A função e natureza das convenções e hipóteses segundo o convencionalismo francês da virada do século XIX para o XX: relações entre ciência e metafísica nas obras de Henri Poincaré, Pierre Duhem e Édouard Le Roy

Nesse trabalho apresentamos a função e determinamos a natureza das convenções e hipóteses para os fundamentos científicos segundo a corrente convencionalista que surgiu na França na virada do século XIX para o XX, composta por Henri Poincaré, Pierre Duhem e Édouard Le Roy. Além disso, analisamos a relação que as convenções e hipóteses podem estabelecer com teses metafísicas através dos critérios utilizados pelos cientistas para determinar a preferência por certas teorias. Para isso, promovemos uma interpretação imanente das obras publicadas entre 1891 e 1905. Como resultado, revelamos que os autores, apesar de serem classificados como pertencentes a uma mesma corrente, não possuem apenas posições comuns, mas também divergências. Poincaré e Le Roy concordam que as convenções geométricas são escolhidas de acordo com o critério de conveniência. Contudo, eles discordam sobre o valor que a conveniência agrega ao conhecimento científico. Em relação aos fenômenos naturais, os três autores concordam que a realidade não pode ser descrita univocamente por um mesmo conjunto de convenções e hipóteses. Porém, Poincaré e Duhem acreditam que há critérios que tornam umas teorias mais satisfatórias que outras. Analisamos os critérios experimentais, racionais e axiológicos que justificam a satisfação dos cientistas com certas teorias e apontamos como estes critérios se relacionam com a metafísica. Concluímos que os convencionalistas, mesmo que cautelosamente e de modo implícito, buscaram se aproximar da metafísica com o intuito de justificar a própria atividade científica.

Lista comentada de la ictiofauna del Canal Beagle, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. Iconografía.

A ciento veintidós años de las primeras menciones realizadas por Perugia en 1891 sobre peces del Canal Beagle, editamos la presente iconografía que incluye alrededor de treinta especies de las mencionadas por López et al., en 1996. Este trabajo, desarrollado en el CADIC dentro del proyecto Biología de los recursos ictícos del Canal de Beagle financiado por el CONICET, junto al publicado por Lloris y Rucabado (1991), proveyeron elementos de base para tener una visión más profunda del componente ictiofaunistíco de la región. En la presente publicación se destaca la magnífica obra del maestro Miguel Barbagallo, quién vuelca su capacidad y espíritu en estas láminas, las que además de su valor artístico son un aporte más a la consolidación del conocimiento de los recursos naturales de nuestro país.

Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores: um dispositivo para a efetivação das políticas imigratórias (1883 1907)

O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar a movimentação de imigrantes no Porto do Rio de Janeiro e na Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores entre os anos de 1883 e 1907, procurando relacioná-la com as políticas públicas de incentivo ao fluxo migratório e as mudanças na dinâmica organizacional da referida hospedaria. A ideia é demonstrar através dos relatórios do Ministério da Agricultura, Comércio e Obras Públicas e, posteriormente da Indústria, Viação e Obras Públicas que as oscilações no número de entrada de imigrantes no território brasileiro acompanharam as políticas imigratórias favoráveis ou desfavoráveis a vinda de trabalhadores estrangeiros. Assim, pretende-se demonstrar que a Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores foi uma construção integrada à estrutura dos movimentos imigratórios e que, portanto, sua manutenção esteve sujeita a agenda política do governo imperial e republicano. Nesse sentido, em 1891, após a adoção do sistema federalista, transferiu-se para os estados a responsabilidade pelos serviços referentes à imigração e à colonização, o que reduziu gradativamente o fluxo de imigrantes na Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores, fazendo com que a instituição perdesse a importância que tinha na década anterior. Somente em 1907, diante da dificuldade dos estados em promover a imigração, o poder central retomou as políticas imigratórias e a Hospedaria da Ilha das Flores tornou a florescer.

芍药属芍药组的变异与进化：形态、染色体和分子证据

芍药属Paeonia是芍药科Paeoniacea内唯一的一个属。包括大约35个种，间断性的分布于北温带地区。其内三个组分别是牡丹组(sect. Moutan)、北美芍药组(sect. Onaepia)和芍药组(sect. Paeonia)。芍药组是芍药属中最大，也是唯一具有染色体倍性变化的一个组，现有大约25个种。其中，大约半数的种是四倍体（2n＝20），主要分布于地中海地区。虽然有证据表明四倍体类群大多为异源起源，但芍药属内一致的核型、相似的形态和重叠的地理分布使得它们的起源和分类一直存在很大的争议。本研究利用了4个细胞核DNA片段（乙醇脱氢酶基因－Adh1和 Adh2;nrDNA的内转录间隔区－ITS;甘油－3磷酸乙酰转移酶基因－GPAT）和4个叶绿体DNA片段（matK基因;基因间隔区trnL-trnF、psbA-trnH和rps16－trnQ）对芍药组的网状进化进行部分重建。并在此基础上，对推测为杂交起源的P. anomala进行了形态学和细胞发生的研究。主要研究结果如下： 1． 芍药组的系统学 利用多个DNA分子标记(cpDNA: matK, rps16-trnQ; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2)，芍药组的二倍体和四倍体类群的系统发育被部分重建。基于最大简约法、贝叶斯法和最大似然法的系统发育分析表明： (a) 除P. tenuifolia之外，所有地中海地区分布的二倍体类群构成一个单系分支。该支与亚洲分布的二倍体类群以及P. tenuifolia成并系关系。 (b) 核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树的不一致，以及ITS、Adh基因的多态性的分析，表明部分二倍体类群间和四倍体类群间都存在杂交事件。这些类群包括：中国新疆阿勒泰地区分布的二倍体种P. anomala和P. intermedia（杂种个体XJ053）;高加索地区分布的二倍体种P. tenuifolia和P. daurica（杂种个体H9933）;土耳其分布的四倍体种P. mascula和P. kesrouanensis（杂交个体在两个居群中检测到）。 (c) 不一致的核和叶绿体DNA系统发育树，以及Adh基因表现出的相同多态性模式进一步支持早先的推测，即四倍体类群P. arietina是异源四倍体。同时扩大的数据分析显示P. obovata近缘类群为其母系亲本，P. tenuifolia近缘类群为其父系亲本。此外，形态上具有一定分化的两个亚种P. arietina ssp. arietina和P. arietina ssp. parnassica是多次起源。 (d) 现今地中海分布类群的近缘种参与了四倍体种P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea，以及P. wittmanniana和P. mascula的物种形成。依据Adh序列种内的多态性，初步推测P. kesrouanensis 和P. coriacea可能是异源四倍体，其另一个亲本与P. arietina母系亲本近源。而P. wittmanniana和P. mascula可能是同源四倍体。 (e) P. saueri和P. peregrina的两个亲本类群分别与P. tenuifolia和现今地中海分布二倍体种的近缘类群。 (f) Adh1基因序列中近缘的重组类型暗示：四倍体种P. macrophylla和P. banatica很可能是同倍性杂种。 2． P. anomala的杂交起源和细胞发生 P. anomala新疆阿勒泰地区分布的居群核型第一次被报道。该地区分布的类群核型为2A型(核型公式：2n = 2x = 10 = 6m+2sm+2st)。减数分裂的观察统计显示：阿勒泰地区所有检测个体都是臂内倒位杂合子。基于断片大小以及不同个体染色体桥和/或断片出现率的差异，我们发现该类群臂内倒位存在多态性。荧光原位杂交（FISH）证实P. anomala共有8个18S rDNA位点，并且定位了一个倒位片段在3号染色体的短臂上。此外，高频率的棒状二价体和单价体，以及低的同源染色体的配对系数说明该类群同源染色体间存在分化。染色体结构杂合能够导致部分花粉败育，所有被检测个体的花粉败育率约为8.8 – 29.4%。 扩大的居群取样以及多基因(cpDNA: matK, psbA-trnH, rps16-trnQ, trnL-trnF; nrDNA: ITS, Adh1, Adh2, Gpat)的系统发育分析，进一步支持P. anomala杂交起源于P. veitchii 和P. lactiflora的近缘类群。cpDNA片段和核DNA片段（ITS、GPAT）基因树间的不一致，以及P. anomala Adh1和Adh2序列表现出的多态性都支持该类群杂交起源的推测。不过，表型分析显示P. anomala在形态上偏向于P. veitchii。 3． P. obovata Maxim.四倍体类群的起源 与原先基于形态性状的认识不同，P. obovata 四倍体类群并不是一个严格意义上的同源四倍体。它起源于二倍体P. obovata中国和日本分布的两个地理亚种之间的杂交。Adh2基因仅在中国分布二倍体居群的扩增失败支持这一推测。此外，Adh基因系统发育分析显示：间断性分布于中国中部和中国东北部的四倍体类群是独立起源。

Changes in frost frequency and desert vegetation assemblages in Grand Canyon, Arizona

The effect of decreasing frost frequency on desert vegetation was documented in Grand Canyon by replication of historical photographs. Although views by numerous photographers of Grand Canyon have been examined, 400 Robert Brewster Stanton and Franklin A. Nims views taken in the winter of 1889-1890 provide the best information on recent plant distribution. In Grand Canyon, where grazing is limited by the rugged topography, vegetation dynamics are controlled by climate and by demographic processes such as seed productivity, recruitment, longevity and mortality. The replicated photographs show distribution and abundance of several species were limited by severe frost before 1889. Two of these, brittlebush (Encelia farinosa) and barrel cactus (Ferocactus cylindraceus), have clearly expanded their ranges up-canyon and have increased their densities at sites where they were present in 1890. In 1890, brittlebush was present in warm microhabitats that provided refugia from frost damage. Views showing desert vegetation in 1923 indicate that Encelia expanded rapidly to near its current distribution between 1890 and 1923, whereas the expansion of Ferocactus occurred more slowly. The higher frequency of frost was probably related to an anomalous increase in winter storms between 1878 (and possibly 1862) and 1891 in the southwestern United States.

Limnological studies of a freshwater tropical impoundment : Powai Lake. 1: Morphometry and physical features

Powai Lake, an impoundment, came into existence in 1891 when the riverlet Dhanisar was dammed to conserve rainwater for drinking purpose. However, the water was found to be unpotable and the lake was leased out to the Angling Association, Bombay, exclusively for angling and sports. The lake is located about 27 km in the northeast of Bombay city at a height of 55m above MSL. It is rainfed with an average rainfall of 2,400 mm. The maximum waterspread area is 220 ha with a maximum capacity of 8.11 million m super(3) in the peak monsoon period when the water overflows the dam. There is no drawdown from the lake. Fluctuation in the water level is mainly due to evaporation and percolation. Transparency is low mainly due to suspended organic particles. There is hardly any difference in the water temperatures of surface and bottom, hence the annual heat budget is low at 2,818 cal m super(-2).

Polyculture of freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, de Man with carps: effects of prawn stocking density

Effects of three stocking densities, viz., 35, 50 and 65/decimal (1 decimal = 40.48 m2) of juvenile freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) on prawn and fish production were tested in a polycuture system with silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), catla (Catla catla), Grass carp (Ctenophmyngodon idella) and silver barb (Barbodes gonionotus). The fish stocking density was 19/decimal with the species combination of silver carp-10, catlac-6, grass carp-1 and silver barb-2. In a 8-month culture period, the prawn yield 423 ± 144 kg/ha was significantly lower (P< 0.5) with the prawn stocking density of 35/decimal than that of 548 ± 178 kg/ha and 662 ± 243 kg/ha with 50 and 65/decimal respectively. The fish production (1844-1891 kg/ha) did not differ significantly (p <0.05) among the three treatments indicating that prawn stocking densities had no influence on fish yield. The lower mean harvest weight (62 g) and survival rate (67 g) and higher yield (2.67 kg/decimal) with the highest stocking rate of prawn reveals that as density was increased, prawn survival and individual weight at harvest decreased but total yield increased.

黄牛、水牛体内人肉孢子虫18S rRNA基因研究及虫种鉴定

对自然感染的水牛源的人肉孢子虫以及黄牛源人肉孢子虫DNA的18S rRNA基因的PCR扩增产物进行了测序。对所获的863 bp的18S rRNA基因分析比较表明，二者有较高的同源性，因此认为二者可能同是一种肉孢子虫——人肉孢子虫（Sarcocystis hominis Railliet and Lucet，1891）。由此推断，不仅黄牛可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主，水牛也可作为人肉孢子虫的中间宿主。

Effect of building integrated photovoltaics on microclimate of urban canopy layer

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has potential of becoming the mainstream of renewable energy in the urban environment. BIPV has significant influence on the thermal performance of building envelope and changes radiation energy balance by adding or replacing conventional building elements in urban areas. PTEBU model was developed to evaluate the effect of photovoltaic (PV) system on the microclimate of urban canopy layer. PTEBU model consists of four sub-models: PV thermal model, PV electrical performance model, building energy consumption model, and urban canyon energy budget model. PTEBU model is forced with temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation above the roof level and incorporates detailed data of PV system and urban canyon in Tianjin, China. The simulation results show that PV roof and PV façade with ventilated air gap significantly change the building surface temperature and sensible heat flux density, but the air temperature of urban canyon with PV module varies little compared with the urban canyon of no PV. The PV module also changes the magnitude and pattern of diurnal variation of the storage heat flux and the net radiation for the urban canyon with PV increase slightly. The increase in the PV conversion efficiency not only improves the PV power output, but also reduces the urban canyon air temperature. © 2006.

Detailed thermal modelling of a tubular linear machine for marine renewable generation

A detailed lumped-parameter thermal model is presented for a tubular linear machine that has been designed for use in a marine environment. The model has been developed for a static machine, the worst-case thermal scenario, and is used to establish a rating for the machine. The model has been validated against a large range of experimental tests and shows good correlation to both steady-state and transient experimental results. The model was constructed from a mostly theoretical basis with very little calibration, suggesting that the techniques used are applicable in a more general sense. © 2013 IEEE.

贵州省小型甲壳动物新种和新记录

本文记述了1988年2～8月间采自贵州省的49种小型甲壳动物。其中,有枝角类29种,包括2新种——长刺尖额(氵蚤)Alona longispina Chen et Yang sp.nov,,透明锐额(氵蚤)Alonella hyalina Chen et Cao sp.nov.和2个国内新记录亚种——毛尾靴尾(氵蚤)Dunhevedia crassp cilio-caudata(Sovinsky,1891),短角平直(氵蚤)Pleuroxus trigonellus breviconis Brehm,19

Growth and properties of GaN on Si (111) substrates with AlGaN/AlN buffer layer by NH3-GSMBE

We describe the growth of GaN on Si (111) substrates with a AlGaN/AlN buffer layer by NH3-GSMBE. The influence of the AlN and AlGaN buffer layer thickness on the crack density of GaN has been investigated. It is found that the optimum thickness is 120 nm and 250 nm for AlN and AlGaN layers, respectively. The full width at half maximum of the GaN (0002) peak in the triple-crystal x-ray rocking curve measurement is about 15 arcmin.