Review and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 (Araneae : Theraphosidae) with notes on the Aviculariinae

The tarantula genus Ephebopus Simon 1892 is reviewed and includes the type species, E. murinus (Walckenaer 1837), and E. uatuman Lucas, Silva & Bertani 1992, E. cyanognathus West & Marshall 2000, E. rufescens West & Marshall 2000 and Ephebopus foliatus, sp. nov., from Guyana. Ephebopus violaceus Mello-Leitao 1930 is transferred to Tapinauchenius Ausserer, where it is a senior synonym of Tapinauchenius purpureus Schmidt 1995 new synonymy. Ephebopus fossor Pocock 1903 is considered a nomen dubium. Ephebopus occurs in northeastern South America where it is known only from Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. Spiders of the genus are generally fossorial; however, Ephebopus murinus has a developmental stage that is arboreal. A cladistic analysis of the Theraphosidae retrieves the Aviculariinae as monophyletic, including Avicularia Lamarck, Iridopelma Pocock 1901, Pachistopelma Pocock 1901, Tapinauchenius, Psalmopoeus Pocock, Ephebopus, Stromatopelma Karsch and Heteroscodra Pocock, having as a synapomorphy the well-developed scopulae on tarsi and metatarsi I-II that is very laterally extended.

Revalidation and revision of the genus Magulla Simon 1892 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

The genus Magulla Simon 1892 is revalidated and redescribed. The female of the type species M. obesa Simon 1892 is redescribed and the male is described for the first time. Magulla janeirus (Keyserling 1891) is considered a valid species. Magulla symmetrica Bucherl 1949 is transferred to Plesiopelma Pocock 1901, and considered a junior synonym of P. insulare (Mello-Leitao 1923). Additionally, two new species are described from Brazil: M. buecherli n. sp. from Ilhabela, Sao Paulo and M. brescoviti n. sp. from Sao Francisco de Paula, Rio Grande do Sul.

A revision of the spider genera Chaetopelma ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus simon 1903 (Araneae, theraphosidae, ischnocolinae)

Chaetopelma Ausserer 1871 and Nesiergus Simon 1903 are revised. Cratorrhagus Simon 1891 is considered a junior synonym of Chaetopelma. Cratorrhagus tetramerus (Simon 1873) and the female of Cratorrhagus concolor (Simon 1873) are conspecific with C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841). Ischnocolus gracilis Ausserer 1871, Ischnocolus syriacus Ausserer 1871, Chaetopelma shabati Hassan 1950 and Ischnocolus jerusalemensis Smith 1990 are also treated here as junior synonyms of C. olivaceum. Chaetopelma adenense Simon 1890 is proposed as a junior synonym of Ischnocolus jickelii L. Koch 1875. Chaetopelma gardineri Hirst 1911 is transferred to Nesiergus. Hence, Chaetopelma comprises three valid species: C. olivaceum (C. L. Koch 1841); C. karlamani Vollmer 1997; C. concolor (Simon 1873) n. comb. from the Middle East and northeastern Africa. Nesiergus, which appears endemic to the Seychelles archipelago, now comprises three valid species: N. gardineri (Hirst 1911) n. comb.; N. halophilus Benoit 1978; N. insulanus Simon 1903.

The actual status of the development of a Danish/Swedish system concept of a solar combisystem

At the beginning of 2003 the four year long research project REBUS on education, research, development and demonstration of competitive solar combisystems was launched. Research groups in Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Latvia are working together with partners from industry on innovative solutions for solar heating in the Nordic countries. Existing system concepts have been analyzed and based on the results new system designs have been developed. The proposed solutions have to fulfill country specific technical, sociological and cost requirements. Due to the similar demands on the systems in Denmark and Sweden it has been decided to develop a common system concept for both countries, which increases the market potential for the manufacturer. The focus of the development is on systems for the large number of rather well insulated existing single family houses. In close collaboration with the industrial partners a system concept has been developed that is characterized by its high compactness and flexibility. It allows the use of different types of boilers, heating distribution systems and a variable store and collector size. Two prototypes have been built, one for the Danish market with a gas boiler, and one for the Swedish market with a pellet boiler as auxiliary heater. After intensive testing and eventual further improvements at least two systems will be installed and monitored in demonstration houses. The systems have been modeled in TRNSYS and the simulation results will be used to further improve the system and evaluate the system performance.

Development of a Compact Solar Combisystem

Within the frame of the project REBUS, "Competitive solar heating systems for residential buildings", which is financed by Nordic Energy Research, a new type of compact solar combisystem with high degree of prefabrication was developed. A hydraulic and control concept was designed with the goal to get highest system efficiency for use with either a condensing natural gas boiler or a pellet boiler. Especially when using the potential of high peak power of modern condensing natural gas boilers, a new operation strategy of a natural gas boiler/solar combisystem can increase the energy savings of a small solar combisystem by about 80% compared to conventional operation strategies.

Competitive Solar Heating Systems for Residential Buildings (REBUS)

Research on solar combisystems for the Nordic and Baltic countries have been carriedout. The aim was to develop competitive solar combisystems which are attractive tobuyers and to educate experts in the solar heating field.The participants of the projects were the universities: Technical University of Denmark,Dalarna University, University of Oslo, Riga Technical University and Lund Institute ofTechnology, as well as the companies: Metro Therm A/S (Denmark), Velux A/S(Denmark), Solentek AB (Sweden), SolarNor (Norway) and SIA Grandeg (Latvia).The project included education, research, development and demonstration. Theactivities started in 2003 and were finished by the end of 2006. A number of Ph.D.studies in Denmark, Sweden and Latvia, and a post-doc. study in Norway were carriedout. Close cooperation between the researchers and the industry partners ensured thatthe results of the projects can be utilized. The industry partners will soon be able tobring the developed systems into the market.In Denmark and Norway the research and development focused on solarheating/natural gas systems, and in Sweden and Latvia the focus was on solarheating/pellet systems. Additionally, Lund Institute of Technology and University ofOslo studied solar collectors of various types being integrated into the building.

Solar thermal components adapted to common building standards (SCAS)

Pilot versions of a solar heating/natural gas burner system, of a solar heating/pellet burner system and of a façade/roof integrated polymeric collector have been installed in the summer of 2006 in a number of demonstration houses in Denmark, Sweden and Norway.These three new products have been evaluated by means of measurements of the thermal performance and energy savings of the pilot systems in practice and by means of a commercial evaluation.The conclusion of the evaluations is that the products are attractive for the industry partners METRO THERM A/S, Solentek and SOLARNOR. It is expected that the companies will bring the products into the market in 2007.Further, the results of the project have been presented atinternational and national congresses and seminars for the solar heating branch. The congresses and seminars attracted a lot of interested participants.Furthermore, the project results have been published in international congress papers as well as in national journals in the energy field.Consequently, the Nordic solar heating industry will benefit from the project.

Herbert M. Sussman presenting award

Herbert Sussman (left) is shown presenting the John P. Mullen award. Herbert M. Sussman was the College's fifth president. He was inaugurated on June 8, 1972 and the school's commencement ceremony. He served from 1972-1977. By this time, New York City Community College of Applied Arts and Sciences was part of the CUNY system and had merged with the Vorhees Technical Institute.

Herbert M. Sussman

Portrait of Herbert M. Sussman, president 1972-1977. Herbert M. Sussman was the College's fifth president. He was inaugurated on June 8, 1972 and the school's commencement ceremony. He served from 1972-1977. By this time, New York City Community College of Applied Arts and Sciences was part of the CUNY system and had merged with the Vorhees Technical Institute.

Heurísticas na decisão do consumidor

Decisões humanas foram a preocupa��ão central de Herbert Simon em sua vasta produção acadêmica através da qual difundiu sua abordagem de racionalidade limitada pela economia. O reconhecimento do ambiente complexo e dos limites cognitivos do ser humano, levaram-no a propor mecanismos usados para facilitar o processo decisório. Dentre eles, salientou como o mais importante o uso de heurísticas, regras que simplificam a tomada de decisão. Em torno dessa ideia um novo e promissor caminho para o estudo das decisões humanas em economia tem se desenvolvido e inúmeros trabalhos têm se debruçado sobre o assunto. Mais atualmente o tema remete ao trabalho de Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky que analisaram comportamentos anômalos em rela��ão à teoria da decisão mais tradicional devido ao uso de heurísticas. Essa abordagem chamada de heuristics and biases ganhou um grande espa��o na academia sendo utilizada na análise de muitos eventos empíricos na administra��ão, direito, economia e medicina. A presente tese está estruturada em três artigos. O primeiro artigo trata do uso de heurística na análise do comportamento do agente econômico a partir da contribuição de Simon, Kahneman e Tversky. A apresenta��ão de críticas feitas às duas propostas jogam luz sobre o debate em torno de questões quanto a possível rela��ão entre elas. A partir da análise da literatura, este trabalho propõe uma complementaridade promissora para a economia com a construção de uma teoria comportamental em torno de heurísticas. No segundo artigo, as contribuições de Herbert Simon, Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky são utilizadas na análise do comportamento do consumidor. Através de um modelo de simula��ão baseada em agentes são comparadas cinco heurísticas que representam diferentes regras utilizadas pelo consumidor na decisão de compra: Menor preço de 3, 4 e 5 alternativas pesquisadas, Take-The-Best (TTB), proposta por Gigerenzer e Goldstein, e Time-Is-Money (TIM). Os resultados obtidos se afastam da maximiza��ão mas podem ser interpretados como eficientes em função da redução do esforço de pesquisa e do preço obtido. Duas heurísticas mostram grande eficiência: a Menor preço de 3 alternativas e a TTB. A inclusão de custo crescente de pesquisa na análise torna muito eficientes os resultados da TIM e chama a atenção para a relevância da definição de custo na avalia��ão da eficiência da heurística. O terceiro artigo discute um mecanismo de adapta��ão do comportamento que objetiva melhorias do resultado obtido com a decisão. Através de simula��ão baseada em agentes são modelados consumidores de bens homogêneos que utilizam heurísticas para decidir sua compra. É desenvolvida uma heurística, a Take-The-Best adaptaviva (TTBA), que incorpora uma proposta de Simon de um mecanismo de adapta��ão como rea��ão a performances recentes que pode alterar a aspira��ão em rela��ão aos resultados futuros e, dessa forma, definir a extensão da pesquisa por alternativas. Os resultados alcançados com o uso da TTBA são comparados a três outras heurísticas: Procura Randômica, Menor de 3 alternativas e Take-The-Best (TTB). A simula��ão mostrou que a Menor de 3 continua obtendo bons resultados e que a incorpora��ão à TTB do mecanismo de adapta��ão gera eficiência à TTBA.

Hippeastrum vittatum (L'H��r.) Herbert e hippeastrum striatum (Lam.) Moore : análise química e avalia��ão biológica dos alcalóides isolados

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de isolar e identificar os alcalóides presentes nas espécies H. vittatum e H. striatum, analisar a atividade antitumoral, inibidora da enzima acetilcolinesterase, antioxidante dos extratos e alcalóides obtidos, realizar ensaio de toxicidade para o alcalóide montanina, bem como observar sua atividade em pesquisa básica do comportamento em roedores e verificar comparativamente a modula��ão da montanina e da galantamina sobre a via de sinaliza��ão das proteínas quinases pRaf/pMEK/pERK/pCREB. Método: Fitoquímico: As partes a��reas e subterrâneas das espécies coletadas foram maceradas em etanol e processadas em extra��ão ácido-base para a obtenção dos extratos diclorometano e n-BuOH. Os alcalóides isolados foram identificados com a utiliza��ão de métodos cromatográficos, espectrométricos e espectroscópicos. Testes in vitro: Atividade antitumoral: Os extratos e alcalóides obtidos foram avaliados em método in vitro, onde se aplicaram células tumorais biopsiadas de humanos. Inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase: Os compostos isolados, montanina (Hv1 e Hv2), vitatina (Hv4), pancracina (Hv5) e Hv6 de H. vittatum e a galantamina foram testados em ensaio de bioautografia por cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) com 1-naftil acetato. Atividade antioxidante: Os compostos anteriormente citados foram testados pelo método que utiliza o difenilpicrilhidrazol (DPPH) em CCD. Testes in vivo: Toxicidade da montanina (24 horas): A montanina foi administrada com doses de 10 a 100 mg/kg i.p. em camundongos e a toxicidade observada por 24 horas comparando-se aos grupos controle. A dose letal mediana foi calculada com método dos probitos. Avalia��ão da atividade central da montanina: Foram realizados experimentos com camundongos machos em Campo Aberto (CA), Nado Forçado (NF), Labirinto em Cruz Elevado (LCE), Indução do Sono por Pentobarbital (ISP) e sobre a consolida��ão da memória em ratos (esquiva inibitória passiva). Análise bioquímica da via das MAPKs: Aplicou-se metodologia in vitro em homogenatos (fatias hipocampais) tratados com os alcalóides montanina ou galantamina. A obtenção dos resultados ocorreu a partir da realiza��ão de eletroforese de alta voltagem e “Western Blot”. Resultados e Conclusões: A partir dos extratos de alcalóides totais de H. vittatum foram isoladas cinco substâncias: (a) Hv1 (montanina – 0,007%) isolado do extrato diclorometano de folhas, (b) Hv2 (montanina – 0,09%), (c) Hv3 (licorina 0,003%) e (d) Hv4 (vitatina – 0,0003%), isolados do extrato diclorometano de bulbos. Do extrato n-BuOH dos bulbos foram isolados o alcalóide Hv5 (pancracina – 0,0025%) e o composto Hv6 (0,0034%). Da espécie H. striatum foi isolado o alcalóide licorina (Hs3) e dois compostos não identificados (Hs1 e Hs3). O alcalóide vitatina demonstrou inibir moderadamente o crescimento das células tumorais com os valores de IC50 ≤ 29 g/ml. A montanina apresentou o maior efeito antiproliferativo entre os produtos testados. Os valores de IC50 foram menores que 1,0 g/ml para as linhagens testadas. Os extratos diclorometano e n-BuOH de H. vittatum foram considerados antiproliferativos para as células tumorais humanas empregadas, com valores de absorvância 25% menores que o controle. Para as atividades inibidoras da enzima acetilcolinesterase e antioxidante, somente o composto Hv6 apresentou a��ão. A dose letal mediana para a montanina em camundongos machos foi calculada em 64 mg/kg i.p. A montanina não alterou a locomoção e a atividade exploratória de camundongos quando administrada pela via intraperitoneal (i.p.) nas doses de 10 e 30 mg/kg (CA). Na avalia��ão da atividade central da montanina administrada por via i.p., observamos atividade ansiolítica (0,1; 1,0; 3,0 mg/kg – LCE), antidepressiva (3,0 mg/kg - NF) e tendência para atividade hipnótica (ISP). No paradigma de memória de esquiva inibitória passiva, a montanina não alterou significativamente o comportamento dos ratos wistar, na via de administra��ão e nas doses testadas. Na investiga��ão comparativa da modula��ão da via de sinaliza��ão das MAPKs (envolvidas com a memória) em fatias hipocampais tratadas (ratos), concluiu-se que a montanina e a galantamina aumentam a fosforila��ão (atividade) das proteínas testadas. Os resultados obtidos para a galantamina sugerem um possível mecanismo de a��ão que explique bioquimicamente uma de suas a��ões que contribuem para a melhora da memória em ratos na esquiva inibitória.

Decision making process: a comparison between the public and private sector

The problem of decision making, its mechanisms and consequences is the very core of management, it is virtually impossible to separate the act of manage from this knowledge area. As defined by Herbert Simon – "decision making" as though it were synonymous with "managing". A decision is a selection made by an individual regarding a choice of a conclusion about a situation. This represents a course of behavior pertaining to what must be done or what must not be done. A decision is the point at which plans, policies and objectives are translated into concrete actions. Our behavior during decisive moments is closely linked with our brain dominance profile. Over the years, our decision-making processes develop a consistent pattern, which can be described as a decision-making style. Our style is grounded in our preferences, which arise from our brain dominance characteristics […]. The importance of understanding the impact of our thinking preferences and how to improve the effectiveness as a leader of organizations are the main justifications for this thesis; the main problem addressed is the behavioral profile diversity in a selective Master’s cohort formed by students from several different countries. The research methodology approach has been quantitative, through questionnaire administration using the HBDI (Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument), a validated framework developed by William "Ned" Herrmann when he was the leader of General Electric's Crotonville facility. This questionnaire has been administered in hundreds of thousands professional, enabling the possibility to establish correlations between a certain group and several historical databases. The selected group of analysis is the first cohort (23 students) from the CIM (Corporate International Master's), a joint program between Georgetown University (USA), ESADE (Spain) and FGV (Brazil). Besides decision preferences, the obtained profile enables the discussion on leadership style, heuristic's pitfalls and a base to compare with future cohorts. The fundamental research question is: how diverse is the dominant decision-making profile for the CIM students?

Business process in supply chain integration in sugar and ethanol industry

This article presents the application of a diagnosis method in a Brazilian company from the sugar and ethanol industry to identify the level of supply chain integration. The diagnosis method is based on Cooper, Lambert and Pagh reference model for SCM. The method involves nine referential axes established from the eighth key business processes of the reference model.