西藏南部的条鳅属(Nemachilus)鱼类

<正> 1961年5至10月,岳佐和及黄宏金参加了中国科学院的西藏综合考察队,在西藏南部地区进行了鱼类学考察。1962年又在北京进行了鱼类种类的鉴定及资料整理工作。本文继《西藏鱼类初篇》(张春霖等,1962)之后,仅报告该地区的条鳅属(Nemachilus)鱼类,共六种,其中腹纹条鳅(N.bellibarus,sp.nov.)为一新种,斯氏条鳅(N.stoliczkae Steind.)为1960年张迺治等同志所采。

Extraordinarily thick-boned fish linked to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin (northern Tibetan Plateau)

Scattered with numerous salt lakes and approximate to 2,700-3,200 m above sea level, the giant Qaidam inland basin on the northern Tibetan Plateau has experienced continuing aridification since the beginning of the Late Cenozoic as a result of the India-Asia plate collision and associated uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. Previous evidence of aridification comes mainly from evaporite deposits and salinity-tolerant invertebrate fossils. Vertebrate fossils were rare until recent discoveries of abundant fish. Here, we report an unusual cyprinid fish, Hsianwenia wui, gen. et sp. nov., from Pliocene lake deposits of the Qaidam Basin, characterized by an extraordinarily thick skeleton that occupied almost the entire body. Such enormous skeletal thickening, apparently leaving little room for muscles, is unknown among extant fish. However, an almost identical condition occurs in the much smaller cyprinodontid Aphanius crassicaudus (Cyprinodonyiformes), collected from evaporites exposed along the northern margins of the Mediterranean Sea during the Messinian desiccation period. H. wui and A. crassicaudus both occur in similar deposits rich in carbonates (CaCO3) and sulfates (CaSO4), indicating that both were adapted to the extreme conditions resulting from the ariclification in the two areas. The overall skeletal thickening was most likely formed through deposition of the oversaturated calcium and was apparently a normal feature of the biology and growth of these fish.

Pseudobagrus brachyrhabdion, a new catfish (Teleostei : Bagridae) from the middle Yangtze River drainage, South China

Pseudobagrus brachyrhabdion sp. nov., from the Yuan Jiang and Xiang Jiang of the middle Yangtze River drainage in Hunan and Guizhou Provinces, South China, is described herein. It is distinguished from all other Pseudobagrus species with a truncate or slightly emarginated caudal fin by an unique combination of the following characters: supraoccipital plate and nuchal plate broadly interspaced and covered with skin; nasal barbels only at most reaching anterior margin of eye; maxillary barbels reaching slightly beyond posterior margin of eye; outer mandibular barbels extending to posterior margin of eye; dorsal fin with a somewhat convex distal margin, origin nearer to pectoral-fin insertion than to pelvic-fin insertion; dorsal-fin spine shorter than pectoral spine, with a somewhat serrated posterior margin; pectoral-fin spine with a smooth anterior margin; anal fin with 20-23 rays, base length 23.8-32.0% of standard length, posterior end of anal-fin base anterior to posterior end of adipose fin base; no longitudinal black band extending along flank; eyes large, diameter 16.3-23.7% of head length; and number of vertebrae 5 + 43-46.

A taxonomic study of Oconnorella (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Changbaishan Mountain, China

We describe three enchytraeid species, including two new species, from Mt. Changbaishan, Jilin Province, northeastern China. Oconnorella cheni sp. nov. is characterized by a simple spermatheca; absence of the oesophageal appendages and seminal vesicle; and nephridia from 6/7, with a distinct funnel and the efferent duct arising from the anterior part of the postseptale. Oconnorella globula sp. nov. is distinguished by a spermatheca with two diverticula; lack of oesophageal appendages and seminal vesicle; and nephridia from 6/7, with distinct funnel and the efferent duct arising from the mid-ventral or posteroventral part of the postseptale. We redescribe Oconnorella changbaishanensis (Xie et al., 2000) from type and live specimens, and amend some characters that cannot be investigated clearly from mounted specimens. We revise the generic diagnosis of Oconnorella.

Acrossocheilus spinifer, a new species of barred cyprinid fish from south China (Pisces : Teleostei)

Acrossocheilus spinifer sp. nov. is described from the river basins in Fujian Province and the Han Jiang basin in Guangdong Province, south China. It is one of the barred Acrossocheihis species sharing five or six vertical bars on the flanks, with each bar being two scales in width. Acrossocheilus spinifer sp. nov. is morphologically most similar to Acrossocheilus wenchowensis. but distinguished from it by: a colour pattern of all vertical bars extending ventrally to the second scale row below the lateral line, and having the second bar placed posterior to the base of the last simple dorsal-fin ray, a blunt snout; and a stout, last simple dorsal-fin ray. Acrossocheilus spinifer sp. nov. resembles Acrossocheilus kreyenbergii and Acrossocheilus stenotaeniatus with which it shares a stout, last simple dorsal-fin ray with a serrated posterior edge, but is separated from both species by having a narrow median interruption in the lower lip, a lower jaw fully covered by the lower lip when viewed ventrally and the second vertical bar placed posterior to the base of the last simple dorsal-fin ray. The absence of a longitudinal stripe extending along the lateral line on the flanks in males readily distinguishes A. spinifer sp. nov. from Four other species, namely Acrossocheilus fasciatus, Acrossocheilus paradoxus, Acrossocheilus parallens, and Acrossocheilus jishouensis. (c) 2006 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2006 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

Synopsis of the species of Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 (Myxozoa : Myxosporea : Myxobolidae)

A synopsis of 744 nominal species of Myxobolus Butschli, 1882 (Myxozoa, Myxosporea, Myxobolidae) is presented. For each species, the relevant morphometric and morphological data are indicated, as well as the host(s), site(s) of infection within the host and type-locality.

Qianlabeo striatus, a new genus and species of Labeoninae from Guizhou Province, China (Teleostei : Cyprinidae)

Qianlabeo striatus gen. et sp. nov. is described from a stream tributary to the Beipan Jiang of the upper Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) drainage in Matou, Anshun County, Guizhou Province, China. This monotypic genus is mainly characterized by its oromadibular morphology, namely an upper lip only present in and fully adnate to the side of the upper jaw, not covered by the pendulous rostral fold; the median portion of the upper jaw lacking an upper lip but bearing a thin, flexible and cornified cutting edge that is fully covered by the pendulous rostral fold; a postlabial groove prolonged, extended anteromedially close to the anteromost point of the midline of the lower lip but not to meet with its counterpart. The type species of this genus, Q. striatus has a longitudinal dark stripe along the side of the body.

A new genus and species of freshwater monostiliferous hoplonemertean (Nemertea, Enopla) from the People's Republic of China

A new genus and species of freshwater monostiliferous hoplonemertean, Limnemertes poyangensis gen. et sp. nov., from Poyang Lake, People's Republic of China, is described and illustrated. The taxon is compared and contrasted with previously described freshwater hoplonemerteans. This is the fourth species of freshwater nemertean to be described from China and the first recorded from Poyang Lake.

Taxonomic revision of water-bloom-forming species of oscillatorioid cyanobacteria

A polyphasic approach was used to clarify the taxonomy of the water-bloom-forming oscillatorioid cyanobacteria. Seventy-five strains of oscillatorioid cyanobacteria were characterized by 16S rDNA sequence analysis, DNA base composition, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition, phycobilin pigment composition, complementary chromatic adaptation, morphological characters, growth temperature and salinity tolerance. Phylogenetic analysis based on 165 rDNA sequences divided the strains into six groups, all of which were clearly separated from the type species of the genus Oscillatoria, Oscillatoria princeps Gomont NIVA CYA 150. Therefore, these strains should be classified into genera other than Oscillatoria. Groups I-III were closely related to one another and groups IV-VI were distinct from one another and from groups I to III. Group I was further divided into two subgroups, group I-pc, which includes strains containing only phycocyanin (PC), and group I-pe, which includes strains containing large amounts of phycoerythrin (PE) in addition to PC. This phenotypic distinction was supported by DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Based on the properties examined herein and data from traditional, botanical taxonomic studies, the groups and subgroups were classified into single species and we propose either emended or new taxonomic descriptions for Planktothrix agardhii (type strain NIES 204(T)), Planktothrix rubescens (type strain CCAP 1459/22(T)) Planktothrix pseudagardhii sp. nov. (type strain T1-8-4(T)), Planktothrix mougeotii (type strain TR1-5(T)), Planktothricoides raciborskii gen. nov., comb. nov. (type strain NIES 207(T)), Tychonema bourrellyi (type strain CCAP 1459/11B(T)) and Limnothrix redekei (type strain NIVA CYA 277/1(T)).

Taxonomic studies of parasitic nyctotherans from chinese Anura amphibians III. Wichtermania

Wu-Han Xiao, Jian-Guo Wang and Lian-Xiang Li (2002) Taxonomic studies of parasitic nyctotherans from Chinese Anura amphibians III. Wichtermania. Zoological Studies 41(1): 69-76. This paper describes 6 new species belonging to the genus Wichtermania from Anura amphibians distributed in southern China. The 6 species are Wichtermania multigranularis sp. nov., W. oviformis sp. nov., W vesiformis sp. nov., W. reticulatis sp. nov., W granuliformis sp. nov., and W obliquoides sp. nov. The characteristics for diagnosis of the 6 new species are described in this paper.

Marine Phallodrilinae (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae)of Hainan Island in southern China

Six species of Phallodrilinae are reported from Hainan Island in southern China. The mesopsammic Aktedrilus yiboi sp. nov. is new to science. It is characterized by a combination of (1) small, straight, conical, strongly cuticularized penis sheaths, (2) posterior prostate glands being associated with the most ectal parts of the atria, and (3) small spermathecal ampulla. Bathydrilus ampliductus Erseus, 1997 is recorded for the first time since it was originally described from Australia's Northern Territory.

中国横断山区裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)部分类群的系统分类和谱系地理学研究

论文以线粒体细胞色素b 基因对裂腹鱼属鱼类的两个分布广泛的物种 (灰裂腹鱼Schizothorax griseus 和光唇裂腹鱼Schizothorax lissolabiatus)进行了谱系地理学研究；对灰裂腹鱼进行了物种分化研究；对光唇裂腹鱼进行了地理变异研究；并进一步对横断山区分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类进行了谱系地理学研究；整理了中国境内伊洛瓦底江水系分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类。对灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼的谱系地理学研究结果表明：1、来自不同水系的灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼个体间存在明显的遗传差异，两个物种各自不呈单系；灰裂腹鱼和光唇裂腹鱼同域分布的个体有共享单倍型的情况；北盘江、牛栏江、乌江和元江的个体在系统树上有较近的亲缘关系。2、对灰裂腹鱼进行了重新描述并对来自于不同水系被认为是灰裂腹鱼的标本进行了查看，结果表明：灰裂腹鱼分布于金沙江下游及其支流；分布于澜沧江的，过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表裂腹鱼属鱼类一新种——裸腹裂腹鱼Schizothorax nudiventris sp. nov.；分布于南盘江的过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表一新种——异鳔裂腹鱼Schizothorax heterophysallidos sp. nov.；分布于北盘江的过去被认为是灰裂腹鱼的种类代表一新种——北盘裂腹鱼Schizothorax beipanensis sp. nov.。3、本研究还陈述了光唇裂腹鱼的各地理种群(怒江、澜沧江、元江、南盘江和北盘江)部分形态特征以及差异情况。主成分分析结果表明：怒江和澜沧江个体在形态上无差异；澜沧江上游和下游个体在部分特征上表现出一定程度上的渐变异。4、横断山区裂腹鱼属鱼类的谱系地理学研究表明：系统树不支持裂腹鱼属鱼类亚属的划分；本属不同种类Cyt b 基因序列的最大遗传距离为11.2%；怒江和澜沧江的个体以较高的支持率聚成一单系；伊洛瓦底江水系与雅鲁藏布江的个体以较高的支持率聚成一单系；金沙江流域与元江、南盘江、北盘江的个体聚成一单系；晚中新世(9.5 Ma) 和早上新世(3.6 Ma)的青藏高原的强烈隆升可能是横断山区裂腹鱼属鱼类物种分化的重要时间；裂腹鱼属鱼类的演化是历史生物地理学过程中隔离分化假说的一个实例；横断山区的古河道向南入海可能有3 个方向，它们是雅鲁藏布-伊洛瓦底江方向、怒江-澜沧江方向、金沙江及其支流-红河方向(包括南盘江-红河)；不支持长江第一湾为袭夺湾的观点，古金沙江入古红河可能不经剑川-洱海一线；滇中、滇东北水系发育复杂。5、本研究还对中国境内伊洛瓦底江水系分布的裂腹鱼属鱼类进行了整理。认为本地区裂腹鱼属鱼类共8 种(包括2 新种)：南方裂腹鱼Schizothorax meridionalis、奇异裂腹鱼Schizothorax heteri sp. nov.、独龙裂腹鱼Schizothorax dulongensis、软刺裂腹鱼Schizothorax malacathus、少鳞裂腹鱼 Schizothorax oligolepis、吸口裂腹鱼Schizothorax myzostomus、细身裂腹鱼 Schizothorax elongatus 和白体裂腹鱼Schizothorax leukus sp. nov.。

新疆准噶尔盆地北缘中中新世阿特拉旱松鼠及其生态环境讨论

记述了新疆准噶尔盆地北缘中中新世哈拉玛盖组的两种阿特拉旱松鼠化石：Atlantoxerus junggarensis和A. xiyuensis sp. nov.。依据新的化石材料将A. junggarensis特征进行了修订。新种A. xiyuensis颊齿较小，齿冠低；P4大于或等于M1/2; 次尖明显，原小尖弱小或无，后小尖强大、明显大于后尖且一般不与后边脊相连，通常无中附尖；m3无下前边尖和前齿带，无下中尖、下中附尖和下次小尖，下后脊粗壮、由下原尖伸向跟凹、不与下后尖相连，下内尖及下内脊发育。Atlantoxerus属最早的化石记录出现在中亚地区，推测它很可能起源于中亚，然后向西亚、欧洲和北非地区扩散。依据伴生动物群和相关古植物的研究成果推测，Atlantoxerus属可能生活在温暖湿润的环境中。随着晚新生代全球气温变冷，该属的分布渐趋收缩，分异度减小，表明了其地理分布与温度变化密切相关。同时推测，温度对其生存的影响似乎比湿度更大。

中国急流牙甲族的系统学研究

急流牙甲族Sperchopsini属于鞘翅目Coleoptera牙甲科Hydrophilidae的水牙甲亚科Hydrophilinae，共包括五属，即水龟虫属 Hydrocassis、革牙甲属 Ametor、Sperchopsis、Anticura、Cylomissus，世界共计有25种，我国分布有2属18个种。 本文回顾了水甲虫、牙甲科以及急流牙甲族的研究简史；综述了水甲虫在分类学、保护生物学、形态学、遗传学、分子生物学等方面研究进展，总结了水甲虫与生态因子的关系以及水甲虫作为生态系统健康指示物的可行性。还简要介绍了昆虫分子系统学，以及细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）和rDNA内部转录间隔区（ITS）在昆虫学研究中的应用。 通过对收集到的700余号急流牙甲族的标本观察和分类研究，发现了一新种（内蒙水龟甲Hydrocassis mongolica sp.nov.）。并且对已知全部种类重新作了描述，特别是长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus雄性外生殖器部分，首次对7个种类（长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus、粗革牙甲 Ametor scabrosus、帝水龟甲 Hydrocassis imperialis、伪舟水龟甲Hydrocassis pesudoscapha、条纹水龟甲Hydrocassis scapulata、舟水龟甲 Hydrocassi scapha、四川水龟甲Hydrocassis sichuana）的雌性个体进行了描述。编制了急流牙甲族的分属、分种检索表。 采用支序分类学的方法对中国急流牙甲族种类的系统发育关系进行探讨。结果显示革牙甲属内的A. latus、A. rudesculptus、A. rugosus 及A. scabrosus 构成单系（不包括A. elongates），支持皱革牙甲A. rugosus和A. latus属于革牙甲属。水龟虫属内H. anhuiensis、H. baoshanensis、H. lacustris、H. pseudoscapha、H. scaphoides、H. scapulata、H. sichuana、H. taiwana、H. uncinata、H. schillhammeri构成一个单系。水龟虫属包括两大类群，一类群包括H. anhuiensis、H. lacustris、H. scapulata、H. sichuana 、H. taiwana，另一类群包括H. baoshanensis、H. scaphoides、 H. schillhammeri 、H. uncinata。两类群的不同之处在于后一类群的阳基侧突上有一齿状凸起。 测序了H. scapulata、H. sichuana和H. mongolica雌雄各一个个体的COI和ITS2序列。全部的COI基因序列为828bp，编码275个氨基酸。H. scapulata的ITS2序列有446bp，H. sichuana的有456bp，H. mongolica的有455bp。用MEGA 3.1计算比对距离（pairwise distances）和构建邻近系统树。结果显示对于COI，种内的比对距离分别是0(H. scapulata)、0.008(H. mongolica)、0.004(H. sichuana)，种间的比对距离在0.024-0.045之间。对于ITS2，种内的比对距离分别为0.005(H. scapulata)、0(H. mongolica)、0.007(H. sichuana)，种间的比对距离在0.028-0.047之间。H. sichuana和新种间的比对距离在0.024-0.037(COI)和0.044(ITS2)。比对距离揭示出种内低于0.008，种间在0.024-1.078之间。因而，它们之间应该是种间关系而不是种内的关系。COI数据集和ITS2数据集所构建的系统树存在一定的差异，前者显示四川水龟甲和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种，后者显示新种和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种。总之，在内蒙古自治区发现的为一新的物种。

四株有潜在生物活性的放线菌分类地位和产物研究

放线菌是一种重要的微生物资源，广泛分布于自然界中。已经发现的微生物来源的生物活性物质中，由放线菌产生的约占三分之二。从我国云南省不同地方的土壤样品中分离到多株有潜在生物活性的放线菌，本文对从西双版纳原绐森林土壤样品中分得的JX-47菌株着重进行了研究，用形态观察、化学分类及分子分类等多项分类的方法确定了该菌株的分类地位，为链霉菌一新种，命名为Streptomyces autolyticus sp nov.。从该菌株的发酵液中分离得到三个化合物，用各种光谱实验鉴定了它们的结构式。这三个化合物均属于Ansamycin类抗生素；其中一个为新化合物，命名为autolytimycin，并申请了国家发明专利（申请号为：00102982. 7)。初步的实验结果证明这些化合物具有细胞毒性和一定的抗病毒活性。同时，对分离到的JX-42、JX-45、JX-46菌性的分类地位和次生代谢产物进行了初步研究。根据形态特征和细胞壁的化学组成，JX-42和JX-46菌株被确定属于链霉菌属；JX-45菌株被确定属于小单孢菌属。从它们的发酵液中，共分离出10个化合物，并鉴定了结构。