Selection of patients for myocardial perfusion scintigraphy based on fuzzy sets theory applied to clinical-epidemiological data and treadmill test results

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a worldwide leading cause of death. The standard method for evaluating critical partial occlusions is coronary arteriography, a catheterization technique which is invasive, time consuming, and costly. There are noninvasive approaches for the early detection of CAD. The basis for the noninvasive diagnosis of CAD has been laid in a sequential analysis of the risk factors, and the results of the treadmill test and myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). Many investigators have demonstrated that the diagnostic applications of MPS are appropriate for patients who have an intermediate likelihood of disease. Although this information is useful, it is only partially utilized in clinical practice due to the difficulty to properly classify the patients. Since the seminal work of Lotfi Zadeh, fuzzy logic has been applied in numerous areas. In the present study, we proposed and tested a model to select patients for MPS based on fuzzy sets theory. A group of 1053 patients was used to develop the model and another group of 1045 patients was used to test it. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to compare the performance of the fuzzy model against expert physician opinions, and showed that the performance of the fuzzy model was equal or superior to that of the physicians. Therefore, we conclude that the fuzzy model could be a useful tool to assist the general practitioner in the selection of patients for MPS.

Effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway and semen quality

It has been reported that mental stress causes abnormality of spermiogram parameters. We investigated the effect of psychological stress on the L-arginine-nitric oxide (NO) pathway. Semen samples were collected from 29 healthy fourth semester medical students just before (stress) and 3 months after (non-stress) the final examinations. Psychological stress was measured by the State Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. After standard semen analysis, arginase activity and NO concentration were measured spectrophotometrically in the seminal plasma. Measurements were made in duplicate. During the stress period, sperm concentration (41.28 ± 3.70 vs 77.62 ± 7.13 x 10(6)/mL), rapid progressive motility of spermatozoa (8.79 ± 1.66 vs 20.86 ± 1.63%) and seminal plasma arginase activity (0.12 ± 0.01 vs 0.22 ± 0.01 U/mL) were significantly lower than in the non-stress situation, whereas seminal plasma NO (17.28 ± 0.56 vs 10.02 ± 0.49 µmol/L) was higher compared to the non-stress period (P < 0.001 for all). During stress there was a negative correlation between NO concentration and sperm concentration, the percentage of rapid progressive motility and arginase activity (r = -0.622, P < 0.01; r = -0.425, P < 0.05 and r = -0.445, P < 0.05, respectively). These results indicate that psychological stress causes an increase of NO level and a decrease of arginase activity in the L-arginine-NO pathway. Furthermore, poor sperm quality may be due to excessive production of NO under psychological stress. In the light of these results, we suggest that the arginine-NO pathway, together with arginase and NO synthase, are involved in semen quality under stress conditions.

Luteinizing hormone reduction by the male potency herb, Butea superba Roxb.

To determine if Butea superba Roxb., a traditional Thai male potency herb, has androgenic activity in 60-day-old male Wistar rats, we measured its effects on the pituitary-testicular axis and sex organs. Intact and orchidectomized adult male rats were subdivided into five groups (10 rats/group): distilled water, Butea superba (BS)-10, BS-50, BS-250, and testosterone propionate (TP). They received 0, 10, 50, and 250 mg·kg body weight-1·day-1 BS in distilled water by gavage and 6 mg·kg body weight-1·day-1 TP sc, respectively, during the 30-day treatment period. Blood was collected every 15 days and luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone were measured. Changes of weight and histological appearance of sex organs were determined at the end of the 30-day treatment and 15-day post-treatment periods. TP treatment reduced serum FSH and LH levels and significantly increased the weight of the seminal vesicles and epididymis, in accordance with histopathological changes, in both intact and orchidectomized rats. No changes in serum testosterone, LH, and FSH levels were observed in any of the intact rats treated with BS, but a significant increase in seminal vesicle weight was observed only in the BS-250 group. Although a significant reduction in serum LH was detected in the BS-50 and BS-250 groups of orchidectomized rats, no significant change in weight or histology of sex organs was observed. Thus, we conclude that B. superba needs endogenous testosterone to work synergistically to stimulate the accessory sex organ of intact animals and can potentially exhibit an LH reduction effect in orchidectomized animals.

Análise centesimal dos cortes da carcaça de cordeiros Santa Inês e Bergamácia

O trabalho foi conduzido no Setor de Ovinocultura do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFLA, em Lavras, com objetivo de determinar a composição química dos cortes da carcaça (perna, lombo, costeleta e costela/fralda), em relação ao peso do corpo vazio de cordeiros Santa Inês e Bergamácia. Foram utilizados 36 cordeiros machos inteiros, sendo 24 Santa Inês e 12 Bergamácia, abatidos ao atingirem 15, 25, 35 e 45 kg de peso vivo. Os cordeiros foram confinados em gaiolas individuais onde receberam alimentação ad libitum até o abate. Realizou-se a retirada da pele e evisceração pesando-se o trato digestivo, bexiga e vesícula biliar, cheios e vazios, para determinação do peso corporal vazio (PCVZ). A carcaça foi resfriada a 2 °C por um período de 24 horas e depois de retirado o pescoço, foi seccionada em metades simétricas. Na ½ carcaça procedeu-se a divisão em cortes, dos quais foram utilizados e analisados: perna, lombo, costeleta e costela/fralda. O melhor momento de abate dos cordeiros Santa Inês e Bergamácia seria na faixa de 25 e 35 kg de peso vivo, quando os cortes apresentariam as melhores proporções de água, proteína, gordura e minerais, refletindo melhores aspectos de qualidade.

Germinação de sementes e desenvolvimento de plantas de pimenta malagueta em função do substrato e da lâmina de água

O trabalho foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação no Campus do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre-ES, com o objetivo avaliar a influência do substrato e da lâmina de água na germinação de sementes e no desenvolvimento pós-seminal de plantas de pimenta-malagueta. As sementes foram distribuídas em vasos contendo os substratos Latossolo Vermelho puro (LP), Latossolo Vermelho + cama de galinheiro (A) e Latossolo Vermelho + esterco bovino (B), aos quais foram aplicadas lâminas de água equivalentes a 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125% da evapotranspiração da cultura. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x5. Foram avaliadas as seguintes características: germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), massa fresca e seca, altura de planta, diâmetro de coleto e volume de raiz. Os substratos A e B apresentaram melhores resultados em relação ao LP para todas as características avaliadas, sendo que para todas as características houve aumento nos valores em resposta ao aumento no fornecimento de lâminas de água.

Caracterização morfológica e germinação de sementes de jalapa (Operculina macrocarpa (L.)Urb.)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença da dormência tegumentar, identificando tratamentos pré-germinativos que possam acelerar e uniformizar a germinação, bem como conhecer a morfologia do desenvolvimento pós seminal em sementes de Operculina macrocarpa. As sementes foram submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos pré-germinativos: imersão em água por 1 hora; imersão em solução de hipoclorito por 1 hora e testemunha, representada por sementes sem tratamento prévio. Os testes de germinação e de emergência foram conduzidos com quatro repetições de 25 e de 20 sementes, em laboratório e em casa-de-vegetação, respectivamente. As avaliações foram realizadas diariamente, durante 30 dias, onde foi calculada a porcentagem de plântulas normais aos 15 e 30 dias e o índice de velocidade de germinação/emergência. A germinação de Operculina macrocarpa é epígea-fanerocotiledonar e a semente apesar de apresentar um tegumento duro não se mostra impermeável à entrada de água, dispensando a adoção de tratamentos pré-germinativos.

Desenvolvimento da semente de Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (MART. & EICHL.) ENGL. (SAPOTACEAE)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o desenvolvimento do embrião, endosperma e tegumento da semente de Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichl.) Engl. O rudimento seminal é hemítropo. O desenvolvimento do embrião é do tipo Cariofiláceo e o endosperma é do tipo Nuclear. O embrião maduro apresenta eixo hipocótilo-radicular curto, cilíndrico e cotilédones foliáceos. A semente madura armazena grãos de aleurona e lipídios nos cotilédones e nas células remanescentes do endosperma. A exotesta é composta de diversas camadas de células esclerificadas que também recobrem a região do hilo. Esta característica da exotesta foi registrada pela primeira vez em sementes de Chrysophyllum o que demonstra que esta pode ter importância ecológica e taxonômica.

Características biométricas e físico-químicas do fruto, morfologia da semente e da plântula de Averrhoa carambola l. (oxalidaceae)

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de caracterizar os frutos, estudar a morfologia externa e interna das sementes e ilustrar o desenvolvimento de plântulas e de plantas jovens de Averrhoa carambola. Os frutos foram distribuídos em três categorias, de acordo com o estádio de maturação (maduros, intermediários e verdes), e em três subcategorias de acordo com o tamanho (grande, médio e pequeno). Para a caracterização dos frutos determinaram-se as dimensões, a massa, o número de sementes, a cor, o pH e os teores de água e de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) da polpa. Para a caracterização morfológica das sementes foi medido o comprimento, a largura, a espessura, a massa e determinada as dimensões do endosperma, cotilédone e eixo hipocótilo radicular. Determinou-se, também, a massa de 1000 sementes. Os frutos maduros e grandes apresentam dimensões e teor de SST próximos aos encontrados em frutos comerciais, no entanto, com menor luminosidade e maior intensidade de cor, com predominância do alaranjado. O endosperma é o órgão de reserva das sementes, que exibem cotilédones de cor branca, com leve tom esverdeado nos bordos; a germinação é epígea e a protrusão da raiz primária inicia-se 21 dias após a semeadura. Os dados obtidos na avaliação das características das sementes apresentam desvios-padrão baixos, indicando que os valores medidos podem ser usados em estudos taxonômicos e na análise da germinação.

Floral biology and characterization of seed germination in physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.)

The objective of this study was to characterize morphologically the seed germination and floral biology of Jatropha curcas grown in Viçosa, Minas Gerais state. The floral biology study was made on fresh inflorescences of 20 plants. For the post-seminal development study, the seeds were submitted to laboratory and greenhouse germination test. J. curcas has flowers of both sexes within the same inflorescence, with each inflorescence having an average of 131 flowers, being 120 male and 10.5 female flowers. Low numbers of hermaphrodite flowers were also found, ranging from 0 to 6 flowers per inflorescence. The germination of J. curcas begins on the third day with radicle protrusion in the hilum region. The primary root is cylindrical, thick, glabrous and branches rapidly, with about 4-5 branches three days after protrusion, when the emergence of the secondary roots begins. Seed coat removal occurs around the 8th day, when the endosperm is almost totally degraded and offers no resistance to the cotyledons that expand between the 10th and 12th day. A normal seedling has a long greenish hypocotyl, two cotyledons, a robust primary root and several lateral roots. On the 12th day after sowing, the normal seedling is characterized as phanerocotylar and germination is epigeal.

A economia brasileira puxada pela demanda agregada

The Brazilian economy pulled by the aggregate demand. This article aims to present the demand-led growth theory and some empirical evidences for a demand-led growth regime in Brazil. First of all, we will do a brief review of the theory of demand led-growth, based in the seminal work of Kaldor (1988), for whom long-run growth is determined by the growth rate of consumption expenditures and the growth rate of exports. Based in the empirical methodology developed by Atesoglu (2002), we run some econometric tests for the hypothesis of demand-led growth for Brazilian economy. The results of such tests shown that near of 85% of GDP growth in Brazil in the period 1991-2005 is explained by variables at the demand side of the economy. Besides that, based in the methodology developed by Ledesma and Thirwall (2002), we shown that natural rate of growth for Brazilian economy is endogenous, increasing during boom times. This means that appears to be no restrictions in the supply side of the economy for a faster growth of Brazilian economy. Finally, we argue that a necessary condition for a sustained growth of Brazilian economy is the adoption of a export-led growth model. For such it is necessary to put an end on the actual over-valuation of real exchange rate.

Building climate justice : an analysis of how the nexus between climate change and human rights shapes public policy agendas and alternatives

This thesis provides an analysis of how the nexus between climate change and human rights shapes public policy agendas and alternatives. It draws upon seminal work conducted by John Kingdon, whose landmark publication “Agendas, alternatives, and public policy” described how separate streams of problems, solutions, and politics converge to move an issue onto the public policy agenda toward potential government action. Building on Kingdon’s framework, this research explores how human rights contribute to surfacing the problem of climate change; developing alternative approaches to tackling climate change; and improving the political environment necessary for addressing climate change with sufficient ambition. The study reveals that climate change undermines the realization of human rights and that human rights can be effective tools in building climate resilience. This analysis was developed using a mixed methods approach and drawing upon substantial literature review, the researcher’s own participation in international climate policy design; elite interviews with thought leaders dealing with climate change and human rights; and regular inputs from focus groups comprised of practitioners drawn from the fields of climate change, development and human rights. This is a journal based thesis with a total of six articles submitted for evaluation, published in peer‐reviewed publications, over a five year period. Denna avhandling analyserar hur klimatfrågan och mänskliga rättigheter i samverkan formar den politiska agendan och det politiskt möjliga. Den bygger på banbrytande forskning av John Kingdon, vars publikation “Agendas, alternatives, and public policy” beskriver hur en fråga blir politiskt viktig och lyfts upp på den politiska agendan. Med utgångspunkt i Kingdons ramverk, utforskar avhandlingen hur mänskliga rättigheter bidrar till att blottlägga klimatfrågan som problem; utveckla alternativa metoder för att angripa och hantera klimatfrågan; samt skapa ett politiskt klimat nödvändigt för att på ett ambitiöst sätt kunna angripa klimatfrågan. Studien visar att klimatförändringar undergräver mänskliga rättigheterna men att arbete med mänskliga rättigheter kan vara ett effektivt verktyg för att stå emot och hantera effekterna av klimatförändringar. Analysen har genomförts med hjälp av en rad olika metoder vilka inkluderar litteraturstudier, författarens egna observationer under klimatförhandlingar; intervjuer med ledande tänkare inom klimatfrågan och mänskliga rättigheter; samt data insamlad genom fokusgrupper bestående av yrkesverksamma inom klimat, utveckling och mänskliga rättigheter. Avhandlingen är baserad på totalt sex artiklar som publicerats i fackgranskade tidskrifter under en femårsperiod.

The cluster initiative greenbook

Competitividad y valor compartido

Collective violence : a study of the gendered and socio-economic factors behind early modern Italian and English witch hunts

In this study, I build upon my previous research in which I focus on religious doctrine as a gendered disciplinary apparatus, and examine the witch trials in early modem England and Italy in light of socio-economic issues relating to gender and class. This project examines the witch hunts/trials and early modem visual representations of witches, and what I suggest is an attempt to create docile bodies out of members of society who are deemed unruly, problematic and otherwise 'undesirable'; it is the witch's body that is deemed counternormative. This study demonstrates that it is neighbours and other acquaintances of accused witches that take on the role of the invisible guard of Bantham's Panoptic on. As someone who is trained in the study of English literature and literary theory, my approach is one that is informed by this methodology. It is my specialization in early modem British literature that first exposed me to witch-hunting manuals and tales of the supernatural, and it is for this reason that my research commences with a study of representations of witches and witchcraft in early modem England. From my initial exposure to such materials I proceed to examine the similarities and the differences of the cultural significance of the supernatural vis-a.-vis women's activities in early modem Italy. The subsequent discussion of visual representations of witches involves a predominance of Germanic artists, as the seminal work on the discernment of witches and the application of punishment known as the Malleus Meleficarum, was written in Germany circa 1486. Textual accounts of witch trials such as: "A Pitiless Mother (1616)," "The Wonderful Discovery of the Witchcrafts of Margaret and Philippa Flower (1619)," "Magic and Poison: The Trial ofChiaretta and Fedele (circa 1550)", and the "The Case of Benvegnuda Pincinella: Medicine Woman or Witch (1518),"and witchhunting manuals such as the Malleus Melejicarum and Strix will be put in direct dialogue with visual representations of witches in light of historical discourses pertaining to gender performance and gendered expectations. Issues relating to class will be examined as they pertain to the material conditions of presumed witches. The dominant group in any temporal or geographic location possesses the tools of representation. Therefore, it is not surprising that the physical characteristics, sexual habits and social material conditions that are attributed to suspected witches are attributes that can be deemed deviant by the ruling class. The research will juxtapose the social material conditions of suspected witches with the guilt, anxiety, and projection of fear that the dominant groups experienced in light of the changing economic landscape of the Renaissance. The shift from feudalism to primitive accumulation, and capitalism saw a rise in people living in poverty and therefore an increased dependence upon the good will of others. I will discuss the social material conditions of accused witches as informed by what Robyn Wiegman terms a "minoritizing discourse" (210). People of higher economic standing often blamed their social, medical, and/or economic difficulties on the less fortunate, resulting in accusations of witchcraft.

The Influence of Male Diet on Life History Traits of Female Mosquitoes

In the field, mosquitoes characteristically feed on sugars soon after emergence and intermittently during their adult lives. Sugar meals are commonly derived from plant nectar and homopteran honeydew, and without them, adults can only survive for a few days on larval reserves. In addition to sugar, females of most species rely on blood for the initiation and maintenance of egg development; thus their reproductive success depends to some extent on the availability of blood hosts. Males, on the other hand, feed exclusively on sugars. Consequently, their sexual maturation and reproductive success is largely dependent upon access to sugar sources. Plant nectar and homopteran honeydew are the two main sugar sources utilized by mosquitoes in the wild. Previous laboratory studies had shown that differences between nectar sources can affect the survivorship and biting frequency of disease vectoring mosquitoes. However, little is known on how sugar composition influence the reproductive processes in male mosquitoes. Male mosquitoes transfer accessory gland proteins and other hormones to their mates along with sperm during mating. In the female, these seminal fluid constituents exert their influence on reproductive genes that control ovulation and vitellogenesis. The present study tests the hypothesis that the mates of males consuming different sugar meals will exhibit varying levels of induction of vitellogenin (a gene which regulates the expression of egg yolk precursor proteins). Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to investigate how each sugar meal indirectly influences vitellogenin mRNA abundance in female Anopheles stephensi following mating. Results indicate that mates of nectar-fed males exhibit 2-fold greater change in vitellogenin expression than the mates of honeydew-fed males. However, this response did not occur in non-blood fed controls. These findings suggest that the stimulatory effect of mating on vitellogenesis in blood meal-reliant (i.e. anautogenous) mosquitoes may only be synergistic in nature. The present study also sought to compare the potential fitness costs of mating incurred by females that do not necessarily require a blood meal to initiate a reproductive cycle (i.e., exhibit autogeny). Females of the facultatively autogenous mosquito, Culex molestus were allowed to mate with males sustained on either nectar or honedyew. Mean lifetime fecundity and survivorship of females under the two different mating regimes were then recorded. Additionally, one-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to verify the transfer of male accessory gland proteins to the sperm storage organs of females during mating.While there was no significant difference in survival between the test treatments, the mates of nectar-fed males produced 11% more eggs on average than mates of honeydew-fed males. However, additional data are needed to justify the extrapolation of these findings to natural settings. These findings prompt further investigation as the differences caused by diet variation in males may be reflected across other life history traits such as mating frequency and insemination capacity.

Consistent Relations

Consistency, a natural weakening of transitivity introduced in a seminal contribution by Suzumura (1976b), has turned out to be an interesting and promising concept in a variety of areas within economic theory. This paper summarizes its recent applications and provides some new observations in welfarist social choice and in population ethics. In particular, it is shown that the conclusion of the welfarism theorem remains true if transitivity is replaced by consistency and that an impossibility result in variable-population social-choice theory turns into a possibility if transitivity is weakened to consistency.