Life Cycle of Deccan Trap Magma Chambers: A Crystal Scale Elemental and Strontium Isotopic Investigation

The Deccan Trap basalts are the remnants of a massive series of lava flows that erupted at the K/T boundary and covered 1-2 million km2 of west-central India. This eruptive event is of global interest because of its possible link to the major mass extinction event, and there is much debate about the duration of this massive volcanic event. In contrast to isotopic or paleomagnetic dating methods, I explore an alternative approach to determine the lifecycle of the magma chambers that supplied the lavas, and extend the concept to obtain a tighter constraint on Deccan’s duration. My method relies on extracting time information from elemental and isotopic diffusion across zone boundary in an individual crystal. I determined elemental and Sr-isotopic variations across abnormally large (2-5 cm) plagioclase crystals from the Thalghat and Kashele “Giant Plagioclase Basalts” from the lowermost Jawhar and Igatpuri Formations respectively in the thickest Western Ghats section near Mumbai. I also obtained bulk rock major, trace and rare earth element chemistry of each lava flow from the two formations. Thalghat flows contain only 12% zoned crystals, with 87Sr/86Sr ratios of 0.7096 in the core and 0.7106 in the rim, separated by a sharp boundary. In contrast, all Kashele crystals have a wider range of 87Sr/86Sr values, with multiple zones. Geochemical modeling of the data suggests that the two types of crystals grew in distinct magmatic environments. Modeling intracrystalline diffusive equilibration between the core and rim of Thalghat crystals led me to obtain a crystal growth rate of 2.03x10-10 cm/s and a residence time of 780 years for the crystals in the magma chamber(s). Employing some assumptions based on field and geochronologic evidence, I extrapolated this residence time to the entire Western Ghats and obtained an estimate of 25,000 – 35,000 years for the duration of Western Ghats volcanism. This gave an eruptive rate of 30 – 40 km3/yr, which is much higher than any presently erupting volcano. This result will remain speculative until a similarly detailed analytical-modeling study is performed for the rest of the Western Ghats formations.

A regulation-based classification system for marine protected areas (MPAs)

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are a global conservation and management tool to enhance the resilience of linked social-ecological systems with the aim of conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services for sustainable use. However, MPAs implemented worldwide include a large variety of zoning and management schemes from single to multiple-zoning and from no-take to multiple-use areas. The current IUCN categorisation of MPAs is based on management objectives which many times have a significant mismatch to regulations causing a strong uncertainty when evaluating global MPAs effectiveness. A novel global classification system for MPAs based on regulations of uses as an alternative or complementing, the current IUCN system of categories is presented. Scores for uses weighted by their potential impact on biodiversity were built. Each zone within a MPA was scored and an MPA index integrates the zone scores. This system classifies MPAs as well as each MPA zone individually, is globally applicable and unambiguously discriminates the impacts of uses. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Evolução geológica da região Peniche, Torres Novas, no contexto do Ensino da Biologia e Geologia

O trabalho que se apresenta centra-se na elaboração de um conjunto de materiais passível de ser utilizado pelos professores da área do Ensino da Biologia - Geologia, do ensino básico e secundário, com o intuito de lhes fornecer algumas das competências essenciais para a realização de saídas de campo na região de Peniche- Torres Novas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho contempla uma primeira parte em que a geologia e a geomorfologia da região são caracterizadas de uma forma detalhada. Esta caracterização permite que, inicialmente, sejam construídas cartas, geomorfológica, litostratigráfica simplificada, tectónica e de zonamento geológico, e que, posteriormente, seja apresentado um esboço da evolução geológica da região ao longo dos tempos. Na segunda parte da dissertação pretende-se adaptar a geologia regional aos curricula dos vários níveis de ensino da Biologia - Geologia. Assim, após uma selecção dos conteúdos principais dos diferentes programas disciplinares, foram escolhidos e identificados locais com interesse geológico na região que, pelas suas características, são susceptíveis de serem visitados/estudados em saídas de campo. Por último, são apresentadas sugestões para a estruturação de roteiros de carácter geológico assim como um exemplo concreto de roteiro. ABSTRACT: The here presented essay is based on the elaboration of a set of materials which can be used by Biology and Geology, elementary and secondary school teachers, with the purpose of providing them with essential skills for field trips in the Peniche-Torres Novas region. Therefore, the essay comprises a first section where the region geology and geomorphology are fully characterized. To begin with, this characterization allows geomorphologic, simplified lithostratigraphical, tectonics and geological zoning charts to be built and later on to present an outline of the region's geological evolution throughout the times. The essay second section aim is to adapt the region geology to the different teaching levels of the Biology-Geology school curricula. That is, after a careful selection of the curricula main contents, the region geologically interesting places were chosen and identified, according to the features that make them worthwhile being visited/studied, when field trips are planned. To complete the essay, suggestions on how to structure geological roadmaps along with a roadmap example are presented.

Setting up a network of agrometeorological stations in East Timor

A developed and sustainable agriculture requires a permanent and reliable monitoring of climatic/ meteorological elements in (agro) meteorological stations which should be located close to agricultural, silvicultural or pastoral activities. An adequate network of meteorological stations is then a necessary condition to support innovation and development in any country. Developing countries, mainly those with a history of frequent conflicts, presents deficient number of weather stations, often poorly composed and improperly distributed within their territories, and without a regular operation that allows continuity of records for a sufficiently long period of time. The objective of this work was to build a network of meteorological and agro-meteorological stations in East Timor. To achieve this goal, the number and location of pre-existing stations, their structure and composition (number and type of sensors, communication system,… ), the administrative division of the country and the available agro-ecological zoning, the agricultural and forestry practices in the country, the existing centres for the agricultural research and the history of the weathers records were taken into account. Several troubles were found (some of the automatic stations were assembled incorrectly, others stations duplicated information regarding the same agricultural area, vast areas with relevant agro-ecological representativeness were not monitored …). It was proposed the elimination of 11 existing stations, the relocation of 7 new stations in places not covered until then, the automation of 3 manual meteorological stations. Two networks were then purposed, a major with 15 agro-meteorological stations (all automatized) and one other secondary composed by 32 weather stations (only two were manual). The set of the 47 stations corresponded to a density of 329 km2/station. The flexibility in the composition of each of the networks was safeguarded and intends to respond effectively to any substantive change in the conditions in a country in constant change. It was also discussed the national coverage by these networks under a “management concept for weather stations”.

Expansion of sunflower crop production in Brazil: a survey of future trends.

Sunflower cropped area in Brazil has been showing potential possibilities to be increased in a short period of time for biofuel production. Planning the activities is one of the requirements for the success of future cropped area expansion. This requires a previous survey that identifies future trends in the transformation and rearrangement of the sunflower agro-industry sector and also identifies technological needs that may affect this process. With the objectives of identify future trends and technological needs, a value production chain was built and a questionary was applied to agents of all the sectors participating at the V National Brazilian Symposium of Sunflower and at the XVII Sunflower National Research Meeting Network. The results pointed out a strong tendency for area expansion in the next two to five years (75%); being as a secondary follow-up crop (83%) specially after soybean and top be used for biofuel (77%). The main research needs were linked with disease control, crop zoning and varietal improvement for disease resistance and high oleic oil content. Also considering the vision of and concerns regarding the future expansion and transformation of the sunflower productive complex, it is believed that the expansion is a consolidated trend, requiring a strategic sector planning associated with an economic and technological police for its success within the Brazilian agribusiness.

Zoneamento agrossocioeconômico dos tabuleiros costeiros e da baixada litorânea de sergipe.

A adoção do enfoque de Pesquisaa e Desenvolvimento pela Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, EMBRAPA, estimulou o desenvolvimento de metodologias que buscam adaptar as necessidades de grupos sociais específicos, dentro da consepção de sustentabilidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo zonear e conhecer as características agrossocioeconômicas de Sergipe na área dos tabuleiros Costeiros e da Baixada Litorânea visando identificar as diferentes problemáticas de desenvolvimento da região. A metodologia utilizada foi a de "entrevistas com pessoas-chaves", que permite a abtenção de informações atualizadas sobre a problemática agrária a partir da percepção dos agentes sociais que interagem no meio rural. O trabalho permitiu o zoneamento da região dos Tabuleiros Costeiros e da baixada Litorânea, em oito unidades de Desenvolvimento, bem como a análise da traletoria de ocupação histórica das mesmas.

Régime thermique en période de maturation du raisin dans le géoclimat viticole.

Mots clés :indice de fraîcheur des nuits, amplitude thermique, Système CCM Géoviticole, zonage, qualité. Key words: cool night index, thermal amplitude, MCC System for World Viticulture, zoning, quality. RESUME Le régime thermique en période de maturation du raisin est l?une des variables déterminantes de la coloration du raisin et de la richesse en arômes, anthocyanes et polyphénols des vins. L?objectif du travail est de caractériser le régime thermique, notamment la fraîcheur des nuits et l?amplitude thermique au cours de la maturation, au niveau du climat viticole mondial, sur une base des données de 100 régions viticoles dans 30 pays, obtenue par l?intermédiaire de l?Organisation Mondiale de la Météorologie - OMM. Plusieurs indices climatiques viticoles ont été calculés: l?Indice de Fraîcheur des Nuits ?IF (ºC), l?Indice Héliothermique de Huglin ?IH (ºC) et l?Indice de Sécheresse ?IS (mm) du Système de Classification Climatique Multicritères Géoviticole, et l?amplitude thermique moyenne en août et septembre Aa-s (ºC). Egalement, sur la période véraison-récolte ?v-r(moyenne des 30 jours précédant la date de récolte, estimée sur la base d?un Indice Héliothermique de HUGLIN égal à 1.900 - approximatif pour la maturation du Cabernet-Sauvignon): la fraîcheur des nuits (FNv -r), la température moyenne de l?air (Tv-r), la température maximale de l?air (Txv-r) et l?amplitude thermique (Av-r). Les résultats montrent que IH est corrélé avec Tv-r (r=0,79**) et avec Txv-r (r=0,80**). IH représente donc bien les conditions thermiques générales de la période de maturation en ce qui concerne la température moyenne et maximale de l?air. Mais IH n?est pas corrélé ni avec Aa-s ni avec Av-r. Par contre, IF est corrélé avec Aa-s (r=-0,70**) et FNv-r est corrélé avec Av-r (r=-0,69**). Cette corrélation doit justifier, en partie, l?usage assez courant de l?amplitude thermique comme indicateur de bonnes conditions thermiques de maturation pour les régions qui présentent des valeurs élevées. Mais ce raisonnement peut amener à des caractérisations erronées. Le travail met en évidence, également, ?importance de considérer le bilan hydrique des régions (IS) dans l?analyse du régime thermique sur la qualité du raisin. On peut onclure que pour avoir une bonne caractérisation du régime thermique en période de maturation il faut considérer la fraîcheur des nuits (IF étant un bon indicateur de FNv-r moyen des régions, avec un r=0,80**), caractérisation qui peut être améliorée avec l?information des températures maximales et de sur 11l?amplitude thermique en période de maturation du raisin. Les éléments présentés peuvent servir à améliorer les indices climatiques pour estimer le potentiel qualitatif du raisin des différentes régions viticoles, notamment en complément de IF. ABSTRACT The thermal conditions during the grape ripening period are important variables related to colour of the grapes, anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavour of the wine. The main purpose of this work was to characterise the thermal conditions, especially the night coolness and the thermal amplitude during maturation, in the geoclimate of the world vine culture. A database of 100 grape-growing regions of 30 countries obtained from the World Meteorology Organisation (WMO) was used. Some climatic indexes were calculated: Cool Night Index ?IF (°C), Huglin?s Heliothermal Index ?IH (°C) and Dryness Index ?IS (mm), from the Multicriteria Climatic Classification System for World Viticulture, and the thermal amplitude in August and September Aa-s (°C). Over véraison-harvest period ?v-r(mean of the 30 days before harvesting date, estimated on the basis of HUGLIN Heliothermal Index equal to 1,900 ? approximately value to ripen Cabernet-Sauvignon) similar indexes were obtained: the cool night (FNv-r), the mean air temperature (Tv-r), the maximal air temperature (Txv-r) and the thermal amplitude (Av-r). The results showed that IH is positively correlated with Tv-r (r=0.79**), Txv-r (r=0.80)and IF (r=0.67**). Therefore, IH represents well the general thermal conditions during maturation period, specially concerning the mean and the maximal air temperature. owever, IH was correlated neither with Aa-s nor to Av-r. IF was negatively correlated with Aa-s (r= -0.70**) and FNv-r was negatively correlated with Av-r (r=-0.69**). The correlation to some extent explains the current use of the thermal amplitude to predict good ripening thermal conditions for those regions that show high values. As here we have described, this thinking may give incorrect results. This work has also showed the importance to consider the water balance of the regions (IS) in the effect of the thermal conditions in grape quality. We conclude that the characterisation of the thermal conditions during the ripening period do need the cool night index (in this case, IFis a good index to provide the mean FNv-r of the regions, r=0,80**). Factors other than cool night which influence this characterisation are both maximal air temperature and thermal amplitude data. The elements presented in this work, in addition to IF , may improve the climatic indexes to be used to predict the qualitative potential of grapes from different regions.

Zonage climatique viticole et cartographie numérique du Rio Grande do Sul - Brésil, par les indices du Système CCM Géoviticole.

Abstract: The State Rio Grande do Sul is the main producer of Brazilian fine wines, with four viticultural regions. The objective is the characterization of the viticultural climatic potential of the State (total surface of 281.749 km2). The methodology use the Géoviticulture Multicriteria Climatic Classification System (Géoviticulture MCC System), based on three climatic indices ? Dryness Index (DI), Heliotermal Index (HI) and Cool Night Index (CI). Based on latitude, longitude, altitude and distance from Atlantic Ocean, the 3 viticultural climatic indices were modeled and the algorithms applied to a DTM using GIS. The results show that Rio Grande do Sul has the following classes of viticultural climate: according to DI ? Moderately Dry, Sub-humid, Humid; according to HI ? Cool, Temperate, Temperate warm, Warm and Very Warm; according to CI ? Cool nights, Temperate nights, Warm nights. Based on the total surface, the most representatives viticultural climates are: « Humid x Temperate » (3,1%), « Humid x Temperate warm » (14,4%), « Humid x Warm » (52,6%), « Sub-humid x Warm » (20,0%) and « Sub-humid x Very warm » (5,8%). According to CI, the viticultural climates have a range of variation as a function of the interaction between « earlyness of the varieties x heliothermal availability ». Key words: climate classification, climate models, climatic Groups, zoning

Zonage climatique des périodes viticoles de production dans l'année en zone tropicale: application de la méthodologie du système CCM géoviticole.

2004

INCIDENCIA DE LA ZONIFICACIÓN DEL TERRITORIO EN LOS FACTORES EXPLICATIVOS DEL CRECIMIENTO URBANO DE LA COMUNIDAD DE MADRID

Se presenta un análisis de los posibles factores explicativos del crecimiento urbano en la Comunidad de Madrid durante el período 1990-2000, incluyendo la zonificación de la región en relación a las coronas metropolitanas en torno a la ciudad de Madrid. Se analizan las categorías estructura urbana laxa, urbanizaciones exentas y zonas industriales y comerciales establecidas en la cartografía de usos del suelo Corine Land Cover. Como factores explicativos del cambio se tomaron variables socioeconómicas, biofísicas, de planificación legal, políticas y de proximidad/accesibilidad, medidas en cada píxel del territorio. El análisis de la relación entre las variables explicativas y el crecimiento urbano se llevó a cabo a través de la regresión logística. Los resultados obtenidos del ajuste de los modelos mostró la relevancia de algunas variables en la explicación de la localización del crecimiento de las categorías urbanas analizadas.Palabras Clave: crecimiento urbano, variables explicativas, regresión logística, Corine Land Cover,MadridABSTRACTThis paper presents an analysis of the possible explanatory factors of urban growth in Madrid, Spain during the period 1990-2000, including the zoning of the region in relation to the metropolitan area around the city. Specifically, two categories were analyzed: residential discontinuous urban andresidential discontinuous sparse urban, and commercial and industrial of the Corine Land Cover. Previous analysis of Corine Land Cover land use change identified these categories as having the largest growth during the study period. Socio-economic, biophysical, legal planning, policies andproximity/accessibility variables were taken into account as explanatory factors of urban growth, at pixel level. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between explanatory variables and urban growth. The results obtained from the model adjustments showed the relevance of somevariables in explaining the location of urban growth in the categories analyzed.Keyword: GIS, urban growth, explanatory factors, logistic regression, Corine Land Cover, Madrid,Spain 

INSERCIÓN LABORAL Y LÍNEAS DE TRABAJO DEL GEÓGRAFO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL

Este artículo es resultado del seguimiento a graduados de la carrera de Ciencias Geográficas desde el año 2005. El objetivo general se centró en analizar las tareas que realizan los geógrafos para establecer la correspondencia con el perfil del graduado. Se identificaron 16 líneas de trabajo y las tareas realizadas en cada una de éstas, desde la perspectiva de los graduados. Los resultados indican que el área que emplea mayor número de geógrafos es Ciencias de la Información Geográfica; en tanto el área de enseñanza y divulgación de la Geografía ofrece una oportunidad de complementar el empleo principal. Los empleadores destacan como fortalezas de los geógrafos la formación humanista y en Ciencias de la Información Geográfica, Paisaje, Territorio y Recursos Naturales, Gestión y Ordenamiento del Territorio. Se concluye que las tareas realizadas son congruentes con el perfil del graduado del plan de estudio de la carrera.Palabras claves: Líneas de  trabajo del geógrafo, mercado  laboral del geógrafo, carrera de Ciencias Geográficas Universidad Nacional, seguimiento a graduados, perfil del graduado. AbstractThis article is the result of monitoring graduates who started their careers in geographic sciences from the year 2005. Sixteen jobs and the functions of each of these were identified, from the perspective of the graduates. The general objective centered on analyzing the tasks the geographers performed in order to establish the relationship with the graduate profile.The results indicated that the major field of employment is Geographical Information Sciences, meanwhile the field of teaching and publishing offer an opportunity to complement the primary job. The employers emphasized the humanistic formation and geographic information sciences, landscape, land and natural resources, land management and zoning. It concluded that the tasks carried out are congruent with the profile of the graduateʼs plan of course study. Key Words: Lines of work for geographers, labor market for geographers, Geographical Sciences degree, Universidad Nacional, graduate monitoring, graduate profile.

ESQUEMAS DE ZONIFICACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA LA PLANIFICACIÓN REGIONAL URBANA

La práctica y teorías de la planificación urbana han avanzado históricamente hacia  la  incorporación de  temas  y análisis  intersectoriales,  fundamentalmente aquellos en  relación con  la base  territorial y el ambiente. En materia de zonificación urbana se han  hecho esfuerzos por  incorporar  la variable ambiental a  la planificación urbana. El presente artículo hace un recuento general de  la evolución del concepto de zonificación tradicional  hacia  la    zonificación  ambiental  territorial,  la  macrozonificación  y  la zonificación  por  rendimiento.  Finalmente  plantea  el  acercamiento  metodológico planteado  como  parte  de  la  estrategia  de  la  Fase  III  del  Plan Nacional  de Desarrollo Urbano  de  Costa  Rica  en  relación  con  la  macrozonificación  por  rendimiento,  como ejemplo de  la puesta en práctica de  las más  recientes herramientas en  la planificación urbano- regional de un Área Metropolitana (PRUGAM). Abstract:The Urban Planning practice and  theory  has  historically developed  towards the inclusion of more comprehensive themes and analyses, fundamentally those that are environmentally  and  territorially  related. Within  this  context,  urban  zoning�� has made significant efforts  to  incorporate the environmental component  in planning. The article makes  a  general  account  of  the  evolution  of  zoning�� from  its  traditional  form  to environmental land zoning, macro zoning and performance zoning. Finally it establishes the  Costa  Rica’s National Urban Development  Plan methodological  approach  for  its phase III with regards to performance macro zoning as an example of putting the more recent  zoning�� and  planning  theories  to  practice  in  a  regional  Plan  for  a metropolitan area.

ANALYSE THE VULNERABILITY IN THE MARANHÃO ILHA, BRAZIL, USING GIS TECHNIQUES AND GEOSPATIAL INFERENCE

Vulnerability and sustainability studies of an area help to assess both its level of exposure and capacity to support possible environmental impacts, and it is of primordial importance for proposals of the Legislation on Zoning, Allotment, Land Use/land cover, aiming to stimulate those areas indicated for urban growth, to discourage growth of overcrowded areas, to detect sections with restrictive use, as well as districts for permanent protection. This paper aims to analyze the vulnerability in the Maranhão Ilha, using GIS techniques, geospatial inference intersected with relevant social-environmental indicators.Estudos de vulnerabilidade e de sustentabilidade de uma área ajudam a avaliar o seu grau de exposição e sua capacidade de suporte a possíveis impactos ambientais, sendo fundamental para propostas de Lei de Zoneamento, Parcelamento, Uso e Ocupação do Solo, tendo por finalidade orientar as áreas onde deverá haver estímulo para o crescimento urbano; contenção da malha urbana; detecção de locais com possibilidade de uso restritivo, bem como locais de proteção permanente. Este trabalho propõe analisar o índice de vulnerabilidade a perda de solo da Ilha do Maranhão com base na metodologia proposta por (CREPANI, et al. 2001) e em técnicas de inferência espacial com apoio na AHP (Análise Hierárquica de Processo).

Climatic groups in Ibero-America viticulture compared to worldwide wine producer regions.

The wine production is an important activity in many Ibero-American countries. The wine producer regions of these countries configure a large use of different climate types and viticultural climates. In a vitivinicultural zoning project of CYTED (Ibero-American Program for Science, Technology and Development), a viticultural climatic characterization was done in this macro viticultural region. The project have assembled a climatic database that characterizes the viticultural regions, including relevant variables for viticulture: air temperature (mean, maximum, and minimum), precipitation, relative humidity, solar radiation, number of sunshine hours, wind speed, and evapotranspiration. Using indices of the Geoviticulture MCC System (HI, CI and DI), more than 70 viticultural regions in different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Cuba, Spain, Mexico, Peru, Portugal and Uruguay) were characterized according to its viticultural climatic. The results, which will be integrated to the worldwide database of the MCC System, showed that the Ibero-American viticulture is placed in a wide range of climatic groups of the wine producing regions around the world. This article presents the climatic groups found in Ibero-America, identifying also some new climatic groups not yet found in other regions of the world. This work also identifies some climatic groups not found in Ibero-America viticulture. The research has also highlighted viticultural areas characterized by climates with ?intra-annual climatic variability?, with the potential to produce more than one growing cycle per year. The results allow to conclude that the wide variability and climatic diversity present in Ibero-America may be one of the reasons to explain the diversity in terms of wine types, sensorial characteristics, typicity and uniqueness of wines produced on this macro-region.

LA ZONIFICACIÓN DE AMENAZA POR INUNDACIÓN COMO HERRAMIENTA PARA EL ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL EN EL VALLE DEL RÍO SIXAOLA

En el caso de Costa Rica, uno de los eventos naturales que reviste especial importancia por su  frecuencia y daños acumulativos son las inundaciones; una herramienta para reducir los constantes desastres es la zonificación de amenazas por inundación. Mediante esta técnica es posible orientar el ordenamiento territorial y facilitar la gestión del riesgo. La cuenca del río Sixaola es una de las más afectadas por inundaciones en Costa Rica, en la parte baja se ubican asentamientos humanos habitados principalmente por núcleos de población altamente vulnerables. En este artículo se presenta la zonificación de amenaza por inundación, elaborada para el río Sixaola. ABSTRACT In the case of Costa Rica, one of the natural events of particular importance because of its frequency and cumulative damage is flooding. A tool to reduce this ongoing disaster is flood hazard zoning. Using this technique it is possible to guide land use planning and facilitate risk management. The Sixaola River Basin is one of the most affected by flooding in Costa Rica, and inhabitants of villages in the lower settlements are highly vulnerable. This article presents the flood hazard zoning plan developed for the Sixaola River.