Impact of Renal Dysfunction on Liver Transplantation: a Retrospective Study in 708 Orthotopic Liver Transplant Recipients

Renal dysfunction often complicates the course of orthotopic liver transplant recipients and is associated with increased morbid -mortality. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence of chronic renal disease and its impact on patient survival. Clinical data included age, gender and weight,aetiology of hepatic failure, presence of diabetes,hypertension, hepatitis B and C infection, renal dysfunction pretransplant and immunosuppression. Laboratory data included serum creatinine at days 1, 7, 21, month 6, 12 and yearly. The glomerular filtration rate was determined by Cockcroft-Gault equation. We studied retrospectively from September 1992 to March 2007 708 orthotopic liver transplant recipients. Mean age 44±12.6 years, 64% males, 17% diabetic, 18.8% hypertensive, 19.9% with hepatitis C and 3.8% hepatitis B. Renal dysfunction pretransplant was known in 21.6%. Mean follow-up was 3.6 years. Mean transplant survival 75% at 12 months. 154 patients died. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed and a p<0.05 was considered significant. Acute kidney injury occurred in 33.2%. Chronic kidney disease stage 3 was observed in 34.3%,stage 4 in 6.2% and stage 5 in 5.1%. At the time of this study, 46.4% were on Cyclosporine A, 44.7% on tacrolimus and 8.9% on sirolimus. Using multivariate analysis, renal dysfunction was correlated with renal dysfunction pre -orthotopic liver transplant (p<0.001), acute kidney injury (p<0.001), haemodialysis development (p<0.001), and inversely correlated with the use of mycophenolate mophetil (p<0.001); mortality was positively correlated with renal dysfunction pretransplant (p=0.03),chronic kidney disease stage 4 (p=0.001), chronic kidney disease stage 5 (p<0.001) and inversely correlated with the use of tacrolimus (p=0.006). In conclusion orthotopic liver transplant recipients are disposed to renal complications that have a negative impact on survival of these patients.

Regulação integrada do metabolismo da glucose no estado pós-prandial : fisiologia e reversão de processos patológicos

Resumo: Os mecanismos que regulam a homeostase da glucose no pós-prandial são distintos dos mecanismos desencadeados em situações de jejum. Desta forma o fígado parece desempenhar um papel fundamental na acção periférica da insulina após a refeição através de um mecanismo que envolve os nervos parassimpáticos hepáticos e o óxido nítrico (NO). Esta dissertação procura evidenciar a importância de ambos na fi siologia de manutenção da glicémia pós-prandial e na fi siopatologia da resistência à insulina. Dos resultados obtidos observou-se que após a administração de uma refeição mista o perfi l glicémico foi distinto em animais com ou sem ablação dos nervos parassimpáticos hepáticos. A desnervação parassimpática hepática aumentou as excursões de glucose imediatamente após a refeição. Estas diferenças nas excursões de glucose dependentes do parassimpático ocorreram devido a uma diminuição da clearance de glucose, sem que fosse afectada a taxa de aparecimento de glucose no sangue, a produção endógena de glucose e secreção de insulina ou péptido-C. Este aumento das excursões de glucose revelou-se ser devida à diminuição da clearance de glucose pós-prandial exclusivamente no músculo-esquelético, coração e o rim. Concluiu-se que o fígado teria uma função endócrina nestes três órgãos. Surgiu assim a hipótese dos S-nitrosotiois (RSNOs) poderem mimetizar essa resposta endócrina. Testou-se o seu efeito in vivo na sensibilidade à insulina. Para níveis baixos de sensibilidade à insulina, como jejum, desnervação no estado pós-prandial e resistência à insulina os RSNOs potenciaram a sensibilidade à insulina para valores semelhantes ao pós-prandial indicando-os como potenciais fármacos no tratamento da resistência à insulina. O NO e seus derivados ganharam assim uma evidência cada vez maior na acção periférica da insulina e portanto fez-se uma caracterização dos seus níveis desde a fi siologia à fi siopatologia. Os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação permitiram correlacionar a sintetase de óxido nítrico (NOS), enzima responsável pela síntese de NO como um possível marcador da resistência à insulina. Os resultados obtidos contribuíram substancialmente para compreender os mecanismos fi siológicos e fi siopatológicos de manutenção da glicémia após a refeição, colocando o fígado como órgão primordial na regulação periférica (extra-hepática) da captação de glucose.-------- ABSTRACT: The mechanisms responsible for the postprandial response are different from the ones in the fasted state. Therefore the liver seems to play a fundamental role in postprandial insulin action through a mechanism that evolves the hepatic parasympathetic nerves (HPN) and nitric oxide (NO). This work focused on the importance of both, HPN and NO, on postprandial glycemic control and on the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. We observed that after administration of a mixed meal the glycemic profi les with or without the parasympathetic nerves were distinct, increasing glucose excursions after ablation of HPN.This increase in glucose excursions was due to a decrease on the rate of glucose disappearance in extra-hepatic tissues. Glucose appearance rate, endogenous glucose production and insulin secretion were not related to this mechanism. The increase on glucose excursions after the ablation of hepatic parasympathetic system was due to a decrease on glucose clearance on extra-hepatic tissues, namely skeletal-muscle, heart and kidney. We concluded that the liver has an endocrine function on those tissues increasing their glucose uptake.This mechanism led to propose the hypothesis that S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) could mimic this mechanism. Therefore RSNOs effects on insulin sensitivity were tested. For low insulin sensitivity levels, i.e. fasted state, ablation of the HPN or insulin resistance state induced by a high sucrose diet RSNOs increased insulin sensitivity to levels normally observed in the postprandial state. These results indicated these drugs as potential pharmacological tools in the treatment of insulin resistance. NO and their derivates emerged as fundamental parts of insulin action. A characterization of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme responsible for NO synthesis was part of the work performed. We concluded that NO could be used as a biomarker for insulin resistance states. This work contributed for understanding the mechanism underlying postprandial glycemic control indicating the liver as a key organ in the regulation of peripheral (extra-hepatic) insulin action.

Transplantation in Highly Sensitised Patients Treated with Intravenous Immunoglobulin and Rituximab

Renal transplant in highly sensitised patients is associated with increased morbidity. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical evolution of 30 highly sensitised deceased donor kidney transplants and the influence of different timing of B cell directed treatment and its importance in the outcome of these patients. All recipients had negative complement dependent lymphocytotoxicity cytotoxic T cell crossmatch and no identified anti human leucocyte antigen class I donor specific antibodies. T cell flow crossmatch was performed within 24h of transplantation with serum obtained pretransplant (historic, recent or baseline). Posttransplant flow crossmatch were performed prospectively starting on the 3rd posttransplantation day. The immunosuppressive regime included thymoglobulin, tacrolimus, mycofenolate mofetil and steroids. Positive flow crossmatch occurred in 20/29 patients by the 3rd posttransplantation day, and in 17/27 patients after the 3rd posttransplantation day. All patients were started on intravenous immunoglobulin before transplantation: in nine patients (group A) at 400mg/kg/day for five days; in the remaining 21 patients (group B), as a continued infusion of 2g/kg during 48h. In group A, Rituximab was added only in the presence of antibody mediated rejection; in group B, introduced on the 3rd posttransplantation day whenever a positive flow crossmatch (with serum obtained pre or posttransplant) was reported. Antibody mediated rejection was observed in 44.4% of patients in group A, and 19% of those in group B. Mean follow-up was 12.2±5.5 months. Overall allograft survival was 76.6%, 81% in group B, and 66.6% in group A. At last follow up, mean serum creatinine was 1.3±0.6 mg/dl. Renal transplantation with pretransplant positive flow crossmatch is highly associated with antibody mediated rejection, despite introduction of intravenous immunoglobulin pretransplantation. However high dose intravenous immunoglobulin for 48h plus Rituximab by the 3rd posttransplantation day reduce the incidence of antibody mediated rejection by more than 50% and allowed for allograft survival of 81% at one year, with an excellent renal function.

Leflunomide and Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Renal Transplant

Polyomavirus nephropathy is a major complication in renal transplantation, associated with renal allograft loss in 14 to 80% of cases. There is no established treatment, although improvement has been reported with a variety of approaches. The authors report two cases of polyomavirus infection in renal allograft recipients. In the first case, a stable patient presented with deterioration of renal function, worsening hypertension and weight gain following removal of ureteral stent placed routinely at the time of surgery. Ultrasound examination and radiology studies revealed hydronephrosis due to ureteral stenosis. A new ureteral stent was placed, but renal function did not improve. Urinary cytology revealed the presence of decoy cells and polyomavirus was detected in blood and urine by qualitative polymerase chain reaction. Renal biopsy findings were consistent with polyomavirus -associated nephropathy. In the second case, leucopaenia was detected in an asymptomatic patient 6 months after transplantation. Mycophenolate mophetil dosage was reduced but renal allograft function deteriorated, and a kidney biopsy revealed polyomavirus -associated nephropathy, also with SV40 positive cells. In both patients immunosuppression with tacrolimus was reduced, mycophenolate mophetil stopped and intravenous immune globulin plus ciprofloxacin started. As renal function continued to deteriorate, therapy with leflunomide (40 mg/day) was associated and maintained during 5 and 3 months respectively. In the first patient, renal function stabilised within one month of starting leflunomide and polymerase chain reaction was negative for polyomavirus after 5 months. A repeated allograft biopsy 6 months later showed no evidence of polyomavirus nephropathy. In the second patient, polyomavirus was undetectable in blood and urine by polymerase chain reaction after 3 months of leflunomide treatment, with no evidence of polyomavirus infection in a repeated biopsy 6 months after beginning treatment.

Peritubular Capillaries C4d Deposits in Renal Allograft Biopsies and Anti HLA I/II Alloantibodies Screening. Incidence and Clinical Importance

Aim: To characterise clinically the patients with C4d in peritubular capillaries deposits (C4dPTCD) and/or circulating anti-HLA class I/II alloantibodies. To determine the correlation between positive C4dPTCD and circulating anti-HLA class I/II alloantibodies during episodes of graft dysfunction. Subjects and Methods: C4d staining was performed in biopsies with available frozen tissue obtained between January 2004 and December 2006. The study was prospective from March 2005, when a serum sample was obtained at the time of biopsy to detect circulating anti-HLA class I/II alloantibodies. Results: We studied 109 biopsies in 86 cadaver renal transplant patients. Sixteen of these (14.7%) presented diffuse positive C4dPTCD. There was a 13.5% rate of +C4dPTCD incidence within the first six months of transplantation and 16% after six months (p>0.05). Half of the +C4dPTCD in the first six months was associated with acute humoral rejection. After six months, the majority of +C4dPTCD (n=7/8) was present in biopsies with evidence of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy and/or transplant glomerulopathy. The C4dPTCD was more frequent in patients with positive anti-HCV antibodies(p<0.0001), a previous renal transplant (p=0.007), and with a panel reactivity antibody (PRA) ≥ 50%(p=0.0098). The anti-HCV+ patients had longer time on dialysis (p=0.0019) and higher PRA(p=0.005). Circulating anti-HLA I/II alloantibodies were screened in 46 serum samples. They were positive in 10.9% of samples, all obtained after six months post transplant. Circulating alloantibodies were absent in 92.5% of the C4d negative biopsies. Conclusion: We found an association between the presence of C4dPTCD and 2nd transplant recipients,higher PRA and the presence of anti-HCV antibodies. The presence of HCV antibodies is not a risk factor for C4dPTCD per se, but appears to reflect longer time on dialysis and presensitisation. In renal dysfunction a negative alloantibody screening is associated with a reduced risk of C4dPTCD (<10%).

Qualidade de Vida Pós-Transplante Hepático em Doentes com Paramiloidose

Este estudo surgiu em contexto de trabalho na Unidade de Transplantes do Hospital Curry Cabral na sequência do contacto directo com doentes com Paramiloidose. A elevada morbilidade motivada por esta patologia e a ausência de terapêuticas eficazes com excepção do transplante hepático, motivou um grupo de cinco Enfermeiros para a realização de um estudo de investigação sobre o tema "Percepções e sentimentos que o doente com Paramiloidose vivencia após o transplante hepático: Que qualidade de Vida?". O presente estudo teve como objectivos analisar as percepções e sentimentos que os doentes com Paramiloidose vivenciam após o transplante hepático e avaliar se o transplante lhes proporcionou uma melhor qualidade de vida. Dada a natureza do fenómeno a estudar, optámos por um estudo exploratório, descritivo, retrospectivo com abordagem qualitativa, numa amostra de carácter intencional, não probabilística, constituída por seis doentes submetidos a transplante hepático há mais de um ano, com o diagnóstico de Polineuropatia Amiloidótica Familiar (PAF). os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados do estudo evidenciaram que após o transplante hepático, ocorreu na percepção destes doentes, uma melhoria significativa da sua qualidade de vida, embora haja referência ao impacto associado às interferências inerentes ao transplante em si, como sejam adaptação ao regime terapêutico da imunossupressão.

Insuficiência Renal Crónica – Casuística de 16 Anos (1986-2001) da Unidade de Nefrologia do Hospital de Dona Estefânia

Entre Janeiro 1986 e Dezembro de 2001 foram seguidos na nossa Unidade 100 doentes com Insuficiência Renal Crónica com idade igual ou inferior a 15 anos (M:F = 54:46; idade ≥ 0 ≤15 anos). A idade de detecção da doença foi inferior aos dois anos em 35% dos casos. Cinquenta e nove doentes (59%) atingiram a fase de Insuficiência Renal Terminal no decurso destes 16 anos, tendo sido transplantados 41 (69,5%), encontrando-se no final do estudo 12 (20,3%) doentes em hemodiálise, três (5,1%) em diálise peritoneal e um em preparação para indução de diálise peritoneal. Registaram-se cinco óbitos, dois dos quais ocorreram após transplantação renal. Durante o período em estudo a hemodiálise foi a primeira forma de terapêutica de substituição da função renal em 33 casos (55,9%) dos doentes que atingiram a insuficiência renal terminal. Contudo a diálise peritoneal, instituida em 24 doentes (42,1%) foi a primeira escolha em 10 ( 100%) das crianças com menos de seis anos , submetidas a terapêutica de substituição da função renal. Dos 41 doentes transplantados registaramse dois óbitos e oito rejeições, com necessidade de instituição de hemodiálise em dois casos, de diálise peritoneal noutro e de duas retransplantações.

The End-Organ Impairment in Liver Cirrhosis: Appointments for Critical Care

Liver cirrhosis (LC) can lead to a clinical state of liver failure, which can exacerbate through the course of the disease. New therapies aimed to control the diverse etiologies are now more effective, although the disease may result in advanced stages of liver failure, where liver transplantation (LT) remains the most effective treatment. The extended lifespan of these patients and the extended possibilities of liver support devices make their admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) more probable. In this paper the LC is approached from the point of view of the pathophysiological alterations present in LC patients previous to ICU admission, particularly cardiovascular, but also renal, coagulopathic, and encephalopathic. Infections and available liver detoxifications devices also deserve mentioning. We intend to contribute towards ICU physician readiness to the care for this particular type of patients, possibly in dedicated ICUs.

Acerca de falas da terra. Ecologia e tradição

O projecto Falas da Terra - Ecologia e Tradição surgiu quando à disciplina de Literatura Tradicional Oral apeteceu o transborde: a detecção de paradigmas ambientais, a descrição da fisionomia da terra. • quer enquanto solo arável: terra, corpo feminino lavrado e semeado pelo corpo masculino (o arado e a semente) ou terra tal como a quadra seguinte reiteradamente a refere: Eu sou devedor à terra A terra me está devendo A terra me paga em vida E eu pago à terra em morrendo.* Também o órgão por excelência do ser humano (porque garantia do amor e, por isso, da vida), o coração, é, no Cancioneiro, apresentado como herdade, coutada, terra literalmente cavada para semear saudades, sempre com o objectivo alfaiar - ou não fosse o lugar da fala o lugar do encontro, do diálogo: O meu coração é terra Hei-de mandá-lo cavar Para semear saudades Que tenho de te falar.

A Ecocardiografia Transtorácica na Avaliação da Hipotensão em Cuidados Intensivos Polivalentes

Objectivo e desenho: estudo prospectivo de avaliação da possibilidade de aplicação e utilidade clínica da ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) na avaliação da hpotensão numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos Polivalente (UCIP). Local: UCIP de 16 camas. Material e métodos: Incluídos doentes com hipotensão (pressão arterial sistólica 90 mmHg ou média (PAM) < 60 mmHg, que não respondeu à administração de soros no espaço de 30 minutos). Os objectivos do ETT foram: excluir cardiopatia estrutural grave, avaliação de outras alterações cardíacas (alterações das dimensões das cavidades e função ventricular esquerda), análise da veia cava inferior (VCI) e determinação do índex cardíaco (IC). Resultados: de um total de 208 doentes foram incluídos 198 (4,5% de exames impossíveis), com média etária de 63,4 +/- 16,2 anos, 129 do sexo masculino, APACHE II 30,1 +/- 9,9, SAPS II 68,8 +/- 20,5, SOFA 11,6 +/- 3,8 MODS 10,9 +/- 3,9. Observou-se uma mortalidade de 51% (n=101), e 168 (85,2%) doentes estavam ventilados. Oitenta e oito (44,4%) doentes apresentaram alterações cardíacas, dos quais 28 (14%) classificadas como graves: três valvulopatias aórticas graves, quatro endocardites, nove miocardiopatias dilatadas, dois tamponamentos (18 doentes com alterações graves insuspeitas, 9%), seis enfartes agudos do miocárdio, quatro alterações da cinética segmentar. Estes doentes apresentaram uma mortalidade e índices de gravidade mais elevados (p <0,001). Em relação ao IC, 157 doentes apresentaram um valor normal ou elevado, os quais apresentaram todos um valor de resistências ventriculares periféricas baixo. Por análise de regressão logística, verificou-se uma relação entre o índex da VCI e os dias de internamento (p = 0,05) e entre o IC, índex da VCI e a mortalidade (p =0,008 e 0,041 respectivamente). Conclusões: Observou-se uma elevada prevalência de patologia cardíaca entre os doentes admitidos numa UCIP com hipotensão (n =88, 44,4%), dos quais 14% consideradas graves. Estes doentes tiveram maior mortalidade e índices de gravidade mais elevados. A análise conjunta do IC e da VCI pode ser útil na definição do padrão hemodinâmico do doente hipotenso e certos parâmetros ecocardiográficos, em especial o índex da VCI, podem ser úteis no prognóstico destes doentes.

Haemodynamic Parameters Obtained by Transthoracic Echocardiography and Swan-Ganz Catheter: a Comparative Study in Liver Transplant Patients

Objectivo: estudo comparativo simultâneo de medições invasivas utilizando o cateterismo da artéria pulmonar e não invasivas utilizando a ecocardiografia transtorácica (ETT) de 4 parâmetros hemodinâmicos: débito cardíaco (DC), pressão de encravamento da artéria pulmonar (PCP), pressão venosa central (PVC), e pressão sistólica da artéria pulmonar (PSAP). Material e Métodos: estudo prospectivo numa Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) médico-cirurgica. Foram estudados 41 doentes em pós-operatório de transplante hepático, nos quais o DC, a PCP, a PVC e a PSAP foram obtidos em simultâneo por 2 observadores independentes, utilizando a ETT e o cateterismo invasivo da artéria pulmonar. Para a quantificação por ETT dos parâmetros foram utilizadas fórmulas descritas na literatura. As medições invasivas e não invasivas foram comparadas através de uma análise de correlação linear e de Bland-Altman. Resultados: Verificou-se uma boa correlação nas medições invasivas e não invasivas do DC (r=0,97) e PVC (r=0,88). As correlações entre as medições invasivas e não invasivas da PCP e da PSAP foram fracas (r=0,41 e r= 0,118 respectivamente). O intervalo de confiança de 95% e bias para o DC foi negligenciável, em especial para valores de DC abaixo dos 6l/minuto. A ETT subestima em regra o DC, mas as duas técnicas mostraram uma correlação significativa entre si. Conclusões: a ETT pode estimar de forma fidedigna o DC em doentes submetidos a transplante hepático. A determinação não invasiva das restantes variáveis hemodinâmicas por ETT pode estar sujeita a uma variabilidade grande relacionada com as características dos doentes. Apesar dos dados terem sido obtidos num grupo específico de doentes, podem ajudar a definir uma aplicação futura da ecocardiografia em Cuidados Intensivos.

ABO-Incompatible Liver Transplantation in Acute Liver Failure: A Single Portuguese Center Study

INTRODUCTION: ABO-incompatible liver transplantation (ABOi LT) is considered to be a rescue option in emergency transplantation. Herein, we have reported our experience with ABOi LT including long-term survival and major complications in these situations. PATIENT AND METHODS: ABOi LT was performed in cases of severe hepatic failure with imminent death. The standard immunosuppression consisted of basiliximab, corticosteroids, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. Pretransplantation patients with anti-ABO titers above 16 underwent plasmapheresis. If the titer was above 128, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was added at the end of plasmapheresis. The therapeutic approach was based on the clinical situation, hepatic function, and titer evolution. A rapid increase in titer required five consecutive plasmapheresis sessions followed by administration of IVIG, and at the end of the fifth session, rituximab. RESULTS: From January 2009 to July 2012, 10 patients, including 4 men and 6 women of mean age 47.8 years (range, 29 to 64 years), underwent ABOi LT. At a mean follow-up of 19.6 months (range, 2 days to 39 months), 5 patients are alive including 4 with their original grafts. One patient was retransplanted at 9 months. Major complications were infections, which were responsible for 3 deaths due to multiorgan septic failure (2 during the first month); rejection episodes (4 biopsy-proven of humoral rejections in 3 patients and 1 cellular rejection) and biliary. CONCLUSION: The use of ABOi LT as a life-saving procedure is justifiable in emergencies when no other donor is available. With careful recipient selection close monitoring of hemagglutinins and specific immunosuppression we have obtained acceptable outcomes.

Hematomas Cerebelosos em Doente com Mixoma Auricular

Apresenta-se um caso clínico de mixoma auricular, numa mulher de 69 anos, que teve como manifestação inaugural síndroma cerebeloso, causado por enfartes isquémicos da circulação posterior. O Ecocardiograma transtorácico bidimensional permitiu formular o diagnóstico de mixoma da aurícula esquerda. Ao 7° mês pós remoção cirúrgica do tumor cardíaco houve agravamento do síndroma cerebeloso e instalação de quadro de hipertensão intracraneana. A TAC-CE revelou múltiplos hematomas dos hemisférios cerebelosos e do vérmix e hidrocefalia triventricular activa. Estas complicações neurológicas tardias permitiram suspeitar e discutir hipóteses diagnósticas. Os mixomas cardíacos são raros e a sua apresentação como manifestação neurológica ocorre em 20-25% dos casos. As complicações neurológicas tardias do mixoma são ainda mais raras, encontrando-se alguns casos descritos a nível mundial.

Transplant Glomerulopathy: Clinico-Pathologic Features

Transplant glomerulopathy is a sign of chronic kidney allograft damage. It has a distinct morphology and is associated with poor allograft survival. We aimed to assess the prevalence and clinic-pathologic features of transplant glomerulopathy, as well as determine the functional and histological implications of its severity. We performed a single-centre retrospective observational study during an eight-year period. Kidney allograft biopsies were diagnosed and scored according to the Banff classification, coupled with immunofluorescence studies. The epidemiology, clinical presentation, outcomes (patient and graft survival) and anti-HLA alloantibodies were evaluated. Transplant glomerulopathy was diagnosed in 60 kidney transplant biopsies performed for clinical reasons in 49 patients with ABO compatible renal transplant and a negative T-cell complement dependent cytotoxicity crossmatch at transplantation. The estimated prevalence of transplant glomerulopathy was 7.4% and its cumulative prevalence increased over time. C4d staining in peritubular capillaries (27.6%) was lower than the frequency of anti-HLA antibodies (72.5%), the majority against both classes I and II. Transplant glomerulopathy was associated with both acute (mainly glomerulitis and peritubular capillaritis) and chronic histologic abnormalities. At diagnosis, 30% had mild, 23.3% moderate and 46.7% severe transplant glomerulopathy. The severity of transplant glomerulopathy was associated with the severity of interstitial fibrosis. Other histological features, as well as clinical manifestations and graft survival, were unrelated to transplant glomerulopathy severity.