si sono ottenuti i dati riguardo lo spostamento degli specchi della cavità in funzione della posizione del sostegno, dai quali si è riuscito a trovare il punto di posizionamento del supporto capace di ridurre lo spostamento di un ordine di grandezza.

Optimal game theoretic distributed control methodologies in small scale power systems

This dissertation presents the competitive control methodologies for small-scale power system (SSPS). A SSPS is a collection of sources and loads that shares a common network which can be isolated during terrestrial disturbances. Micro-grids, naval ship electric power systems (NSEPS), aircraft power systems and telecommunication system power systems are typical examples of SSPS. The analysis and development of control systems for small-scale power systems (SSPS) lacks a defined slack bus. In addition, a change of a load or source will influence the real time system parameters of the system. Therefore, the control system should provide the required flexibility, to ensure operation as a single aggregated system. In most of the cases of a SSPS the sources and loads must be equipped with power electronic interfaces which can be modeled as a dynamic controllable quantity. The mathematical formulation of the micro-grid is carried out with the help of game theory, optimal control and fundamental theory of electrical power systems. Then the micro-grid can be viewed as a dynamical multi-objective optimization problem with nonlinear objectives and variables. Basically detailed analysis was done with optimal solutions with regards to start up transient modeling, bus selection modeling and level of communication within the micro-grids. In each approach a detail mathematical model is formed to observe the system response. The differential game theoretic approach was also used for modeling and optimization of startup transients. The startup transient controller was implemented with open loop, PI and feedback control methodologies. Then the hardware implementation was carried out to validate the theoretical results. The proposed game theoretic controller shows higher performances over traditional the PI controller during startup. In addition, the optimal transient surface is necessary while implementing the feedback controller for startup transient. Further, the experimental results are in agreement with the theoretical simulation. The bus selection and team communication was modeled with discrete and continuous game theory models. Although players have multiple choices, this controller is capable of choosing the optimum bus. Next the team communication structures are able to optimize the players’ Nash equilibrium point. All mathematical models are based on the local information of the load or source. As a result, these models are the keys to developing accurate distributed controllers.

Entwicklung eines deutschsprachigen Fragebogens zur Durchführung von Multisource-Feedback in der ärztlichen Weiterbildung

Fragestellung/Einleitung: Multisource-Feedback (MSF) ist ein anerkanntes Instrument zur Überprüfung und Verbesserung der ärztlichen Tätigkeit [1]. Es beinhaltet Feedback, das von MitarbeiterInnen verschiedener Tätigkeitsbereiche und verschiedener Hierarchiestufen gegeben wird. Das Feedback wird anonym mithilfe eines Fragebogens gegeben, der verschiedene Kriterien der ärztlichen Kompetenz beschreibt. Das Feedback wird anschlieβend für die zu beurteilenden ÄrztInnen in einem Gespräch von einer/m SupervisorIn zusammengefasst. Bislang existiert kein deutschsprachiger Fragebogen für Multisource-Feedback für die ärztliche Tätigkeit. Unsere Zielsetzung war es daher, einen deutschsprachigen Fragebogen zu erstellen und diesen bzgl. relevanter Validitätskriterien zu untersuchen. Methoden: Zur Erstellung des Fragebogens sammelten wir die beste verfügbare Evidenz der entsprechenden Literatur. Wir wählten einen validierten englischen Fragebogen, der bereits in der Weiterbildung in Groβbritannien angewendet wird [2] und den wichtigsten Kriterien entspricht. Dieser wurde übersetzt und in einigen Bereichen erweitert, um ihn sprachlichen Gegebenheiten und lokalen Bedürfnissen anzupassen. Bezüglich der Validität wurden zwei Kriterien untersucht: Inhaltsvalidität (content validity evidence) und Antwortprozesse (response process validity evidence). Um die Inhaltsvalidität zu untersuchen, wurde in einer Expertenrunde diskutiert, ob der übersetzte Fragebogen die erwarteten Kompetenzen widerspiegelt. Im Anschluss wurden die Antwortprozesse mithilfe eines sog. „think-alouds“ mit ÄrztInnen in Weiterbildung und ihren AusbilderInnen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Der resultierende Fragebogen umfasst 20 Fragen. Davon sind 15 Items den Bereichen „Klinische Fähigkeiten“, „Umgang mit Patienten“, „Umgang mit Kollegen“ und „Arbeitsweise“ zuzuordnen. Diese Fragen werden auf einer fünfstufigen Likert-Skala beantwortet. Zusätzlich bietet jede Frage die Möglichkeit, einen Freitext zu besonderen Stärken und Schwächen der KandidatInnen aufzuführen. Weiterhin gibt es fünf globale Fragen zu Stärken und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten, äuβeren Einflüssen, den Arbeitsbedingungen und nach Zweifeln an der Gesundheit oder Integrität des Arztes/ der Ärztin. In der Expertenrunde wurde der Fragebogen als für den deutschsprachigen Raum ohne Einschränkungen anwendbar eingeschätzt. Die Analyse der Antwortprozesse führte zu kleineren sprachlichen Anpassungen und bestätigt, dass der Fragebogen verständlich und eindeutig zu beantworten ist und das gewählte Konstrukt der ärztlichen Tätigkeit vollständig umschreibt. Diskussion/Schlussfolgerung: Wir entwickelten einen deutschsprachigen Fragebogen zur Durchführung von Multisource-Feedback in der ärztlichen Weiterbildung. Wir fanden Hinweise für die Validität dieses Fragebogens bzgl. des Inhalts und der Antwortprozesse. Zusätzliche Untersuchungen zur Validität wie z.B. die durch den Fragebogen entstehenden Auswirkungen (consequences) sind vorgesehen. Dieser Fragebogen könnte zum breiteren Einsatz von MSF in der ärztlichen Weiterbildung auch im deutschsprachigen Raum beitragen. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. You are free: to Share - to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.