Electrochemical studies on small electron transfer proteins using membrane electrodes

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 541 (2003) 153-162

The effect of metal transfer modes and shielding gas composition on the emission of ultraafine particles in MAG steel welding

The present study aims to characterize ultrafine particles emitted during gas metal arc welding of mild steel and stainless steel, using different shielding gas mixtures, and to evaluate the effect of metal transfer modes, controlled by both processing parameters and shielding gas composition, on the quantity and morphology of the ultrafine particles. It was found that the amount of emitted ultrafine particles (measured by particle number and alveolar deposited surface area) are clearly dependent from the main welding parameters, namely the current intensity and the heat input of the Welding process. The emission of airborne ultrafine particles increases with the current intensity as fume formation rate does. When comparing the shielding gas mixtures, higher emissions were observed for more oxidizing mixtures, that is, with higher CO2 content, which means that these mixtures originate higher concentrations of ultrafine particles (as measured by number of particles. by cubic centimeter of air) and higher values of alveolar deposited surface area of particles, thus resulting in a more hazardous condition regarding welders exposure.

The effect of metal transfer stability (spattering) on fume generation, morphology and composition in short-circuit MAG welding

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the hypothesis that the greater transfer stability leads also to less volume of fumes. Using an Ar + 25%CO2 blend as shielding gas and maintaining constant the average current, wire feed speed and welding speed, bead-on-plate welds were carried out with plain carbon steel solid wire. The welding voltage was scanned to progressively vary the transfer stability. Using two conditions of low stability and one with high stability, fume generation was evaluated by means of the AWS F1.2:2006 standard. The influence of these conditions on fume morphology and composition was also verified. A condition with greater transfer stability does not generate less fume quantity, despite the fact that this condition produces fewer spatters. Other factors such as short-circuit current, arcing time, droplet diameters and arc length are the likely governing factors, but in an interrelated way. Metal transfer stability does not influence either the composition or the size/morphology of fume particulates. (c) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Numerical 3D modeling of heat transfer in human tissues for microwave radiometry monitoring of Brown fat metabolismo

Background: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in whole body metabolism and could potentially mediate weight gain and insulin sensitivity. Although some imaging techniques allow BAT detection, there are currently no viable methods for continuous acquisition of BAT energy expenditure. We present a non-invasive technique for long term monitoring of BAT metabolism using microwave radiometry. Methods: A multilayer 3D computational model was created in HFSS™ with 1.5 mm skin, 3-10 mm subcutaneous fat, 200 mm muscle and a BAT region (2-6 cm3) located between fat and muscle. Based on this model, a log-spiral antenna was designed and optimized to maximize reception of thermal emissions from the target (BAT). The power absorption patterns calculated in HFSS™ were combined with simulated thermal distributions computed in COMSOL® to predict radiometric signal measured from an ultra-low-noise microwave radiometer. The power received by the antenna was characterized as a function of different levels of BAT metabolism under cold and noradrenergic stimulation. Results: The optimized frequency band was 1.5-2.2 GHz, with averaged antenna efficiency of 19%. The simulated power received by the radiometric antenna increased 2-9 mdBm (noradrenergic stimulus) and 4-15 mdBm (cold stimulus) corresponding to increased 15-fold BAT metabolism. Conclusions: Results demonstrated the ability to detect thermal radiation from small volumes (2-6 cm3) of BAT located up to 12 mm deep and to monitor small changes (0.5°C) in BAT metabolism. As such, the developed miniature radiometric antenna sensor appears suitable for non-invasive long term monitoring of BAT metabolism.

Spectroscopic Studies and Characterization of a Novel Electron-Transfer Chain

A novel two-component enzyme system from Escherichia coli involving a flavorubredoxin (FlRd) and its reductase was studied in terms of spectroscopic, redox, and biochemical properties of its constituents. FlRd contains one FMN and one rubredoxin (Rd) center per monomer. To assess the role of the Rd domain, FlRd and a truncated form lacking the Rd domain (FlRd¢Rd), were characterized. FlRd contains 2.9 ( 0.5 iron atoms/subunit, whereas FlRd¢Rd contains 2.1 ( 0.6 iron atoms/subunit. While for FlRd one iron atom corresponds to the Rd center, the other two irons, also present in FlRd¢Rd, are most probably due to a di-iron site. Redox titrations of FlRd using EPR and visible spectroscopies allowed us to determine that the Rd site has a reduction potential of -140 ( 15 mV, whereas the FMN undergoes reduction via a red-semiquinone, at -140 ( 15 mV (Flox/Flsq) and -180 ( 15 mV (Flsq/Flred), at pH 7.6. The Rd site has the lowest potential ever reported for a Rd center, which may be correlated with specific amino acid substitutions close to both cysteine clusters. The gene adjacent to that encoding FlRd was found to code for an FAD-containing protein, (flavo)rubredoxin reductase (FlRd-reductase), which is capable of mediating electron transfer from NADH to DesulfoVibrio gigas Rd as well as to E. coli FlRd. Furthermore, electron donation was found to proceed through the Rd domain of FlRd as the Rd-truncated protein does not react with FlRd-reductase. In vitro, this pathway links NADH oxidation with dioxygen reduction. The possible function of this chain is discussed considering the presence of FlRd homologues in all known genomes of anaerobes and facultative aerobes.

Finite Element Analysis (FEA) applied to heat transfer optimization process of pultrusion die systems

The aim of this study is to optimize the heat flow through the pultrusion die assembly system on the manufacturing process of a specific glass-fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) pultrusion profile. The control of heat flow and its distribution through whole die assembly system is of vital importance in optimizing the actual GFRP pultrusion process. Through mathematical modeling of heating-die process, by means of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) program, an optimum heater selection, die position and temperature control was achieved. The thermal environment within the die was critically modeled relative not only to the applied heat sources, but also to the conductive and convective losses, as well as the thermal contribution arising from the exothermic reaction of resin matrix as it cures or polymerizes from the liquid to solid condition. Numerical simulation was validated with basis on thermographic measurements carried out on key points along the die during pultrusion process.

Social network analysis applied to knowledge creation and transfer in the portuguese agricultural R&D field: an exploratory study

Paper presented at the 9th European Conference on Knowledge Management, Southampton Solent University, Southampton, UK, 4-5 Sep. 2008. URL: http://academic-conferences.org/eckm/eckm2008/eckm08-home.htm

Evolution of subpatent parasitaemia in Trypanosoma cruzi chronically infected mice with the help of a cyclophosphamide amplification transfer assay

We have evaluated the sensitivity of the classical blood subinoculation method, modified through cyclophosphamide treatment of transferred mice, for the detection of occult parasitaemias in Trypanosoma cruzi chronically infected mice. Besides its simplicity, the method was shown to be highly sensitive for both the "chronic" phase parasites (99% of chronic cases were shown to harbour occult parasitaemias) and for the acute phase parasites (T. cruzi could be detected in 53.8% of animals transferred with one Y strain parasite and in 20% of animals transferred with one CL strain parasite). Using acute phase bloodforms, the assay proved to be more sensitive than conventional subinoculation when dealing with the CL, but not the Y strain of the parasite. With the help of this parasite detection tool, we have studied during a one year period, the evolution of subpatent parasitaemias in a group of mice which survived through chemotherapy from lethal acute phase of T. cruzi infection. Cyclophosphamide transfer assay revealed occult parasitaemias in 100% of the chronic animals, nevertheless, continuous and discontinuous patterns of positivity were observed.

Mecanismos biopatológicos da metastização ganglionar no carcinoma gástrico. Implicações para a cirurgia radical

RESUMO A constatação de que o carcinoma gástrico continua a ser a segunda causa de morte por doença oncológica no mundo em geral e em particular em Portugal, assim como a verificação da elevada incidência e letalidade no nosso país, justifica uma particular atenção a esta doença. Apesar de avanços recentes na acção adjuvante e neo-adjuvante de terapêuticas não cirúrgicas, com algumas referências a melhorias na sobrevivência, estas terapêuticas não têm eficácia curativa. Sendo assim, a cirurgia continua a constituir a única esperança de cura no carcinoma gástrico. Em consequência, a correcta selecção da técnica a aplicar, assim como a sua correcta execução, vão ter influência marcante na sobrevivência do doente. Os estudos dos centros oncológicos diferenciados em várias zonas geográficas demonstram que a cirurgia radical, com adequada extensão da gastrectomia e com linfadenectomia alargada permite obter as melhores sobrevivências. O tipo de cirurgia mais praticado nos referidos centros oncológicos diferenciados é a gastrectomia com linfadenectomia D2, ou seja, com excisão da segunda estação ganglionar. Este tipo de cirurgia não aumenta a mortalidade, mas aumenta a morbilidade. No entanto, verifica-se que muitos doentes não desenvolvem metastização que atinja a estação ganglionar de nível 2 e, por outro lado, muitos outros ultrapassam esta estação ganglionar. Ou seja, a linfadenectomia D2 é exagerada para alguns doentes, é necessária e suficiente para muitos, mas pelo contrário, é insuficiente para outros. A questão radica na necessidade de equilíbrio em oferecer a cada doente a cirurgia necessária para obter a melhor sobrevivência, ainda que à custa de maior morbilidade e, por outro lado, conseguir identificar os factores que determinam que alguns doentes não necessitem de ser submetidos a uma terapêutica tão agressiva. Se a primeira questão é eminentemente fisiopatológica e consiste em compreender os mecanismos da metastização ganglionar no carcinoma gástrico, de modo a poder prever a incidência e extensão da metastização ganglionar em cada doente em particular e, assim, adequar a terapêutica. No estudo de 50 doentes, que elaborámos, a interpretação fisiopatológica apoia-se na avaliação de parâmetros aceites como convencionais e de parâmetros oncológicos. Dentro dos parâmetros convencionais estudámos a localização do tumor, a sua dimensão, a classificação de Borrmann, as alterações metabólicas, a gastrina sérica, a citologia peritoneal, a infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a metaplasia intestinal, a classificação de Ming, a classificação de Lauren, a invasão em profundidade da parede gástrica (T), a metastização no “early gastric câncer”, a classificação TNM, o CEA 19.9 e o CA 72.4 séricos. Para identificar quais os marcadores oncobiológicos mais adequados, efectuámos uma revisão da literatura relativamente a: Ki-67, p53, caderina-E, ERBB2, Instabilidade de Microssatélites, MUC 1, Sialil Tn e Sialil Lewis X. De acordo com os resultados referidos na literatura, seleccionámos para estudo os seguintes marcadores: Ki-67, p53, caderina-E, ERBB2 e Instabilidade de Microssatélites. Relacionámos todos estes parâmetros com a metastização ganglionar, nos aspectos de frequência da metastização, número de gânglios metastizados (classificação N da UICC) e metastização das cadeias ganglionares distais (classificação N japonesa). No que se refere à execução do programa cirúrgico, foram obtidos níveis de radicalidade semelhantes ou superiores aos referidos na literatura internacional, com frequência de complicações ao nível da referida na literatura europeia. No que se refere ao estudo dos factores de metastização ganglionar verificámos que os parâmetros que apresentam maior relação com a frequência da metastização são: a dimensão ≥ 5 cm; a profundidade de invasão da parede (T) atingindo as camadas profundas; o tipo infiltrativo na classificação de Borrmann; a expressão de Ki-67 > 75%; a expressão de p53 positiva; a expressão de caderina-E anormal; a associação de Ki-67 ≥ 50% + caderina-E anormal + p53 positiva; a associação de dimensão ≥ 5 cm + p53 positiva; a associação de T3/T4 + p53 positiva; a presença de marcadores tumorais elevados. A ausência de metastização ganglionar ou metastização limitada à primeira estação ganglionar, em que é suficiente uma cirurgia conservadora de tipo D1, relaciona-se com a dimensão < 5 cm; a invasão em profundidade da parede (T) limitada às camadas superficiais; a ausência de expressão de p53; a ausência de níveis elevados de marcadores tumorais. Recorrendo ao estudo dos quatro parâmetros que podem ser determinados no pré-operatório – dimensão, invasão em profundidade, expressão de p53 e marcadores tumorais convencionais foi possível identificar 75% dos tumores N0 e 50% do conjunto dos tumores N0 + N1, ou seja, os tumores que não carecem de linfadenectomia alargada. Estudando a dimensão, a presença de Hp, a invasão em profundidade, os níveis elevados de marcadores tumorais, a expressão de p53, Ki-67, de Caderina-E e de Instabilidade de Microssatélites foi possível caracterizar os tumores que envolvem maior risco de invadir as cadeias ganglionares distais e que, portanto, carecem de linfadenectomia alargada. Verifica-se assim que, com esta metodologia, é possível identificar uma percentagem significativa dos casos que não carecem de linfadenectomia alargada assim como daqueles que necessitam deste tipo de cirurgia.

Technology market transfer plan launch of DELIVES to E.U. Market©

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

The role of halouracils in radiotherapy studied by electron transfer in atom-molecule collisions experiments

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Engenharia Física

Assessing and comparing the total antioxidant capacity of commercial beverages: application to beers, wines, waters and soft drinks using TRAP, TEAC and FRAP methods.

This work measures and tries to compare the Antioxidant Capacity (AC) of 50 commercial beverages of different kinds: 6 wines, 12 beers, 18 soft drinks and 14 flavoured waters. Because there is no reference procedure established for this purpose, three different optical methods were used to analyse these samples: Total Radical trapping Antioxidant Parameter (TRAP), Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC) and Ferric ion Reducing Antioxidant Parameter (FRAP). These methods differ on the chemical background and nature of redox system. The TRAP method involves the transfer of hydrogen atoms while TEAC and FRAP involves electron transfer reactions. The AC was also assessed against three antioxidants of reference, Ascorbic acid (AA), Gallic acid (GA) and 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl- 2-carboxylic acid (Trolox). The results obtained were analyzed statistically. Anova one-way tests were applied to all results and suggested that methods and standards exhibited significant statistical differences. The possible effect of sample features in the AC, such as gas, flavours, food colouring, sweeteners, acidity regulators, preservatives, stabilizers, vitamins, juice percentage, alcohol percentage, antioxidants and the colour was also investigated. The AC levels seemed to change with brand, kind of antioxidants added, and kind of flavour, depending on the sample. In general, higher ACs were obtained for FRAP as method, and beer for kind of sample, and the standard expressing the smaller AC values was GA.

Nefrectomia Radical e Nefroureterectomia Laparoscópica "Hand-Assited": a Experiência dos Primeiros 21 Casos

Objectivos: Os autores apresentam a sua casuística com os primeiros 21 casos submetidos a nefrectomia radical e nefroureterectomia laparoscópica "hand- assisted" e laparoscópica pura. Material e Métodos: Entre o período de Janeiro 2003 a Junho de 2004 procedeu-se à realização de nefrectomia radical e nefroureterectomia laparoscópica em 21 doentes com o diagnóstico clínico de carcinoma de células renais e de carcinoma de células de transição do trato urinário alto. Optámos pela assistência da mão apenas quando útil ou necessário. Realizamos 16 nefrectomias radicais laparoscopicas "hand-assisted", 2 nefroureterectomias radicais laparoscopicas "hand- assisted" com desincer- ção endoscópica do meato ureteral e 3 nefrectomias radicais laparoscopicas "puras". A idade média deste grupo foi de 62 anos.O diâmetro médio da massa renal foi de 4,8 cm. O diagnóstico anatomo-patológico revelou a existência de 17 carcinomas de células renais, 2 carcinomas de células de transição, 1 hemangioma e 1 quisto renal complicado. Tivemos uma taxa de conversão de 5%, e a duração da cirurgia foi de 1,46 horas. O follow- up destes doentes variou entre 1 e 2 anos, não se tendo verificado quaisquer recidivas. Nesta série houve um re-internamento. Conclusão: a nefrectomia radical laparoscópica "hand-assisted" e a nefroureterectomia laparoscópica "hand-assisted" são exequíveis sendo a curva de aprendizagem relativamente curta. A taxa de complicações é baixa.

Alterations in lipid transfer to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and activity of paraoxonase-1 in HIV+ patients

HIV+ patients often develop alterations of the plasma lipids that may implicate in development of premature coronary artery disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has an important role in preventing atherogenesis and the aim of this study was to investigate aspects of HDL function in HIV+ patients. HIV+ patients (n = 48) and healthy control subjects (n = 45) of both sexes with similar age were studied. Twenty-five were not being treated with antiretroviral agents, 13 were under reverse transcriptase inhibitor nucleosidic and non-nucleosidic (NRTI+NNRTI) and 10 were under NRTI + protease inhibitors (NRTI+PI) treatment. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and the transfer of free and esterified cholesterol, tryglicerides and phospholipids from a lipidic nanoemulsion to HDL were analyzed. In comparison with healthy controls, HIV+ patients presented low PON-1 activity and diminished transfer of free cholesterol and tryglicerides. In contrast, phospholipid transfer was increased in those patients, whereas the transfer of cholesteryl esters was unchanged. NRTI+NNRTI increases the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides but in NRTI+PI there was no difference in respect to non-treated HIV+ patients. HDL from HIV+ patients has smaller antioxidant properties, as shown by lower PON-1 activity, and the transfer of lipids to this lipoprotein fraction is also altered, suggesting that HDL function is defective in those patients.

Measuring data transfer in heterogeneous IoT environments

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores