991 resultados para desertified grassland


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选取全国退耕还林第一县——吴起县为研究对象,对吴起县自1997-2006年耕地变化动态与粮食生产情况进行了分析研究,运用最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力指数模型法,在分析吴起县1997-2006年10年间耕地、人口、粮食动态变化的基础上,总结了该区域最小人均耕地面积和耕地压力的变化特点,并以此为基础提出了保障吴起县耕地动态平衡和粮食安全的一些建议。

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对黄土丘陵区2个不同沟向沟谷地植被群落特征进行样方调查,统计分析沟谷地植物物种频度和植物种群相似系数。调查共记录植物81种,隶属31个科,菊科、禾本科和豆科物种分别占物种总数的19.75%、16.05%和14.81%;封禁20年左右的沟谷地植被演替表现出良性演替的趋势;目前该沟谷地植物群落生活型中草本植物仍占主导地位,尤其是多年生草本,而灌乔生活型植物也已占有重要地位。灌乔木树种对植物群落多样性和结构等方面具有重要影响,沟谷地植被分布的斑块格局较为突出,不同沟向沟谷地的灌乔植物种的重要值构成格局存在一定差异,南北沟向较西东沟向分配均匀;沟向不同,沟谷地所形成的植被种群相似性具有一定差异,主要是由于受到一些伴生种和罕见种的影响。此研究对掌握该地形植被演替方向,明确植被恢复任务和目标具有一定意义。

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从2006 年10 月24 日至2007 年4 月9 日,采用固定样线法和瞬时扫描法, 对在大山包国家级自然保护区(N27°18′38″~27°29′15″,E103°14′55″~103°23′49″) 内越冬的黑颈鹤种群进行了越冬行为、日间活动节律和越冬栖息地利用的详细调 查,同时对黑颈鹤的春季迁徙行为和冬季黑颈鹤的死亡现象进行了观察和分析。 这些研究有助于我们了解黑颈鹤是采取何种行为模式和栖息地利用模式来适应高 海拔、低温度的环境,同时对如何有效地保护越冬黑颈鹤和合理规划保护区功能 区域有重要的指导作用。 将黑颈鹤的越冬行为分为:取食(Feeding)、搜寻(Searching)、警戒(Vigilance)、 争斗(Fight)、行走(Walk)、飞行(Flight)、休整(Maintenance)和其它(Others) 八种,越冬期间最主要的行为是取食(53.05±4.93)%,其它行为依次为:搜寻 (10.38±1.34)%、警戒(18.75±2.65)%、休整(10.32±4.93)%、行走(4.90±1.59) %、飞行(1.70±0.38)%、争斗(0.36±0.25)%、其它(0.55±0.41)%。单因素 方差分析(One-Way ANOVA)分析表明越冬期间黑颈鹤日间各时间段(1h)和各 月份间行为差异极显著(P<0.05),并呈现出规律的变化。黑颈鹤的取食、警戒、 搜寻行为具明显的早(10:00-11:00)、晚(17:00-18:00)两个活动高峰,中午 13:00~14:00 最低;而休整行为正好相反,呈现出中午高峰、上午和下午低谷的趋 势;另外几种行为节律性表现不明显。黑颈鹤越冬期主要行为的节律变化是受环 境温度变化影响的,温度高时黑颈鹤增加了修整时间减少了取食时间,而温度低 时则减少了修整时间增加了取食时间以维持能量需求,湿度是通过温度对黑颈鹤 产生影响的。每天黑颈鹤都随着太阳的升起开始觉醒,于07:18±0:15 飞离夜栖地, 大雾的天气影响了黑颈鹤的外出觅食,与之相适应的是黑颈鹤相应的推迟了出飞 时间。黑颈鹤所采取的所有行为都表现出了对大山包特殊环境的适应。 在大山包黑颈鹤所利用的栖息共有耕地(farmland)、草地(grassland)、沼泽 (marsh)和浅水水域(water area)四类。选择指数分析表明黑颈鹤对水域有极大 的偏好,其次为沼泽湿地,再次为耕地,而对草地表现为负选择,并且在越冬期 间的各月份之间,对不同栖息利用比率保持一致。这提示我们在进行保护区规划 的时候应该适当增加前三种栖息地的面积以满足黑颈鹤的越冬需求。主成份因子 分析表明黑颈鹤倾向于选择距夜栖地和水源较近、人流较少、干扰较小、无坡或缓坡的低海拔栖息地。处于不同越冬地的越冬黑颈鹤根据当地的实际情况采取不 同的栖息地利用,说明黑颈鹤具有较强的环境适应能力。 调查期间记录到了三只带有彩环的黑颈鹤个体,其中有两只佩戴有卫星发射 器,发射器编号分别为64309 和64311。大山包黑颈鹤种群数量变动的春季和秋季 高峰是由于处于不同越冬地的黑颈鹤迁徙造成的,同时也说明了大山包是在滇东 北和黔西北越冬的黑颈鹤的集散地。黑颈鹤的春季迁徙一般集中在3 月下旬至4 月上旬,在晴朗、微风的上午10:00-11:00 迁徙的黑颈鹤数量最多,说明了天气条 件对黑颈鹤迁徙的重要性。 大山包保护区内的高压输电电线和通信电缆对越冬黑颈鹤构成了极大的威 胁。观察期间共有7 只黑颈鹤因撞上输电电线而死亡,除去一只没有外伤的成体 之外,成幼比例为1:1,大都发生在天气较为恶劣的12 月-2 月之间。发生撞死黑 颈鹤的时候保护区内都有不同程度的大雾笼罩,由于大雾的影响造成可视条件下 降,加之黑颈鹤飞行的机动性差(翼载量大、展弦比不大),造成了黑颈鹤的伤亡.

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草地在广大的干旱、半干旱地区是重要的可更新资源,草地生产力是草地质量评价最重要的指标之一,不仅体现草地生态系统的稳定性及生物种群的多样性,而且在畜牧业的发展及生态建设方面都有极其重要的参考价值和指导意义。本文以内蒙古通辽市科尔沁半干旱草地生态系统为研究对象,通过生长季野外生物量调查,结合遥感植被指数建立该区域三类草地系统的经验估产模型;同时利用遥感植被指数建立的植被光合模型(VPM)模拟草甸草地区域总初级生产力(GPP),为区域畜牧业的发展、生态环境评价及生态恢复提供基础数据。主要结论有: (1)对2000—2006年MODIS的8 d合成归一化植被指数(NDVI)资料和逐日气象资料的分析结果显示:季节变化过程中,研究区水汽压与NDVI的相关程度明显大于降水量;积温和累积降水量共同控制着各年草地的返青速度,草地快速生长期(6、7月)的降水量对NDVI年最大值的影响比年总降水量更显著;时滞分析表明,水汽压对之后约12 d的NDVI有持续的显著影响,平均气温的时滞为11~15 d,降水对NDVI影响的累积和时滞双重效应可达36~52 d。 (2)根据野外生物量调查结果和MODIS数据,分别采用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)和修正的土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)对草甸草地、半退化草地以及沙丘草地三种类型的草地分别建立了生物量估算模型,其拟合优度系数分别为:0.704、0.537、0.723,经F检验其相关性均达到显著水平(P<0.01)。   (3)由于引入了草地生长阶段光合生理的季节动态,VPM模拟的总初级生产力(GPPVPM)和涡度相关法观测的总初级生产力(GPPobs)结果有很好的一致性,GPPVPM(1506.54C•m-2)略低于GPPobs(1615.38gC•m-2)。表明VPM可用于半干旱草地总初级生产力的模拟,从而实现对通量观测GPP的尺度扩展,为区域或全球生态系统总或净初级生产力的模拟提供高时间、空间分辨率的准确模拟。

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LUCC是全球变化研究的核心主题之一,也是社会经济可持续发展的关键问题。改革开放后四川的社会经济发展非常快,在各种因素的驱动下,土地利用/覆盖发生了深刻变化。目前四川省缺乏基于实际调查数据的、全域性的、具有连续时间序列的LUCC和驱动力分析及土地可持续利用研究成果,这对我们从全局上把握全省土地利用现状、发展变化趋势,利用土地政策参与宏观调控,实现长期可持续发展目标,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会极为不利。本研究针对这一问题,选取全川八大土地利用类型作为研究对象,研究了全省1996年到2006年的土地利用/覆盖格局和变化情况,分析了不同尺度的驱动因素,对全省农用地和建设用地的集约利用状况、潜力进行了分析评价,并提出相应的对策措施。 1.1996年-2006年10年来整个省域的土地利用/覆盖格局变化。 (1)1996年-2006年全省的土地利用/覆盖格局 1996年,全省是一个以农用地为主的土地利用/覆盖格局,林地和牧草地属于优势覆盖类型(合占69.17%),居民点及工矿用地和交通用地合占只有3%左右。 2000年的LUCC格局较为明显的特点是耕地所占比重下降0.4个百分点,水域和未利用土地所占比重有所下降,牧草地保持不变,其余地类所占比重有所上升。 与2000年相比,2004年林草地的优势格局进一步得到强化(合占比重达到70.23%)。耕地面积占幅员面积的比重下降0.83个百分点,略有下降的有未利用土地、水域和牧草地。值得关注的是在“退耕还林还草”的大背景下,牧草地占幅员面积的比重下降0.04个百分点。 到2006年,仍为林草地为主导优势的格局,二者合占上升0.15%。在城市化快速推进的背景下,居民点及工矿用地中的城市用地和建制镇用地占比重超过15%,农村居民点占比重降至76%。交通用地中农村道路占比重降至57.8%,公路用地占比重升至37.5%。五个地貌区的土地利用/覆盖格局与全省的变化基本一致。值得关注的是盆西平原区的交通用地上升幅度和盆地丘陵区的未利用土地的开发利用力度明显大于其它地貌区。 (2)1996-2006年10年间土地利用/覆盖格局的变化 1996-2000年4年间,耕地、水域和未利用地三个地类下降,年均减少0.75、0.19和0.32个百分点。其中耕地年均减少49229.0公顷,约一半流向林地,13.77%流向园地,约20%流向建设用地。另外5个地类面积增长,增长绝对量最大的是林地,年均增长40063.7公顷,交通用地增幅最大,4年年均增长达1.95%。 2001-2004年是西部大开发逐步推进、“退耕还林还草”项目全面展开和土地整理深入实施的关键期,LUCC更为深刻。耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地四个地类面积下降,其余地类按增长幅度依次是园地、交通用地、居民点及工矿用地和林地。耕地加速下降,年均降幅达到1.59%,其减少去向主要是林地(占66.75%)和园地(占19.84%),其增加来源主要是未利用地、园地和水域。交通用地的增幅最大,为3.96%,其增加主要来源于耕地、未利用土地和林地,分别占49.96%、16.63%和13.09%。居民点及工矿用地增长幅度为3.12%。 从1996年到2006年的10年间,耕地、未利用地、水域和牧草地下降幅度分别为10.36%、3.61%、1.34%和0.26%。园地增幅达23.61%。绝对面积增长最大的则是林地,达630733.3公顷。交通用地和居民点及工矿用地增幅也较大,分别为15.00%和9.31%。 10年间年均总变化量为310326.6公顷,2000年-2004年之间变化最大(为356865.8公顷),高于平均变化量,而1996-2000年间和2004-2006年间都小于平均变化量。 (3)10年间不同地貌区的LUCC变化 盆西平原区的特点是园地大幅上升达77%,居民点及工矿用地和交通用地也大幅上升,耕地、未利用地下降幅度大,该区耕地、水域、未利用地的减少强度和园地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地的上升强度均居五区第一;盆地丘陵区的特点是牧草地下降幅度大,为-36.89%,交通用地、园地和林地上升幅度较大,该区耕地减少、未利用地减少、林地增加、居民点及工矿用地和交通用地增加的变化强度均居五区相应地类增减的第二位;盆周山地区的特点是耕地减少较多,交通用地和园地增长较大,该区林地变化强度居各区第一位,牧草地和水域变化强度居各区第二位,耕地、居民点及工矿用地和未利用地居各区第三位;川西南山地区的特点是园地、耕地、交通用地和居民点及工矿用地变化幅度大,另外四个地类变化较小。该区减少的牧草地占全省牧草地减少的97.91%,变化强度居各个地貌区的第一位,园地相对变化强度居五区的第二位;川西北高山高原区的特点是耕地大幅下降、园地大幅上升,交通用地升幅也较大,其余地类变化不大。值得注意的是,该区牧草地和水域面积增加,与全省该地类的变化相反。其余地类的相对变化强度均是五个地貌区中最小的。 用变化强度分值考量变化强度,盆西平原区的变化强度最大,盆地丘陵区和盆周山地区的变化强度相当,川西北高山高原区的变化强度则要小得多。 (4)1996年及2006年全省土地利用/覆盖格局的景观生态学分析 全省是以自然景观占优势(占约70%)、农业景观为补充、建设用地景观居于从属地位的土地利用景观格局。景观多样性和均匀度不高。到2006年,全省总的景观格局并无大的改变。总体情况是随着时间的推移和人类活动的加强,区内景观优势度上升、多样性和均匀度变小。但斑块数减少,斑块面积和斑块孔隙度有所增大。斑块的形状指数和分维数均有所下降,表明受人为干扰有加剧的趋势。反映景观格局结构的破碎度指数有轻微下降。景观指数的变化表明全省土地利用有缓慢集中、规模聚集的趋势。 (5)三大生态建设工程对土地利用/覆盖变化的影响 1996-2006年间LUCC与三大生态建设工程实施的耦合分析,发现退耕工程对耕地、林地、牧草地等地类覆盖变化的影响最大,天保工程次之,长防工程最小。 2.四川省LUCC驱动力分析 (1)总体分析: 从整体上分析,人为因素对区域整体LUCC的影响从1996年的63.32%增加到2006年的66.99%,变得日益强烈。同时人为因素影响强度表现出明显的区域差异,地势平缓、经济区位条件好的区域其人为影响强度明显较高。 政策体制转变下的经济高速增长、快速的城市化、工业化过程和生态建设是四川省LUCC宏观尺度的驱动因素。区域的LUCC主要受到了由内向外(从城市到乡村)和由外向内(从山顶向平地)两种作用力的共同推动。局部尺度上,如距离交通线、水利线、中心城市的远近,地形凸起、大型独立项目落址、重污染项目的阻隔等,甚至一些乡规民俗等因素也会成为LUCC的驱动影响因素。在较小的尺度上,人类个体行为选择对LUCC的影响也是存在的。   根据驱动因子的特性作者将其划分为驱变、阻变、良性、惰性因子等类型。 (2)分地貌区的驱动因子分析 各地貌区都存在城市化、工业化、生态工程实施、自然灾害等驱动因子,但主次不一。对于盆西平原和盆地丘陵区,城市化、工业化是前两位的因子,而对另外三个地貌区,生态工程实施和产业结构调整则成为第第一、二位的驱动因子。 (3)分地类的驱动因子分析(以坡耕地为例) 分坡度的耕地变化分析发现,耕地减少主要集中在2°以下的平地、15°-25°和25°以上三个坡度级,是其它坡度级耕地减幅的三倍左右。这表明耕地减少受城市化进程和“退耕还林还草”工程驱动影响尤为巨大。 3.土地利用格局优化、集约利用评价和可持续利用及对策研究 (1)土地利用格局优化的战略选择及调整预测 土地利用格局调整的战略是农业生产用地、建设用地和生态及其他用地占幅员的比重分别稳定在13%、7%和80%左右,重点是三大类别内部二级和三级地类的合理调整。 (2)全省土地集约利用评价 全省农用地利用集约度为0.46,总体上集约度不高,处于较适度利用阶段。建设用地利用集约度为0.38,处于较适度利用阶段。集约利用提升空间较大。 农用地的潜力主要在于加强土地保育、完善利用制度、提高单产。城市建设用地的包括存量潜力、强度潜力、结构潜力,空间很大。农村居民点整理潜力可以逐步挖掘。 (3)新增建设用地集约利用的统筹安排 据测算,到2020年,四川省城市建设用地需求量在463850-492360hm2之间,城镇各业新增建设用地规模为361276.79hm2,占用耕地200565.94 hm2。2004-2020年间四川省农村居民点整理潜力33.86万hm2。农村居民点建设用地需求量为70.57万公顷。 (4)土地集约利用措施与坡耕地可持续利用战略 提出了土地集约利用的措施。在对坡耕地生态系统结构与功能分析的基础上,提出坡耕地可持续利用战略与生态恢复战略,并从技术和政策层面提出了坡耕地合理利用和生态退耕的措施和建议。 LUCC is one of the key questions of global change and sustainable development of society. After the opening and reform of China, the society and economy of Sichuan Province developed very fast ,the land-use/cover changed very strong droved by many factors .But nowadays we have no constant spatial-temporal study and driving force analysis about the whole province based on investigation. And it is lack of land sustainable utilization study based on correlative study. So we choose all the land resource in Sichuan, combine RS and GIS and field investigation, and take statistic-mathematic means and system analysis, to study the LUCC patterns and different scale driving force of different physiognomy regions, land cover types and periods; to analyze the current situation and potential of land resource intensive utilization, and gave out corresponding measurements. We found that forest and grassland are the dominant cover types of Sichuan provincial land –use/cover pattern, and becoming more and more stronger from 1996 to 2006,the natural landscape is the metric and occupy 70%,the diversity and evenness index are not high; the totally change quantity from 2000 to 2004 is the biggest; cultivated land especially steep cultivated land ,garden plot, forestry land ,settlement and industry land and traffic land changed relative stronger; among five physiognomy regions ,the changing intensity of PEN XI PING YUAN QU is the biggest, CHUAN XI BEI GAO SHAN GAO QU is smallest; under the background of policy system changing, the fast developing of economy, fast urbanization and industrialization and ecology construction are the macro-scale driving force of Sichuan provincial LUCC; to compare the impacts of “TUI GENG GONG CHENG” on LUCC especially to cultivated land ,forestry land and grassland is strongest, “TIAN BAO GONG CHENG ” is stronger,“ HANG FANG GONG CHENG” is smallest; the intensive utilization level of farmland and construction land of whole province is relative moderation, there is huge potential to excavate and fulfill the increasing demand of construction land;we must take synthetic measurements to accelerate the sustainable utilization of land resource, including administrative, economical ,technological and ecological policies.

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本研究针对川西北高山草甸缺乏科学管理,过度放牧导致草场退化,并由此引发的一系列生态环境问题,选取红原县瓦切乡1996 年草地承包后形成的四个放牧强度草场,即不放牧、轻度(1.2 头牦牛hm-1)、中度(2.0 头牦牛hm-1)和重度放牧(2.9 头牦牛hm-1),作为研究对象,研究了不同放牧强度对草地植物-土壤系统中碳、氮这两个最基本物质的分布格局和循环过程的影响,并探讨了放牧干扰下高山草甸生态系统的管理。 1.放牧对草地植物群落物种组成,尤其是优势种,产生了明显的影响。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地群落物种数分别为22,23,26,20 种,群落盖度分别是不放牧96.2%>中度93.6%>轻度89.7%>重度73.6%。随放牧强度的增加, 原植物群落中的优势种垂穗鹅冠草( Roegneria nutans )、发草(Deschampsia caespitosa)和垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)等禾草逐渐被莎草科的川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis)和高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)所取代成为优势种。同时,随放牧强度的增加,高原毛茛(Ranunculus brotherusii)、狼毒(Stellera chamaejasme)、鹅绒委陵菜(Potentilla anserina)和车前(Plantagodepressa)等杂类草的数量也随之增加。 2.生长季6~9 月份,草地植物地上和地下生物量(0~30cm)都是从6 月份开始增长,8 月份达到最高值,9 月份开始下降。每个月份,通常地上生物量以不放牧为最高,重度放牧总是显著小于不放牧;地下生物量随放牧强度的增加表现为增加的趋势,通常重度和中度放牧显著高于不放牧和轻度放牧草地。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6~9 月份4 个月的植物总生物量平均值分别是1543、1622、2295 和2449 g m-2,但随放牧强度的增加越来越来多的生物量被分配到了地下部分,地下生物量占总生物量比例的大小顺序分别是重度88%>中度82%>轻度76%>不放牧69%。生物量这种变化主要是由于放牧使得群落优势种发生改变而引起的,其分配比例的变化体现了草地植物对放牧干扰的适应策略。 3.植物碳氮贮量的季节变化类似与生物量的变化。每个月份,不同放牧强度间植物地上碳氮的贮量有所不同,一般重度放牧会显著减少植物地上碳氮贮量。植物根系(0~30cm)碳氮贮量随放牧强度的增加表现为增加的趋势,通常重度和中度放牧显著高于不放牧和轻度放牧草地。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6~9 月份4 个月的植物总碳平均值分别是547、586、847 和909 g m-2,根系碳贮量占植物总碳的比例大小顺序分别是重度88%>中度82%>轻度76%>不放牧69%;放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧草地6~9 月份4 个月的植物总氮平均值分别是17、17、23 和26 g m-2,根系氮贮量占植物总氮的比例大小顺序分别是重度79%>轻度71%>中度70%>不放牧65%。 4. 土壤有机碳贮量(0~30cm)的季节变化表现为7 月份略有下降,8 月开始增加,9 月份达到的最大值。土壤氮贮量的季节变化表现为随季节的推移逐渐增加的趋势。增加的放牧强度不同程度的增加土壤有机碳氮的贮量。不放牧、轻度、中度和重度放牧6~9 月份4 个月的土壤有机碳贮量的平均值分别是9.72、10.36、10.62 和11.74 kg m-2,土壤氮贮量分别为1.45、1.56、1.66 和1.83 kg m-2。土壤中有机碳(氮)的贮量都占到了植物-土壤系统有机碳(氮)的90%以上,但不同放牧强度之间的差异不明显。 5. 土壤氮的总硝化和反硝化,温室气体N2O 和CO2 的释放率的季节变化表现为从6 月份开始增加,7 月份达到最大值,8 月份开始下降,9 月份降为最小值。增加的放牧强度趋向于增加土壤氮的总硝化和反硝化作用,温室气体N2O和CO2 的释放率,通常情况下,中度放牧和重度放牧显著地加强了这些过程。 6.垂穗鹅冠草(Roegneria nutans)和川嵩草(Kobresia setchwanensis)凋落物在不同放牧强度下经过1 年的分解,两种凋落物的失重率及其碳氮的损失率3都随放牧增加表现为增加的趋势。在同一放牧强度下,川嵩草凋落物的失重率和碳氮的损失率都高于垂穗鹅冠草凋落物。 7. 尽管重度放牧显著增加了土壤碳氮的贮量,但同时也显著降低了植被群落盖度,降低了植物地上生物量,因此,久而久之会减少植物向土壤中的碳氮归还率;与不放牧和轻度放牧相比,重度放牧又显著增加了土壤CO2 和NO2 的排放量,这是草地生态系统碳氮损失的重要途径。由此可见,对于这些地处青藏高原的非常脆弱的高山草甸生态系统,长期重度放牧不仅导致植物生产力降低,而且将导致草地生态系统退化,甚至造成土壤中碳氮含量减少。 Long-term overgrazing has resulted in considerable deterioration in alpine meadowof the northwest Sichan Province. In order to explore management strategies for thesustainability of these alpine meadows, we selected four grasslands with differentgrazing intensity (no grazing-NG: 0, light grazing-LG: 1.2, moderate grazing-MG: 2.0,and heavy grazing-HG: 2.9 yaks ha-1) to evaluate carbon, nitrogen pools and cyclingprocesses within the plant-soil system in Waqie Village, Hongyuan County, Sichuan Province. 1. Grazing obviously changed the plant species composition, especially ondominant plant species. Total number of species is 22, 23, 26, and 20 for NG, LG, MGand HG, respectively. Vegetation coverage under different grazing intensity ranked inthe order of 96.2% for HG>93.6% for MG>89.7% for LG>73.6% for NG. Thedominator of HG community shifted from grasses-Roegneria nutans andDeschampsia caespitosa dominated in the NG and LG sites into sedges-Kobresiapygmaea and K. setchwanensis. At the same time, with the increase of grazingintensity, the numbers of forbs, such as Ranunculus brotherusii, Stellera chamaejasme,Potentilla anserine and Plantago depressa, increased with grazing intensity. 2. Over the growing season, aboveground and belowground biomass showed a 5single peak pattern with the highest biomass in August. For each month, abovegroundbiomass usually was the highest in the NG site and lowest in the HG site.Belowground biomass showed a trend of increase as grazing intensity increased and itwas significantly higher in the HG and MG site than in the NG and LG sites. Totalplant biomass averaged over the growing season is 1543, 1622, 2295 and 2449 g m-2for NG, LG, MG and HG, respectively. The proportion of biomass to total plantbiomass for NG, LG, MG and HG is 88%, 82%, 76% and 69%, respectively. Higherallocation ratio for is an adaptive response of plant to grazing. 3. Carbon and nitrogen storage in plant components followed the similar seasonalpatterns as their biomass under different grazing intensities. Generally, heavy grazingsignificantly decreases aboveground biomass carbon and nitrogen compared to nograzing. Carbon and nitrogen storage in root tended to increase as grazing increasedand they are significantly higher in the HG and MG sites compared to the LG and NGsite. Total Carbon storage in plant system averaged over the growing season is 547,586, 847 and 909 g m-2 for NG, LG, MG and HG, respectively, while 17, 17, 23 and 26g m-2 for nitrogen. The proportion of carbon storage in root to total plant carbon forNG, LG, MG and HG is 88%, 82%, 76%, 69%, respectively, while 65%, 71%, 70%and 79% for nitrogen. 4. Carbon storage in soil (0-30cm) decreased slightly in July, then increased inAugust and peaked in September. Nitrogen storage in soil tended to increase withseason and grazing intensity. Total Carbon storage in soil averaged over the growingseason is 9.72, 10.36, 10.62 and11.74 kg m-2 for NG, LG, MG and HG, respectively,while 1.45, 1.56, 1.66 and 1.83 for nitrogen. The proportion of carbon (nitrogen)storage in soil to plant-soil system carbon (nitrogen) storage for NG, LG, MG and HGis more than 90%, which is not markedly different among different grazing intensities. 5. Gross nitrification, denitrification, CO2 and N2O flux rates in soil increasedfrom June to July and then declined until September, all of which tended to increasewith the increase of grazing intensity. Generally, heavy and moderate grazing intensitysignificantly enhanced these process compared to no and light grazing intensity. 6. After decomposing in situ for a year, relative weight, carbon and nitrogen loss in the litter of Roegneria nutans and Kobresia setchwanensis tended to increase asgrazing intensity increased. Under the same grazing intensity, relative weight, carbonand nitrogen loss in the litter of Kobresia setchwanensis were higher than these in thelitter of Roegneria nutans. 7. Although heavy grazing intensity resulted in higher levels of carbon andnitrogen in plant and soil, it decreased vegetation coverage and aboveground biomass,which are undesirable for livestock production and sustainable grassland development.What is more, heavy grazing could also introduce potential carbon and nitrogen lossvia increasing CO2 and N2O emission into the atmosphere. Grazing at moderateintensity resulted in a plant community dominated by forage grasses with highaboveground biomass productivity and N content. The alpine meadow ecosystems inTibetan Plateau are very fragile and evolve under increasing grazing intensity by largeherbivores; therefore, deterioration of the plant-soil system, and possible declines insoil C and N, are potential without proper management in the future.

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作为复杂的生态过程之一,土壤侵蚀常常被空间景观异质性影响。深入地研究土壤侵蚀与植被景观的相关性对以减少水土流失为目的的河流中上游生态恢复工作来说十分重要。本文利用遥感和GIS 技术,对岷江源头区的植被景观和土壤侵蚀动态(1974年~2002 年)进行分析,并从景观生态学的角度,系统地研究了整体植被景观和不同的植被景观类型的景观特征与土壤侵蚀量、侵蚀模数以及土壤侵蚀强度的相关性,得出的结论主要有以下几个方面:1. 从植被景观特征与土壤侵蚀量和土壤侵蚀模数的相关性的角度出发,森林能最大限度地控制土壤侵蚀,草地对土壤侵蚀的控制能力不及森林,而且能在一定程度上增加土壤侵蚀。灌丛与土壤侵蚀量和土壤侵蚀模数的关系则比较复杂,还需要进一步地研究。农用地与森林、灌丛、草地等植被类型不同,它的增加将会明显地增加产沙量。随着各景观类型(灌丛除外)分布的镶嵌性的增强,土壤侵蚀量和侵蚀模数会减少。2. 从植被景观特征与土壤侵蚀强度的相关性的角度出发,在景观水平上,植被景观的景观多样性指数、景观破碎度指数、景观形状指数和景观聚集度指数均与土壤侵蚀强度有明显的相关性。在较轻侵蚀强度的区域中的植被景观具有更丰富的多样性和更低的破碎程度,景观的组分和结构都更加复杂,景观斑块的形状也比较复杂。同时,植被景观的空间异质性也较强。3. 从不同景观类型对土壤侵蚀强度的控制能力大小看:针叶林> 落叶阔叶林>针阔混交林> 灌丛> 草地> 农用地。同时,对于除农用地以外的其他植被景观类型来说,增加其平均斑块面积和形状的复杂性会在一定程度上减少土壤侵蚀强度。而对于农用地来说,斑块形状的简单化以及分布形式的均匀镶嵌化则是减少土壤侵蚀强度的有效手段。 As a complex ecological process, soil erosion is affected by the spatial landscape heterogeneity.The relation between soil erosion and landscape characteristic weights a lot in ecosystemrestoration that aim to control the soil erosion in watershed. By means of RS and GIStechniques, this study analyzed dynamic variations in landscape characteristic and soil erosionin the Minjiang headwater region over a period of 28 years to elucidate the interrelationshipsbetween landscape characteristics and soil erosion. The results are as follows:1. In terms of relation between landscape characteristics and soil erosion module, forest canmitigate the soil erosion much better than grass. The relation between shrub and soil erosionmodule is rather complicated that requests further more study to confirm how those two factorscorrelated with each other. Cultivated land differs from other landscape classes in creatingconditions most favorable for soil erosion. Moreover, the dispersion of all landscape classes,except for shrub, correlates with soil module negatively.II2. In terms of relation between landscape characteristics and soil erosion strength, the diversityindex, fragment index, shape index and contagion index of the vegetation in Minjiangheadwater region at landscape-level correlated with soil erosion clearly. Vegetation landscapein No and Slight erosion region is more diverse, fragmental and constructed in more complexway. The shape of those vegetation patches is also more complicated. The spatial heterogeneityof the vegetation landscape is much more evident than that located in moderate and strong erosion region too.3. At class-level, different landscape classes affected soil erosion strength in different ways.Taking the mitigating effect on erosion strength into consideration, landscape classes can bearranged in this turn: coniferous forest > Deciduous forest > Mixed forest > Shrub > Grassland > Cultivated land. At the same time, for most landscape classes, except for cultivated land,increase the mean patch size and complicate the shape of patch will help to relieve the erosionstrength. However, for cultivated land, simplifying the shape of patch and scattering thepatches have the same effect.

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除植被冠层的光合作用之外,土壤的呼吸作用是陆地生态系统碳收支中最大的通量。土壤呼吸即使发生较小的变化也能显著地减缓或加剧大气中CO2浓度的增加,从而明显影响到全球气候变化。土壤呼吸速率变化与否以及变化的方向可以反映生态系统对环境变化的敏感程度和响应模式。尽管如此,土壤呼吸仍是一个为人们了解不多的生态系统过程。 草地生态系统是陆地生态系统的一个重要组成部分。针对草地土壤呼吸进行野外实验研究和相应方法论的探讨将对区域乃至全球碳源汇性质的准确估算具有重要的科学意义。然而,近几年来关于草地土壤呼吸的主要研究工作都集中在温带草原和部分热带草原,而针对高寒草甸生态系统土壤呼吸的研究报道还很少。 2008年4月至2009年4月期间,我分别在2008年6、8、10、12月和2009年2月和4月分6次对川西北的典型高寒草甸群落的土壤呼吸进行观测,分析了不同类型高寒草甸群落土壤呼吸的季节变化特征以及环境因子和放牧模式对其影响。主要研究结果如下: 1)该地区高寒草甸生态系统在生长季(6月~8月)土壤呼吸速率较大(6.07~9.30μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1 ) , 在非生长季( 12 月~ 2 月) 较小( 0.16 ~0.49μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1 ) 。土壤CO2 年累积最大释放量为3963 ~ 5730gCO2¡m-2¡yr-1,其中,生长季土壤CO2的释放量占年总释放量的85%~90%。非生长季占10%~15%。非生长季所占比例略小于冬季积雪覆盖地区的冬季土壤呼吸占年土壤呼吸量的比例(14%~30%)。温度,尤其地温,是影响该地区高寒草甸生态系统土壤呼吸速率的最主要环境因子。土壤呼吸速率与地上生物量和土壤水分之间没有显著相关性,但是土壤含水量过大会导致土壤呼吸速率下降。 2)在观测期内,草丘区的土壤呼吸显著高于对照区的土壤呼吸,其最大土壤呼吸速率为16.77μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1,土壤CO2 年累积最大释放量为8145gCO2¡m-2¡yr-1,是对照区的近2 倍。由于草丘在高寒草甸中占有较大的面积比例(近30%),因此,它将对高寒草甸生态系统的碳循环起着重要的作用。 3)放牧模式不仅可以影响高寒草甸群落的土壤CO2 排放,而且还可以改变土壤呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10)。本研究表明,在生长季有长期放牧活动干扰时将会增加土壤向大气中释放二氧化碳的速度,促使土壤碳库中碳的流失。禁牧样地的土壤呼吸速率在刚禁牧时先迅速增大,随着禁牧时间的延长土壤呼吸速率将会下降。此外,与其它放牧模式相比,冬季放牧将高寒草甸群落土壤呼吸速率在生长季达到最大值的时间明显向后推迟。不同放牧模式下高寒草甸群落土壤呼吸的Q10 值大小顺序为:禁牧一年群落>冬季放牧群落>禁牧三年群落>夏季放牧群落>自由放牧群落。 4)基于呼吸室技术的观测方法中,测量前的剪草处理可以明显改变该地区高寒草甸群落的土壤温度和土壤呼吸速率。在生长季,剪草处理将使土壤呼吸速率的瞬时响应增加90%左右。由于剪草处理明显增加了剪草样方白天的土壤温度,而土壤温度与土壤呼吸之间存在着极显著的指数相关关系,因而剪草处理导致土壤呼吸速率迅速增加。因此,在高寒地区基于呼吸室技术观测的土壤呼吸应当进行校正。 综上所述,川西北高寒草甸生态系统土壤呼吸速率在生长季较高,而在非生长季较低。土壤温度是影响该地区土壤呼吸的最主要环境因子。在实验观测期,草丘区土壤呼吸速率显著高于对照区的,是对照区土壤呼吸速率的近2倍。由于测量前的剪草处理可以明显改变待测点的土壤呼吸速率,因此,应对在高寒地区基于呼吸室技术观测的土壤呼吸进行校正。 Soil respiration is the second largest component (less than plant phtotosynthesis) of carbon dioxide flux between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. A minor change in soil respiration rate can significantly slow down or accelerate the increase of atmospheric CO2 concentration that is closely related to global climatic change. In turn, the change in the flux direction and rate of soil respiration may indicate the elasticity and stability of ecosystems to global changes and human disturbance. However, soil respiration is still an ecosystem process that has been poorly understood. Grassland ecosystem is an important component of the terrestrial ecosystem. Accurately estimating the CO2 flux from soil to atmosphere in situ is the key to evaluating the carbon resource and sink regionally or globally. Despite of extensive studies on the temperate and tropic grasslands, the soil respiration of alpine meadows has not substantially been measured. In the current study, soil respiration was measured for an annual cycle from April, 2008 to April, 2009 for the alpine meadow in northwestern Sichuan Province of China to determine the seasonal variation of soil respiration for the typical plant communities. The results are shown as follows: 1) Large seasonal variation of soil respiration was observed in the alpine meadow. The rate of soil respiration was the greatest (6.07~9.30μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1) in June and the smallest (0.16 ~ 0.49μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1) occurred from December to February in the non-growing season. The total emission of soil CO2 was estimated as 3963~5730 gCO2¡m-2¡yr-1, 85%~90% of which was released during the growing season, and 10%~15% during the non-growing season which was slightly less than the ratio of winter and annual CO2 flux from soil. Temperature, particularly the soil temperature, was the major environmental factor regulating the soil respiration. Significant and positive relationships were not found between soil respiration and soil moisture and between soil respiration and plant above-ground biomass, but excessive soil water content would decrease in the rate of soil respiration. 2) The rate of soil respiration in grass hummock communities was up to 16.77μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1, which was about twice as great as in the controls (communities located in low and even sites). Considering the large proportion (about 30% on average) of hummock area in the meadow, it can be concluded that the hummocks played an important role in the carbon cycling of the study ecosystem. 3) Grazing patterns affected the flux of CO2 emission and the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (Q10) in the alpine meadow. Grazing during growing season increased the rate of soil respiration. The rate of soil respiration increased significantly immediately after the alpine meadow being fenced, but thereafter decreased. In addition, grazing in winter delayed the peak respiration rate relative to the non-grazing mode. The Q10 value was the largest in the non-grazed area for one year, and next came the area with grazing in winter, followed by the non-grazed area for three years, the area with grazing in summer, and the non-limited grazed area. 4) In the chamber-based techniques, clipping manipulation before each measurement increased the transient rate of soil respiration by about 90% in the summer of the alpine meadow. As increase in soil temperature at daytime in the clipped plots by clipping and the exponential relationship between soil respiration and temperature, clipping manipulation led to increase in the rate of soil respiration. This suggested that a correction should be done for the techniques if employed in alpine and cold regions. In summary, the rate of soil respiration in the alpine meadow was the greatest in June and the smallest occurred from ecember to February in the non-growing season. Soil temperature was the major environmental factor regulating the soil respiration. The rate of soil respiration in grass hummock communities was up to 16.77μmolCO2¡m-2¡s-1, which was about twice as great as in the controls. A correction should be done for the techniques if employed in alpine and cold regions, because of the effect of clipping manipulation on soil temperature and respiration.

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川西北高寒草甸位于青藏高原东部地区,是我国四大牧区之一,也是长江和黄河等江河源区的重要水源涵养功能区。近几十年来,大量牦牛粪便被牧民作为生物能源、肥料或者食用菌产业的原料而利用,为草原生态系统的养分平衡增加了生态风险。鉴于在青藏高原地区针对牦牛粪便的相关研究尚未见报道,本文从粪便和土壤养分相互变化趋势的角度出发,研究了粪便在夏秋两季的分解状况和粪便其下及其周围土壤的养分变化。通过此研究,将有助于了解牦牛粪便在自然状态下的分解速率以及粪便对土壤养分及土壤微生物生物量的影响,为粪便对草地土壤生态系统的贡献提供概念性认识,同时也为高寒草甸草地这种脆弱生态系统的可持续管理提供理论依据。 针对牦牛粪便自身养分释放及其对土壤在时间和空间尺度上的影响,本文通过模拟牛粪堆积,在不同时间和固定区域内对牛粪和土壤进行了夏秋两季的采样测定,分析了牛粪及土壤NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N 和全P 含量随时间的变化趋势。得到如下结果: 1. 在研究区域内,牛粪对草地生态系统具有较强的养分(N、P)贡献能力。据初步统计,其估值大致为氮素699~932 kg ha-1,P 素为110~147 kg ha-1。牛粪(湿重、干重)在夏秋季节的分解速率具有较大差异,夏季显著快于秋季。夏季牛粪湿重、干重在2 个月左右之后分别降为初期的14%和24%,而秋季同期分别降为35%和52%。牛粪养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、无机P、有机C、全N 和全P)的分解速率在夏季也要显著快于秋季。秋季经过2 个月左右的分解之后,牛粪以上含量分别降至初始态的32%、60%、36%、64%、58%、63%和43%,远高于夏季的同期水平。 2. 在不同季节,牛粪周围的土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K 和无机P)含量变化随时间改变呈现相同的趋势。但是,牛粪周围不同远近下土壤养分随时间的动态变化幅度略有不同。粪下土壤养分含量随时间变化波动较大,距粪便越远,随时间变化的变幅越为平缓。总体来说,在夏季由于粪便分解较快,对土壤养分的持续作用时间不及秋季,秋季粪便分解变慢,表现出养分的缓释特征。其次,牛粪对粪下土壤影响的持续时间也长于对周围土壤的作用时间。 3. 粪便对土壤养分(NO3--N、NH4+-N、速效K、无机P)影响的范围在不同季节具有差异。夏季要高于秋季,但对周围土壤养分影响的持续时间低于秋季。在夏季短期内,牛粪对土壤NO3--N 和速效K 含量的影响范围能够超过30cm,而对NH4+-N 和无机P 的影响范围则介于10cm 和30cm 之间。在2 个月左右之后,牛粪对周围土壤养分的影响能力基本消失。在秋季,牛粪对周围土壤养分影响范围难以达到30cm 处。粪便在夏季对其下土壤和周围土壤的有机C、全N 和全P 含量并无显著影响,但在秋季能显著增加其下土壤有机C、全N 和全P 含量。 4. 牛粪在秋季对土壤SMB-C、SMB-N 和SMB-P 含量的影响能够持续2 个月以上,由于秋冬季节牛粪分解缓慢,因此推断这种效应持续时间至少能够1 年左右。另一方面,牛粪在秋季对土壤SMB-C、SMB-N 和SMB-P 含量的影响范围主要集中在其下土壤,而周围的影响效应并不明显。 The grassland on the eastern fringe of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was one of the four greatest pasture zones in our country and the main water conservation function zones in the hesastream of Yangtse River and Huanghe river. Rencent years, lots of dung in this area was used as biological energy, fertilizer or material of fungoid growing, leading to high risk of nutrient banlance in grassland ecosystem. In view of the researches on the impact of yak dung in this area are relatively rare, the present study focused on the relationship of dung and soil nutrient transformation in sunmer and autumn, which could profoundly illuminate the mechanism of dung decomposition and the effect of dung on soil chemical properties and soil microbe biomass. The present study also contributed to a basic understand and provided scientific management in the high-frigid ecosystem. Decomposition of yak dung and its effect on soil chemical properties in eastern grassland of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were determined. The study simulated the real dung pats, took dung and soil samples at different time and fixed-point in summer and autumn. The samples were analysed for NO3--N, NH4+-N, available K, inorganic P, total organic C (TOC), total N (TN), total P (TP). It was concluded that: 1. In study area, the yak dung supplied to ecosystem substantial nutrient. It is estimated that the N contribution of dung was approximately 699~932 kg ha-1, P contribution was approximately 110~147 kg ha-1. The rate of yak decomposition was more rapid in summer than autumn, the wet and dry weight of yak decreased to 14% and 24% respectively after 2 months when dung excreted in summer, with 35% and 52% in autumn. The content of NO3--N、NH4+-N、available K、inorganic P、TOC、TN and TP in dung decomposed more rapid in summer too. After 2 months when dung excreted in autumn, the content of above nutrient decreased to 32%、60%、36%、64%、58%、63% and 43% respectively,which were significantly higher than summer. 2. The content of NO3--N、NH4+-N、available K and inorganic P in soil around dung had the same transformation trend in each season, whereas it was distinguishing at different gradient of distance from dung, the nutrient in soil below dung had the most significant change while the more far from dung, the less change in soil. It was concluded that the yak dung had prolong impacts on soil in autumn compared with summer, besides, it aslo showed that the yak dung had protract effect on soil below dung compared with soil around dung. 3. The yak dung had expansive impact on soil around dung in summer whereas had relatively short effect compared with autumn. In short-term at summer, there was a significant increase about the content of NO3--N and available K around 30cm radius from dung pat while the content of NH4+-N and inorganic P between 10cm to 30cm. After 2 months, the impact almost disappeared. In autumn, the effect was hard to reach 30cm. The yak dung had no significant effects on the content of TOC、TN and TP in soil below or around dung in summer whereas there was a obvious increase in soil below dung pat in autumn. 4. The duration of effect of yak dung on soil microbial biomass(SMB) C、N and P was at least 2 months, maybe even more than 1 year. On the other hand, the impact of dung on SMB-C、SMB-N and SMB-P mainly acted on soil below dung while no obious effect on soil around dung.

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本文考察了若尔盖高寒泥炭湿地公路对高原林蛙(Rana kukunoris)、倭蛙(Narorana pleskei)和岷山蟾蜍(Bufo minshanicus)的生态影响。分析了公路对两栖动物空间分布和栖息地利用的影响,并用IBM模型探讨其可能作用机制,考察了两栖动物公路死亡的季节差异及影响公路死亡空间分布的景观因素。最后通过对若尔盖高寒湿地两栖动物陆地核心栖息地的分析,为若尔盖路域栖息地的管理提供依据。 1. 对公路周边6个沼泽水凼群进行了调查,每个样地设置5条样线(距离公路10m、20m、50m、100m和150m)。调查表明,在繁殖季节(5月),距离公路距离对高原林蛙和倭蛙的相对数量都有显著作用,其效应明显大于其他各项栖息地环境参数。公路导致高原林蛙和倭蛙在公路周边种群密度降低,其相对数量从距离公路100m处到公路边缘一直呈现逐渐降低的趋势。在繁殖季节,若尔盖高寒湿地的公路生态影响域大约在100-150m之间,这一距离远远大于森林栖息地中公路对两栖类的生态影响域(35-40 m)。 在繁殖后期(9月),对公路周边16个草地样点的样线调查表明,公路对周边高原林蛙和倭蛙密度分布并未造成显著影响。 2. 二次模型的拟合表明繁殖季节高原林蛙和倭蛙在公路周边的密度分布符合钟型曲线。前人对森林公路两侧两栖类分布的研究也显示了类似的规律。我们通过基于个体的模型,模拟在了公路边缘100单位距离内的栖息地空间,栖息地环境质量呈梯度变化,动物个体在其中通过随机运动寻找适宜的栖息地。拟合结果表明,动物个体仅仅依照简单的运动规则寻找适宜栖息地,这种活动就可以导致公路周边栖息地中的动物分布曲线出现3个局部峰。公路周边两栖动物的钟型分布曲线可能仅仅是个体寻找适宜栖息地过程中出现的临时性群体分布模式。 3. 在若尔盖高寒湿地,公路交通造成了大量两栖类死亡。但是公路两栖类动物死亡的季节分布很不均匀:5月、8月和9月死亡数量很高,而7月和10月死亡数量却很低。这种季节性差异和两栖类各个生活史阶段的迁移运动有密切的关系。利用景观参数的逻辑斯蒂回归模型显示,距离公路1000-2000m范围内的湿草地比例对三种两栖类公路死亡概率均有很强的贡献。湿草地这一栖息地类型分类中有大量的沼泽水体,是两栖类重要的繁殖点和取食点。两栖类公路死亡概率湿草地的关系从一个侧面表明,要维持一个区域较高的两栖类种群数量,需要1000-2000m半径范围内存在大面积的湿草地。 4. 高原林蛙和岷山蟾蜍不同性别和年龄个体分布点的水体距离存在显著差异。不同种类、年龄的两栖类分布点距离水体距离的差异可能是由于对水体的依赖性造成的。而相同种类、年龄段的个体中,高原林蛙雌性、岷山蟾蜍亚成体和雌性的体重与分布点距水体距离有显著负相关,这可能是因为体重更大的个体对水体的依赖性更弱。考虑到过大的陆地核心栖息地面积在实际保护工作中存在操作上的困难,因此我们认为可以以水体周边90%个体的分布区为低限确定3种两栖类的最小陆地核心栖息地。但是,在同样的水体距离-两栖类密度分布格局下,水体的面积和分形参数对最小陆地核心栖息地半径的确定有一定影响。 Ecological effects of alpine wetland road on Rana kukunoris, Narorana pleskei, Bufo minshanicus was studied in Zoige wetland. The effects of road on distribution of amphibians and its possible underline mechanism was discussed based on empirical data and computer simulation. Road killed amphibians was surveyed in different season and those landscape factor which could have impact on road killing distribution was analyses. Core terrestrial habitat of amphibians in Zoige wetland was discussed in the consideration of conservation management. 1. Six pool groups was investigated in breeding season (May) of R. kukunoris, N. pleskei. Five transects at distance of 10m, 20m, 50m, 100m and 150m from road edge was surveyed in each pool groups. There was a significant effects of distance from road edge on relative counts of R. kukunoris, N. pleskei, which is much important than effects of other environmental factors. Road caused the density of R. kukunoris, N. pleskei decreased from distance of 100m from road to 10m from road. Road ecological effect zone of alpine wetland for amphibians is about 100-150m. It is much wider than those of forest roads, which is about 35-40m. However, studies on 16 grassland near road showed no significant effect of road on amphibians after breeding season (Sep.). 2. Quadratic model fit indicated that the distribution of R. kukunoris and N. Pleskei followed a hump like curve. Previous studies on forest road showed similar results. A 100×100 habitat with gradual environment besides road was simulated with a individual-based model, and animal seek for suitable habitat with stochastic locomotion in it. Simulation results indicated that 3 density peak of animal distribution can emergent followed a simply rules. The hump like density cure could be a temporal swarm pattern during the process of individual seeking for habitat. 3. Road traffic caused mass death of amphibians in Zoige wetland. There was much road killed amphibians in May, Aug and Sep than those in July and Oct. The fluctuation of road kill could be related with migration of amphibians between seasons. Logistic regression of landscape variables indicated that wet grassland in 1000-2000m is essential to predict the probability of road kill. Wet grassland is an important breeding and forage habitat for amphibians. It also indicated that mass wet grassland in 1000-2000m is essential for maintain a big amphibian population. 4. There was significant differences among distance from aquatic site of subadults, female and males of R. kukunoris and B. Minshanicus. Possibly, it was because of their dependence on water. There was a significant negative relationship between distance from aquatic site and individuals body mass. Estimates of core habitat that are too large may make it difficult to establish protective regulations. The smallest suitable terrestrial core habitats were defined as the terrestrial habitats used during migration to and from the wetlands, and for foraging by 90% of any life stage (adults, and subadults) in a season. However, even with the same amphibian distribution pattern along the distance from aquatic sites, the radii of smallest suitable terrestrial core habitats will be varied with the fractal parameters of aquatic site.

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Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) is coupled to the cycling of nutrients in soil through the activity of soil microorganisms. Biological availability of organic substrate in soil is related to the chemical quality of the organic material and to its degree of physical protection. SOM fractions can provide information on the turnover of organic matter (OM), provided the fractions can be related to functional or structural components in soil. Ultrasonication is commonly used to disrupt the soil structure prior to physical fractionation according to particle size, but may cause redistribution of OM among size fractions. The presence of mineral particles in size fractions can complicate estimations of OM turnover time within the fractions. Densiometric separation allows one to physically separate OM found within a specific size class from the heavier-density mineral particles. Nutrient contents and mineralization potential were determined for discrete size/density OM fractions isolated from within the macroaggregate structure of cultivated grassland soils. Eighteen percent of the total soil C and 25% of the total soil N in no-till soil was associated with fine-silt size particles having a density of 2.07-2.21 g/cm3 isolated from inside macroaggregates (enriched labile fraction or ELF). The amount of C and N sequestered in the ELF fraction decreased as the intensity of tillage increased. The specific rate of mineralization (mug net mineral N/mug total N in the fraction) for macroaggregate-derived ELF was not different for the three tillage treatments but was greater than for intact macroaggregates. The methods described here have improved our ability to quantitatively estimate SOM fractions, which in turn has increased our understanding of SOM dynamics in cultivated grassland systems.

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土壤入渗性能是最基本的土壤物理特性之一。复垦区土壤的结构组成复杂,入渗特性有别于非矿区土壤。本文以神府东胜煤田马家塔复垦区为研究对象,利用圆盘入渗仪分别测定了复垦区乔木、林地、荒地、灌木林地和草地的土壤入渗特性,用经典统计学方法对复垦区土壤入渗性能的空间变异性进行了分析。实测结果表明,不同土地利用方式下的土壤入渗特性有较大的差异;在测定范围内,乔木林地、荒地、草地和灌木林地的稳定入渗率均表现出0 cm>—3 cm>—15 cm的规律性,其中草地稳定入渗率随吸力的变化更明显。研究表明:乔木林地稳定入渗率和累积入渗量的变异系数分别为0.58和0.49.属于中等变异。

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试验以云雾山优势种本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana)、大针茅(Stipa grandis)与伴生种百里香(Thymus mongolicus)、铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)、厚穗冰草(Agropyron dasystachys)、二裂萎陵菜(Potentilla bifurca)和阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)为研究对象,对每一植物选择典型植株进行标记,重点从植物株高和地上单株生物量两个方面对其生长动态,进行一个生长周期(返青期-枯黄期)的观察测量,结果表明:(1)植物生长在株高和地上单株生物量达到最大值之前,均基本符合Logistic生长模型;(2)在植物整个生长过程中,地上单株生物量月变化与株高存在动态分形关系:lnB=D×lnH+lnC。(3)植物生长除受其生物学特性支配外还受外界环境因子的限制,在干旱半干旱地区,降雨量显得尤为重要,在本次试验中,植物株高增长和地上单株生物量月变化均与降雨量累积存在着极显著的对数相关性:y=a×lnx+b。

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对典型草原云雾山保护区退耕6 a,11 a(放牧8 a)和16 a的3个退耕地和4个封育草地(百里香群落、铁杆蒿群落、大针茅群落和长芒草群落)对照坡耕地表层土壤的水分特征曲线数学模型、持水参数和比水容量进行了测定。结果表明,封育草地的持水和供水性能要大于退耕地和坡耕地,放牧对退耕11 a的持水和供水性能有较大影响。云雾山自然保护区坡地退耕和草地封育后,样地土壤的持水能力大小顺序为封育长芒草群落>大针茅群落>百里香群落>铁杆蒿群落>退耕16 a>退耕6 a>坡耕地>退耕11 a(放牧8 a)。供水能力大小顺序为封育长芒草群落>百里香群落>铁杆蒿群落>大针茅群落>退耕16 a>退耕6 a>退耕11 a(放牧8 a)>坡耕地。这说明土壤持水和供水性能随着退耕年限的增加和封育草地的正向植被演替均逐渐增强的趋势。坡地退耕和草地封育能够通过改善土壤的水分物理性质提高土壤的蓄水持水性能和抗侵蚀能力。

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以广西西北部喀斯特地区的开垦草地生态系为对象,研究了草地开垦变为不同农田后对土壤有机碳库的效应。结果表明,草地开垦为农田后,土壤可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳及总有机碳的含量显著下降。自然草地开垦后,柑桔地土壤有机碳含量高于农作用地土壤。玉米与甘蔗轮作土壤有机碳含量高于甘蔗连作。13C示踪结果表明,柑桔地土壤有机碳中来源于草地的含量高于农田土壤;农田土壤有机碳中来源于草地的随种植年限的增加而降低。在玉米与甘蔗轮作的农田中,土壤有机碳中来源于玉米的高于甘蔗连作土壤有机碳中来源于甘蔗的。