Distribution spatiale des racines fines, disponibilité de la lumière et rendement dans un système de culture intercalaire avec arbres feuillus en zone tempérée

Les distributions spatiales des racines fines de Quercus rubra L. (CHR), Populus deltoides x nigra (DN3570) (PEH) et d’une culture fourragère (FOUR) ont été étudiées dans un système agroforestier de culture intercalaire (SCI) du sud du Québec (Canada). L’étude ne révèle pas d’enracinement plus profond des arbres en SCI, mais des profils superficiels à l’instar de nombreuses espèces d’arbres en plantations ou en milieu naturel. Une séparation spatiale existe entre les systèmes racinaires du FOUR et des CHR dont la densité relative selon la profondeur est plus faible que celle de la culture de 0 à 10 cm, mais plus élevée de 10 à 30 cm. Les PEH ne présentent pas d’adaptation racinaire et les hautes valeurs de densités de longueur racinaires (FRLD) de surface près du tronc entraînent une diminution de 45 % de la densité racinaire de surface du fourrage, suggérant une forte compétition pour les ressources du sol. L’étude du rendement agricole a d’ailleurs révélé des réductions de biomasse fourragère particulièrement près des PEH. Cependant, les résultats d’une analyse à composantes principales suggèrent un impact secondaire de la compétition racinaire sur le rendement agricole, et une plus grande importance de la compétition pour la lumière. L’impact des PEH à croissance rapide sur la culture est plus grand que celui du CHR. Cependant, ils seront récoltés plus rapidement et l’espace libéré favorisera la croissance de la culture intercalaire. Cet aspect dynamique des SCI les rapproche des écosystèmes naturels et devrait être réfléchi et approfondi pour leur succès futur.

Analyse de l'effet de la contamination du sol sur la croissance et la physiologie de 11 cultivars de Salix

Mon mémoire de maîtrise a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet Génorem (www.genorem.ca), un projet multidisciplinaire qui réunit différents chercheurs de l'Université de Montréal et de l'Université McGill dans le but d'améliorer les techniques utilisées en bioremédiation. Dans le cadre de l'étude, des saules à croissance rapide (Salix sp.) ont été utilisés comme plantes modèles dans l'étude. Ainsi, 11 cultivars de saule ont été suivis afin de déterminer leur potentiel à produire un bon rendement de biomasse, à tolérer des conditions de stress sévère causé par la présence de HAPs (hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques) , BPCs (biphényles polychlorés) et d'hydrocarbures pétroliers C10-C50. L'expérimentation consistait en une plantation de saule à forte densité qui a été mise en place en 2011 sur le site d'une ancienne industrie de pétrochimie à Varennes, dans le sud du Québec. Les boutures des génotypes sélectionnés ont été plantées sur une superficie d'environ 5000 m2. Les plantes ont été suivies pendant les deux saisons de croissance suivant le recépage et une série de paramètres de croissance et de mesures physiologiques ont été récoltés (surface foliaire, taux de chlorophylle, conductance stomatique et statut nutritionnel) dans le but d'évaluer et de comparer les performances de chaque génotype sur un sol pollué. Les analyses statistiques ont démontré que le cultivar S. miyabeana (SX61) était le meilleur producteur de biomasse sur le site contaminé, tandis que S. nigra (S05) et S. acutifolia (S54) présentaient la meilleure capacité photosynthétique. S. dasyclados (SV1), S. purpurea (‘Fish Creek’) et S. caprea (S365) ont semblé particulièrement affectés par la présence de contaminants. La capacité d'établissement et la croissance de S. nigra (S05), S. eriocephala (S25) and S. purpurea x S. miyabeana (‘Millbrook’) indiquent une tolérance globale supérieure à la pollution . Cette analyse comparative des différentes réponses physiologiques des saules cultivés sur un sol contaminé pourra guider le processus de sélection de plantes et les techniques de bioremédiation dans les futurs projets de phytoremédiation.

Effects of diverse plant species on the bioavailability of contaminants in soil

La phytoremédiation constitue une technologie alternative pour le traitement de sols contaminés en métaux. Toutefois, la biodisponibilité des métaux dans le sol peut limiter l’efficacité de cette approche. Nous émettons l’hypothèse que diverses espèces de plante, caractérisées par systèmes racinaires différents, peuvent affecter différemment la biodisponibilité des éléments traces (ET) dans le sol. Une étude utilisant un dispositif expérimental en bloc aléatoire complet avec cinq réplicats a été conduite entre le 6 juin et le 3 septembre 2014, sur le site du Jardin botanique de Montréal. Dans ce contexte, l’impact de la présence de huit espèces de plantes, herbacées ou ligneuses, sur le pool labile de six métaux (Ag, Cu, Pd, Zn, Ni et Se) dans la rhizosphère de celles-ci a été étudié. Après trois mois de culture, la biomasse aérienne et souterraine de chaque espèce a été mesurée et la concentration en ET dans les tissus des plantes a été analysée. La fraction labile de ces ET dans la rhizosphère (potentiellement celle qui serait biodisponible) de même que d’autres paramètres édaphiques (le pH, la conductivité, le pourcentage de matière organique et le carbone organique dissous (COD)) ont aussi été mesurés et comparés en fonction de la présence d’une ou l’autre des espèces utilisées. Les résultats montrent que pour la plupart des plantes testées, les plus fortes concentrations en ET ont été trouvées dans les racines alors que les plus faibles niveaux s’observaient dans les parties aériennes, sauf pour le Ni dans le Salix nigra. Ceci suggère que le Ni peut être extrait du sol par des récoltes régulières des tiges et des feuilles de cette espèce de saule. Les pools labiles de l’Ag, Ni et du Cu dans la rhizosphère étaient significativement et différemment affectés par la présence des plantes. Toutefois, la présence des plantes testées n’a pas affecté certains paramètres clés de la rhizosphère (ex. le pH, conductivité, et le pourcentage de matière organique). À l’opposé, les niveaux de COD dans la rhizosphère de toutes les plantes testées se sont révélés supérieurs en comparaison des témoins (sols non plantés). De plus, une corrélation positive a pu être établie entre la concentration disponible du Ni et la concentration en COD. Une relation similaire a été déterminée pour le Cu. Ceci suggère que certains systèmes racinaires pourraient modifier les niveaux de COD et avoir un impact indirect sur les pools labiles des ET dans le sol.

Protokoll der Gewässerschau in Kassel am 19. April 2005

Bei der Begehung von Olebach, Losse und Alte Losse wurden der ökomorphologische Zustand von Sohle, Böschung, Linienführung, Verzahnung von Wasser und Land und der Ufergehölze sowie die Landnutzung notiert. Einleitungen von Abwässern und die Ablagerung von Abfällen auf Böschung und Ufer wurde protokolliert. Wassertemperatur und elektrische Leitfähigkeit wurden an mehreren Punkten gemessen. Die Leitfähigkeitswerte werden vor dem Hintergrund der Geologie der Einzugsgebiete interpretiert und zur chemischen Indikation von diffusen und punktförmigen Einleitungen genutzt. Es werden Maßnahmen zur Renaturierung, Maßnahmen gegen die Ablagerung von Gartenabfällen auf Ufer und Böschung, Maßnahmen gegen die ackerbauliche Nutzung und Bebauung im Gewässerrandstreifen vorgeschlagen.

In vitro characterization of two small nucleolytic ribozymes-the hairpin and the hammerhead ribozymes in their natural context

Hairpin Ribozyme kommen natürlich in den Minussträngen der Satelliten RNAs dreier Pflanzenviren (sTRsV, sArMV and sCYMoV) vor. In dieser Arbeit wurden mit dem Programm Mfold darin mehrere distinkte Sekundärstrukturelemente gefunden, die außerhalb des katalytischen Zentrums der Ribozyme lokalisieren. Verschiedene Varianten der drei Ribozyme wurden hergestellt und die Funktion der beobachteten peripheren Strukturelemente biochemisch untersucht. Die sTRsV Hairpin Ribozyme mit unterschiedlichen Längen in Arm C wiesen ähnliche cis-Spaltungsreaktionen auf, unabhängig von der Anzahl interner bulges in Arm C. Das gleiche Verhalten, jedoch bei schnelleren Spaltungsraten, wurde nach Entfernen der three-way junction, die 3’ von der Spaltstelle in Arm A liegt, beobachtet. Hier hat Arm C demnach keinen Einfluss auf die Katalyse, wogegen ein verlängerter Arm A die Reaktion verlangsamt. Unter den experimentellen Bedingungen war die Rückreaktion in Anwesenheit des natürlichen Arms A nicht messbar. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten alle Varianten ohne die Arm A Erweiterung Ligationsaktivität, die am höchsten in dem Molekül mit dem längsten Arm C war, und gleichermaßen erniedrigt für zwei Varianten mit kürzerem Arm C. Keine der Reaktionen diverser sArMV Hairpin Ribozyme konnte reproduzierbar analysiert werden. Für das sCYMoV Hairpin Ribozym wurde schließlich in cis-Spaltungsreaktionen eine Zunahme der Geschwindigkeit mit Abnahme der Länge von Arm D beobachtet. Dies war der Fall in Anwesenheit der three-way junction in Arm A, nicht jedoch in ihrer Abwesenheit, wo Varianten mit unterschiedlichen Längen des Arms D ähnliche Spaltungsreaktionen aufwiesen. In Anwesenheit der three-way junction in Arm A war eine Reduzierung der Ligationsgeschwindigkeit zu beobachten, und bei ihrer Abwesenheit stieg diese mit der Länge von Arm D. Dies zeigt, dass sowohl die three-way junction in Arm A, als auch die Länge und Anzahl der bulges in Arm D die Reaktion des Hairpin Ribozyms aus sCYMoV beeinflussen, wobei sich Unterschiede in Vorwärts- und Rückreaktion auf die experimentellen Bedingungen zurückführen lassen. In zwei Serien wurde die zentrale five-way junction dieses Ribozyms durch verschiedene four-way junctions ersetzt. Die kinetischen Parameter der Selbstspaltung waren ähnlich für Varianten ohne Arm E auf, jedoch verlangsamt bei Varianten ohne Arm C. Dies zeigt, dass das sCYMoV Hairpin Ribozym auch um eine four-way junction gebildet werden kann, deren konstituierenden Helices jedoch nicht beliebig sind. In einem zweiten Projekt wurde die Konservierung von Hammerhead Ribozym-motiven, die bereits früher im Genom der Brassicacee A. thaliana gefunden worden waren, exemplarisch an zehn Mitgliedern dieser Familie untersucht. Da deren Genome nicht sequenziert sind, wurde PCR mit Primern angewandt, die für die A. thaliana Motive spezifisch waren. Damit konnten Ribozymmotive in allen untersuchten Brassicaceen außer B. nigra and B. oleracea gefunden werden. Diese gehören zu den sechs Brassica Pflanzen, für die der koreanische Botaniker U 1935 im “triangle of U” die genetische Verwandtschaft beschrieb. Darin ist B. carinata, für die Ribozymmotive gezeigt wurden, die Tochterspezies der Brassica Pflanzen ohne diese Motive. Dieser Widerspruch könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass in der PCR unspezifische Primer genutzt wurden, oder aber die Motive aus B. carinata könnten ein Artefakt aus einer Luft-übertragenen Kontamination sein. Technische Schwierigkeiten in der Durchführung von Southern Blots, mit denen zwischen diesen Möglichkeiten unterschieden werden sollte, haben eine abschließende Antwort verhindert. Nach einer Optimierung der Methode sollte diese aber geeignet sein, diese Frage zu klären.

Irrigation performance and gross water productivity in furrow-irrigated ornamental tree production

In the ornamental plant production region of Girona (Spain), which is one of the largest of its kind in southern Europe, most of the surface is irrigated using wide blocked-end furrows. The objectives of this paper were: (1) to evaluate the irrigation scheduling methods used by ornamental plant producers; (2) to analyse different scenarios in order to assess how they affect irrigation performance; (3) to evaluate the risk of deep percolation; and (4) to calculate gross water productivity. A two-year study in a representative commercial field, planted with Prunus cerasifera ‘Nigra’, was carried out. The irrigation dose applied by the farmers was slightly smaller than the required water dose estimated by the use of two different methods: the first based on soil water content, and the second based on evapotranspiration. Distribution uniformity and application efficiency were high, with mean values above 87%. Soil water content measurements revealed that even at the end of the furrow, where the infiltrated water depth was greatest, more than 90% of the infiltrated water was retained in the shallowest 40 cm of the soil; accordingly, the risk of water loss due to deep percolation was minimal. Gross water productivity for ornamental tree production was € 11.70 m–3, approximately 20 times higher than that obtained with maize in the same region

Regional response differences across the human amygdaloid complex during social conditioning

The amygdala is consistently implicated in biologically relevant learning tasks such as Pavlovian conditioning. In humans, the ability to identify individual faces based on the social outcomes they have predicted in the past constitutes a critical form of associative learning that can be likened to “social conditioning.” To capture such learning in a laboratory setting, participants learned about faces that predicted negative, positive, or neutral social outcomes. Participants reported liking or disliking the faces in accordance with their learned social value. During acquisition, we observed differential functional magnetic resonance imaging activation across the human amygdaloid complex consistent with previous lesion, electrophysiological, and functional neuroimaging data. A region of the medial ventral amygdala and a region of the dorsal amygdala/substantia innominata showed signal increases to both Negative and Positive faces, whereas a lateral ventral region displayed a linear representation of the valence of faces such that Negative > Positive > Neutral. This lateral ventral locus also differed from the dorsal and medial loci in that the magnitude of these responses was more resistant to habituation. These findings document a role for the human amygdala in social learning and reveal coarse regional dissociations in amygdala activity that are consistent with previous human and nonhuman animal data.

Aggregation of parasitism risk in an aphid-parasitoid system: Effects of plant patch size and aphid density

Few studies have linked density dependence of parasitism and the tritrophic environment within which a parasitoid forages. In the non-crop plant-aphid, Centaurea nigra-Uroleucon jaceae system, mixed patterns of density-dependent parasitism by the parasitoids Aphidius funebris and Trioxys centaureae were observed in a survey of a natural population. Breakdown of density-dependent parasitism revealed that density dependence was inverse in smaller colonies but direct in large colonies (>20 aphids), suggesting there is a threshold effect in parasitoid response to aphid density. The CV2 of searching parasitoids was estimated from parasitism data using a hierarchical generalized linear model, and CV2>1 for A. funebris between plant patches, while for T. centaureae CV2>1 within plant patches. In both cases, density independent heterogeneity was more important than density-dependent heterogeneity in parasitism. Parasitism by T. centaureae increased with increasing plant patch size. Manipulation of aphid colony size and plant patch size revealed that parasitism by A. funebris was directly density dependent at the range of colony sizes tested (50-200 initial aphids), and had a strong positive relationship with plant patch size. The effects of plant patch size detected for both species indicate that the tritrophic environment provides a source of host density independent heterogeneity in parasitism, and can modify density-dependent responses. (c) 2007 Gessellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Simple sequence repeats reveal uneven distribution of genetic diversity in chloroplast genomes of Brassica oleracea L. and (n=9) wild relatives

Diversity in the chloroplast genome of 171 accessions representing the Brassica 'C' (n = 9) genome, including domesticated and wild B. oleracea and nine inter-fertile related wild species, was investigated using six chloroplast SSR (microsatellite) markers. The lack of diversity detected among 105 cultivated and wild accessions of B. oleracea contrasted starkly with that found within its wild relatives. The vast majority of B. oleracea accessions shared a single haplotype, whereas as many as six haplotypes were detected in two wild species, B. villosa Biv. and B. cretica Lam.. The SSRs proved to be highly polymorphic across haplotypes, with calculated genetic diversity values (H) of 0.23-0.87. In total, 23 different haplotypes were detected in C genome species, with an additional five haplotypes detected in B. rapa L. (A genome n = 10) and another in B. nigra L. (B genome, n = 8). The low chloroplast diversity of B. oleracea is not suggestive of multiple domestication events. The predominant B. oleracea haplotype was also common in B. incana Ten. and present in low frequencies in B. villosa, B. macrocarpa Guss, B. rupestris Raf. and B. cretica. The chloroplast SSRs reveal a wealth of diversity within wild Brassica species that will facilitate further evolutionary and phylogeographic studies of this important crop genus.

Stress generation in the tension wood of poplar is based on the lateral swelling power of the G-layer

The mechanism of active stress generation in tension wood is still not fully understood. To characterize the functional interdependency between the G-layer and the secondary cell wall, nanostructural characterization and mechanical tests were performed on native tension wood tissues of poplar (Populus nigra x Populus deltoids) and on tissues in which the G-layer was removed by an enzymatic treatment. In addition to the well-known axial orientation of the cellulose fibrils in the G-layer, it was shown that the microfibril angle of the S2-layer was very large (about 36 degrees). The removal of the G-layer resulted in an axial extension and a tangential contraction of the tissues. The tensile stress-strain curves of native tension wood slices showed a jagged appearance after yield that could not be seen in the enzyme-treated samples. The behaviour of the native tissue was modelled by assuming that cells deform elastically up to a critical strain at which the G-layer slips, causing a drop in stress. The results suggest that tensile stresses in poplar are generated in the living plant by a lateral swelling of the G-layer which forces the surrounding secondary cell wall to contract in the axial direction.

The inclusion of forage mixtures in the diet of growing dairy heifers: impacts on digestion, energy utilisation, and methane emissions

Intensive farming focusing on monoculture grass species to maximise forage production has led to a reduction in the extent and diversity of species-rich grasslands. However, plant communities with higher species number (richness) are a potential strategy for more sustainable production and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Research has indicated the need to understand opportunities that forage mixtures can offer sustainable ruminant production systems. The objective of the two experiments reported here were to evaluate multiple species forage mixtures in comparison to ryegrass-dominant pasture, when conserved or grazed, on digestion, energy utilisation, N excretion, and methane emissions by growing 10–15 month old heifers. Experiment 1 was a 4 × 4 Latin square design with five week periods. Four forage treatments of: (1) ryegrass (control); permanent pasture with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne); (2) clover; a ryegrass:red clover (Trifolium pratense) mixture; (3) trefoil; a ryegrass:birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) mixture; and (4) flowers; a ryegrass:wild flower mixture of predominately sorrel (Rumex acetosa), ox-eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare), yarrow (Achillea millefolium), knapweed (Centaurea nigra) and ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), were fed as haylages to four dairy heifers. Measurements included digestibility, N excretion, and energy utilisation (including methane emissions measured in respiration chambers). Experiment 2 used 12 different dairy heifers grazing three of the same forage treatments used to make haylage in experiment 1 (ryegrass, clover and flowers) and methane emissions were estimated using the sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique. Distribution of ryegrass to other species (dry matter (DM) basis) was approximately 70:30 (clover), 80:20 (trefoil), and 40:60 (flowers) for experiment 1. During the first and second grazing rotations (respectively) in experiment 2, perennial ryegrass accounted for 95 and 98% of DM in ryegrass, and 84 and 52% of DM in clover, with red clover accounting for almost all of the remainder. In the flowers mixture, perennial ryegrass was 52% of the DM in the first grazing rotation and only 30% in the second, with a variety of other flower species occupying the remainder. Across both experiments, compared to the forage mixtures (clover, trefoil and flowers), ryegrass had a higher crude protein (CP) content (P < 0.001, 187 vs. 115 g kg −1 DM) and DM intake (P < 0.05, 9.0 vs. 8.1 kg day −1). Heifers in experiment 1 fed ryegrass, compared to the forage mixtures, had greater total tract digestibility (g kg −1) of DM (DMD; P < 0.008, 713 vs. 641) and CP (CPD, P < 0.001, 699 vs. 475), and used more intake energy (%) for body tissue deposition (P < 0.05, 2.6 vs. −4.9). For both experiments, heifers fed flowers differed the most compared to the ryegrass control for a number of measurements. Compared to ryegrass, flowers had 40% lower CP content (P < 0.001, 113 vs. 187 g kg −1), 18% lower DMD (P < 0.01, 585 vs. 713 g kg −1), 42% lower CPD (P < 0.001, 407 vs. 699 g kg −1), and 10% lower methane yield (P < 0.05, 22.6 vs. 25.1 g kg −1 DM intake). This study has shown inclusion of flowers in forage mixtures resulted in a lower CP concentration, digestibility and intake. These differences were due in part to sward management and maturity at harvest. Further research is needed to determine how best to exploit the potential environmental benefits of forage mixtures in sustainable ruminant production systems.

Effect of air-drying pre-treatment on the characterization of forest soil carbon pools

Archived soils could represent a valuable resource for the spatio-temporal inventory of soil carbon stability. However, archived soils are usually air-dried before storage and the impact of a drying pretreatment on physically and chemically-defined C fractions has not yet been fully assessed. Through the comparison of field-moist and corresponding air-dried (at 25oC for 2 weeks) forest soil samples, we examined the effect of air-drying on: a) the quantity and the quality of cold- (CWEC) and hot-water (HWEC) extractable C and b) the concentration of C in physically isolated fractions (free- and intra-aggregate light and organo-mineral). Soil samples were collected from the organic (O) and mineral (A and B) horizons of three different forest soils from southeastern England: (i) Cambisol under Pine (Pinus nigra); (ii) Cambisol under Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and (iii) Gleysol under oak (Quercus robur). CWEC concentrations for dry samples were up to 2 times greater than for corresponding field moist samples and had significantly (p < 0.001) higher phenolic content. However, the effect of drying pretreatment on HWEC, its phenolic content was not significant (p > 0.05) for most samples. Dried soils had significantly (p < 0.001) higher concentrations of free light-C while having lower concentrations of intra-aggregate-C when compared to moist samples (p < 0.001). However, fine silt and clay fractions were not significantly affected by the drying pretreatment (p=0.789). Therefore, based on the results obtained from gleysol and cambisol forest soils studied here, C contents in hot-water extractions and fine particle size physical fractions (< 25µm) seem to be robust measurements for evaluating C fractions in dried stored forest soils. Further soil types should be tested to evaluate the wider generality of these findings.

Phylogeny of snake trypanosomes inferred by SSU rDNA sequences, their possible transmission by phlebotomines, and taxonomic appraisal by molecular, cross-infection and morphological analysis

Blood examination by microhaematocrit and haemoculture of 459 snakes belonging to 37 species revealed 24% trypanosome prevalence in species of Viperidae (Crotalus durissus and Bothrops jararaca) and Colubridae (Pseudoboa nigra). Trypanosome cultures from C. durissus and P. nigra were behaviourally and morphologically indistinguishable. In addition, the growth and morphological features of a trypanosome from the sand fly Viannaniyia tuberculata were similar to those of snake isolates. Cross-infection experiments revealed a lack of host restriction, as snakes of 3 species were infected with the trypanosome from C. durissus. Phylogeny based on ribosomal sequences revealed that snake trypanosomes clustered together with the sand fly trypanosome, forming a new phylogenetic lineage within Trypanosoma closest to a clade of lizard trypanosomes transmitted by sand flies dagger. The clade of trypanosomes from snakes and lizards suggests an association between the evolutionary histories of these trypanosomes and their squamate hosts. Moreover, data strongly indicated that these trypanosomes are transmitted by sand flies. The flaws of the current taxonomy of snake trypanosomes are discussed, and the need for molecular parameters to be adopted is emphasized. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular phylogenetic study of snake trypanosomes.

Optimization of a method for determination of phenolic acids in exotic fruits by capillary electrophoresis

In this work, the separation of nine phenolic acids (benzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic, p-coumaric, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, syringic, and vanillic acid) was approached by a 32 factorial design in electrolytes consisting of sodium tetraborate buffer(STB) in the concentration range of 10-50 mmol L(-1) and methanol in the volume percentage of 5-20%. Derringer`s desirability functions combined globally were tested as response functions. An optimal electrolyte composed by 50 mmol L(-1) tetraborate buffer at pH 9.2, and 7.5% (v/v) methanol allowed baseline resolution of all phenolic acids under investigation in less than 15 min. In order to promote sample clean up, to preconcentrate the phenolic fraction and to release esterified phenolic acids from the fruit matrix, elaborate liquid-liquid extraction procedures followed by alkaline hydrolysis were performed. The proposed methodology was fully validated (linearity from 10.0 to 100 mu g mL(-1), R(2) > 0.999: LOD and LOQ from 1.32 to 3.80 mu g mL(-1) and from 4.01 to 11.5 mu g mL(-1), respectively; intra-day precision better than 2.8% CV for migration time and 5.4% CV for peak area; inter-day precision better than 4.8% CV for migration time and 4.8-11% CV for peak area: recoveries from 81% to 115%) and applied successfully to the evaluation of phenolic contents of abiu-roxo (Chrysophyllum caimito), wild mulberry growing in Brazil (Morus nigra L.) and tree tomato (Cyphomandra betacea). Values in the range of 1.50-47.3 mu g g(-1) were found, with smaller amounts occurring as free phenolic acids. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estresse neonatal, expressão do medo e sistema dopaminérgico em ratos

A estimulação neonatal tem sido utilizada como modelo experimental para examinar os mecanismos pelos quais variações precoces do ambiente do animal afetam o desenvolvimento de sistemas neurais, dando origem a alterações comportamentais e neuroendócrinas duradouras. Buscou-se estudar os efeitos do estresse neonatal sobre duas abordagens: comportamental e imunoistoquímica. Na primeira, foram avaliados em ratos adultos (90-110 dias) dois paradigmas de medo: inato (campo aberto, N=48) e aprendido, (condicionamento clássico N=48); enquanto na segunda abordagem realizou-se a técnica imunoistoquímica (N=15) na substância nigra compacta (SNCo) e área tegmental ventral (VTA) para detecção da enzima precursora da dopamina, a tirosina hidroxilase (TH). Foram utilizados ratos da variedade Wistar, que do 1º ao 10º dia de vida foram submetidos a 3 tipos de intervenção: manipulação (retirados do ninho por 3min sendo tocados gentilmente por 1 min); separação (retirados do ninho por 3h, e mantidos a temperatura de 33ºC); e grupo controle (sem intervenções do experimentador ou do tratador). O condicionamento clássico (treino) foi constituído por 10 pareamentos de 1 estímulo incondicionado (EI, choque elétrico –0,8mA) com 2 estímulos condicionados ou neutros (EC, som e luz) em 2 sessões de 5 pareamentos cada. A duração de cada emissão do EC foi de 5s sendo no último segundo associada ao EI. O teste foi realizado 24h após o treino, e consistiu de emissões de EC com mesma duração e intervalo por um período total de 30 min. No experimento 2, foi utilizado um campo aberto de 1m2 no qual os ratos permaneceram por 5 min. Em ambos experimentos os comportamentos eram registrados em vídeo e analisados através do programa Noldus. Os resultados (X±EPM) foram analisados por uma ANOVA, post-hoc Newman Keuls ou Kruskal Wallis post-hoc Dunn (p<0,05). Nos experimentos comportamentais foram observados os seguintes resultados: no medo aprendido houve diminuição da duração (s) do comportamento de imobilização (491±54); da duração de rearing (58±13) e da latência para extinção do condicionamento do grupo manipulado (591±434) comparado ao controle (718±73; 22±6; 1020±843 respectivamente) e no campo aberto houve aumento da duração e freqüência da locomoção e rearing (97.6±8; 4.3±1 e 64.3±5; 31±2), diminuição da duração de autolimpeza (4.2±1) e aumento da freqüência de entradas no centro do campo aberto (4.3±0,8) no grupo manipulado comparado ao controle (69±7; 30±3 e 48±6; 21.5±2; 19±5; 2.2±0.6, respectivamente). Na análise Imunoistoquímica não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos quanto imunomarcação de TH nas áreas estudadas. Foi confirmada a diminuição da inibição comportamental no campo aberto como conseqüência da manipulação. A manipulação neonatal também reduziu as respostas do medo condicionado, ratos manipulados no período neonatal expressam, quando adultos, menor expressão de medo aprendido e tem a extinção da aprendizagem aversiva mais acelerada. Curiosamente não foram observados efeitos da separação materna sobre as repostas de medo inato ou aprendido. Embora a dopamina do sistema mesocorticolímbico module as respostas comportamentais alteradas, nenhum dos modelos de intervenção estudados afetaram a intensidade de marcação deste neurotransmissor.