Effects of septal cholinergic lesion on rat exploratory behavior in an open-field

The medial septum participates in the modulation of exploratory behavior triggered by novelty. Also, selective lesions of the cholinergic component of the septohippocampal system alter the habituation of rats to an elevated plus-maze without modifying anxiety indices. We investigated the effects of the intraseptal injection of the cholinergic immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin (SAP) on the behavior of rats in an open-field. Thirty-nine male Wistar rats (weight: 194-230 g) were divided into three groups, non-injected controls and rats injected with either saline (0.5 µl) or SAP (237.5 ng/0.5 µl). Twelve days after surgery, the animals were placed in a square open-field (120 cm) and allowed to freely explore for 5 min. After the test, the rats were killed by decapitation and the septum, hippocampus and frontal cortex were removed and assayed for acetylcholinesterase activity. SAP increased acetylcholinesterase activity in the septum, hippocampus and frontal cortex and decreased the total distance run (9.15 ± 1.51 m) in comparison to controls (13.49 ± 0.91 m). The time spent in the center and at the periphery was not altered by SAP but the distance run was reduced during the first and second minutes (2.43 ± 0.36 and 1.75 ± 0.34 m) compared to controls (4.18 ± 0.26 and 3.14 ± 0.25 m). SAP-treated rats showed decreased but persistent exploration throughout the session. These results suggest that septohippocampal cholinergic mechanisms contribute to at least two critical processes, one related to the motivation to explore new environments and the other to the acquisition and storage of spatial information (i.e., spatial memory).

Attraction to amino acids by Lymnaea acuminata, the snail host of Fasciola species

Adult Lymnaea acuminata (average length 20-22 mm) were collected locally from lakes and low-lying submerged fields from Gorakhpur. The chemoattraction studies were made in round glass aquaria measuring 30 cm in diameter and filled to a depth of 10 mm with 500 ml dechlorinated tap water. Each aquarium was divided into four concentric zones. At the starting time of the assay 10 snails were placed on the circumference of outermost zone 0. Snail attractant pellets (SAP) were added simultaneously in the center of central zone 3. SAP of different amino acids were prepared at concentrations of 10, 20, 50, 80 and 100 mM/2% agar solution and, subsequently, spread to a uniform thickness of 5 mm. After cooling, SAP were cut in small pieces of 5 mm in diameter. Lymnaea acuminata's attraction to amino acids was studied using different amino acid concentrations in SAP. Pellets containing amino acids with non-polar R groups (proline and tryptophan), a charged polar group (arginine) and uncharged polar R groups (serine, citrulline and asparagine) were tested. The snails were more attracted to the uncharged polar R group amino acid serine than to other groups of amino acids. The preferred amino acid concentration was 80 mM. The attraction of snails to different amino acids was concentration dependent. Snails could discriminate amongst the different amino acids at > or = 50 mM.

Trailing end-point phenotype antibiotic-sensitive strains of Candida albicans produce different amounts of aspartyl peptidases

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes severe systemic infections in immunosuppressed individuals. C. albicans resistance to antifungal drugs is a severe problem in patients receiving prolonged therapy. Moreover, trailing yeast growth, which is defined as a resistant MIC after 48 h of incubation with triazole antifungal agents but a susceptible MIC after 24 h, has been noted in tests of antifungal susceptibility against some C. albicans isolates. In this context, we recently noticed this phenomenon in our routine susceptibility tests with fluconazole/itraconazole and C. albicans clinical isolates. In the present study, we investigated the production of cell-associated and secreted aspartyl peptidases (Saps) in six trailing clinical isolates of C. albicans, since this class of hydrolytic enzymes is a well-known virulence factor expressed by this fungal pathogen. Sap2, which is the best-studied member of the Sap family, was detected by flow cytometry on the cell surface of yeasts and as a 43-kDa polypeptide in the culture supernatant, as demonstrated by Western blotting assay using an anti-Sap1-3 polyclonal antibody. Released aspartyl peptidase activity was measured with BSA hydrolysis and inhibited by pepstatin A, showing distinct amounts of proteolytic activity ranging from 5.7 (strain 44B) to 133.2 (strain 11) arbitrary units. Taken together, our results showed that trailing clinical isolates of C. albicans produced different amounts of both cellular and secreted aspartyl-type peptidases, suggesting that this phenotypic feature did not generate a regular pattern regarding the expression of Sap.

A low concentration of ouabain (0.18 µg/kg) enhances hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats by inhibiting the Na+ pump and activating the renin-angiotensin system

We investigated the effects of low ouabain concentrations on systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures and on pressor reactivity in 3-month-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Arterial blood pressure (BP) and pressor reactivity to phenylephrine (PHE) were investigated before and after 0.18 μg/kg ouabain administration (N = 6). The influence of hexamethonium (N = 6), canrenone (N = 6), enalapril (N = 6), and losartan (N = 6) on ouabain actions was evaluated. Ouabain increased BP (SAP: 137 ± 5.1 to 150 ± 4.7; DAP: 93.7 ± 7.7 to 116 ± 3.5 mmHg; P<0.05) but did not change PHE pressor reactivity. Hexamethonium reduced basal BP in control but not in ouabain-treated rats. However, hexamethonium + ouabain increased DAP sensitivity to PHE. Canrenone did not affect basal BP but blocked ouabain effects on SAP. However, after canrenone + ouabain administration, DAP pressor reactivity to PHE still increased. Enalapril and losartan reduced BP and abolished SAP and DAP responses to ouabain. Enalapril + ouabain reduced DAP reactivity to PHE, while losartan + ouabain reduced SAP and DAP reactivity to PHE. In conclusion, a small dose of ouabain administered to SHR increased BP without altering PHE pressor reactivity. Although the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), Na+ pump and autonomic reflexes are involved in the effects of ouabain on PHE reactivity, central mechanisms might blunt the actions of ouabain on PHE pressor reactivity. The effect of ouabain on SAP seems to depend on the inhibition of both Na+ pump and RAS, whereas the effect on DAP seems to depend only on RAS.

De tempore 6

Variantti A.

Comparison of the reliability of multifocal visual evoked cortical potentials generated by pattern reversal and pattern pulse stimulation

This study compared the effectiveness of the multifocal visual evoked cortical potentials (mfVEP) elicited by pattern pulse stimulation with that of pattern reversal in producing reliable responses (signal-to-noise ratio >1.359). Participants were 14 healthy subjects. Visual stimulation was obtained using a 60-sector dartboard display consisting of 6 concentric rings presented in either pulse or reversal mode. Each sector, consisting of 16 checks at 99% Michelson contrast and 80 cd/m² mean luminance, was controlled by a binary m-sequence in the time domain. The signal-to-noise ratio was generally larger in the pattern reversal than in the pattern pulse mode. The number of reliable responses was similar in the central sectors for the two stimulation modes. At the periphery, pattern reversal showed a larger number of reliable responses. Pattern pulse stimuli performed similarly to pattern reversal stimuli to generate reliable waveforms in R1 and R2. The advantage of using both protocols to study mfVEP responses is their complementarity: in some patients, reliable waveforms in specific sectors may be obtained with only one of the two methods. The joint analysis of pattern reversal and pattern pulse stimuli increased the rate of reliability for central sectors by 7.14% in R1, 5.35% in R2, 4.76% in R3, 3.57% in R4, 2.97% in R5, and 1.78% in R6. From R1 to R4 the reliability to generate mfVEPs was above 70% when using both protocols. Thus, for a very high reliability and thorough examination of visual performance, it is recommended to use both stimulation protocols.

Role of high mobility group box-1 and protection of growth hormone and somatostatin in severe acute pancreatitis

In this study, we investigated the potential role of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and the effects of growth hormone (G) and somatostatin (S) in SAP rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 20 each: sham-operated, SAP, SAP+saline, SAP+G, SAP+S and SAP+G+S. Ileum and pancreas tissues of rats in each group were evaluated histologically. HMGB1 mRNA expression was measured by reverse transcription-PCR. Levels of circulating TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and endotoxin were also measured. In the SAP group, interstitial congestion and edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial hemorrhage occurred in ileum and pancreas tissues. The levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and endotoxin were significantly up-regulated in the SAP group compared with those in the sham-operated group, and the 7-day survival rate was 0%. In the SAP+G and SAP+S groups, the inflammatory response of the morphological structures was alleviated, the levels of HMGB1, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and endotoxin were significantly decreased compared with those in the SAP group, and the survival rate was increased. Moreover, in the SAP+G+S group, all histological scores were significantly improved and the survival rate was significantly higher compared with the SAP group. In conclusion, HMGB1 might participate in pancreas and ileum injury in SAP. Growth hormone and somatostatin might play a therapeutic role in the inflammatory response of SAP.

Role of chemokines in promoting instability of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and the underlying molecular mechanism

Our aim was to investigate the role of chemokines in promoting instability of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and the underlying molecular mechanism. Coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) were performed in 60 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients and 60 unstable angina pectoris (UAP) patients. The chemotactic activity of monocytes in the 2 groups of patients was examined in Transwell chambers. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated on activation in normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and fractalkine in serum were examined with ELISA kits, and expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine mRNA was examined with real-time PCR. In the SAP group, 92 plaques were detected with IVUS. In the UAP group, 96 plaques were detected with IVUS. The plaques in the UAP group were mainly lipid 51.04% (49/96) and the plaques in the SAP group were mainly fibrous 52.17% (48/92). Compared with the SAP group, the plaque burden and vascular remodeling index in the UAP group were significantly greater than in the SAP group (P<0.01). Chemotactic activity and the number of mobile monocytes in the UAP group were significantly greater than in the SAP group (P<0.01). Concentrations of hs-CRP, MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine in the serum of the UAP group were significantly higher than in the serum of the SAP group (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and expression of MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine mRNA was significantly higher than in the SAP group (P<0.05). MCP-1, RANTES, and fractalkine probably promote instability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque.

Avaliação sensorial de sorvete formulado com produto de soro ácido de leite bovino

O soro de leite bovino é um subproduto da fabricação do queijo ou da caseína, existente na forma ácida ou doce. Constituído basicamente de água, proteínas, lactose e minerais, quando concentrado, implica na obtenção de vários ingredientes protéicos de alta funcionalidade e valor nutricional. Entretanto, a concentração do soro tem sido realizada apenas ao soro doce, sendo o soro ácido, devido às suas características, geralmente tratado como resíduo. Neste contexto, este artigo apresenta os resultados obtidos com a introdução de produto de soro ácido de leite na formulação de sorvete, em sistema modelo, verificando a percepção dos provadores para diferentes percentuais de substituição do leite desnatado. As amostras de sorvete foram preparadas com composição de mistura: 2,5% de gordura látea, 18,3% de sacarose, 2,3% de gema de ovo em pó e 0,3% de estabilizante-emulsificante e essência de baunilha. O sorvete padrão (P) foi formulado com 10,09% de leite desnatado em pó. Quatro outras misturas foram preparadas com o produto de soro ácido em pó (SAP), substituindo o leite desnatado, em níveis 100, 80, 60 e 30%. A avaliação do efeito provocado no sorvete, devido à substituição do leite desnatado por SAP, foi efetuada por ensaio sensorial direcionado à percepção do gosto doce. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,5) entre as amostras quanto ao gosto doce avaliado. Houve boa aceitação dos provadores nos níveis de 60 e 30% em substituição.

Composição centesimal e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de novilho precoce alimentado com lipídios protegidos

É crescente a preocupação da população em ingerir dietas mais saudáveis, mantendo adequado o nível de colesterol plasmático, com conseqüente redução na incidência de doenças cardiovasculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de novilho precoce de quatro grupos genéticos: Nelore (R1), Nelore x Canchin (R2), Nelore x Limousin (R3) e Nelore x Aberdeen Angus (R4), alimentados com dieta normal (D1) ou por outra constituída por lipídios protegidos (D2). Determinaram-se os teores de umidade, proteína, lipídios totais, resíduo mineral fixo e o perfil de ácidos graxos. Não foram encontradas diferenças para os teores de umidade, proteína, lipídios totais, Ácidos Graxos Saturados (AGS) e Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados (AGMI). A dieta protegida ocasionou aumento do teor total de Ácidos Graxos Poliinsaturados (AGPI), quando comparada à D1. Por sua vez, animais que receberam D1 apresentaram maior teor de AGPI w-3 que os da D2. Verificou-se que as técnicas de nutrição animal utilizadas neste estudo garantiram um produto com maior teor de AGPI, característica esta desejável na saúde humana. Fazem-se necessários novos estudos, utilizando-se modelos experimentais, para que sejam avaliados os efeitos da carne de novilho precoce na colesterolemia.

Tukkuliikkeen varastoarvon alentaminen ja sen vaikutukset käyttöpääomaan

This master’s thesis considers wholesale company’s inventory value reduction and its effects to the operative working capital. The aim is to reduce inventory value by Enterprise Resource Planning System SAP in a controlled manner and without reducing the service level. This thesis contains a theory chapter of inventory management, operative working capital and benefits of ERP sys-tems in inventory management. These theory chapters are applied to practice, and the result is a lower inventory value in the case company. This releases more operative working capital to other more profitable subjects. With more accurate sales forecasts and by using SAP in the supply chain management average stock value can be reduced by 700 k€ which, in turn, reduces Cash Conversion Cycle by 7 days.

Telahiomon tuotannon läpimenoajan ja laadun optimointi

Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on tunnistaa UPM Kymin telahiomon tuotannon läpimenoaikaan sekä laatuun vaikuttavia tekijöitä ja löytää keinot niiden optimoimiseksi, jotta hiontatuotannon kustannustehokkuus parantuisi. Tutkimusmenetelminä työssä käytetään Kymin telahiomon tuotannon läpimenoaikojen telakohtaista mittaamista ja hionnasta tehtyjen mittausraporttien, pinnoituksista ja hionnoista tehtyjen ostotilauksien sekä SAP R/3-toiminnanohjausjärjestelmästä saatavan kunnossapitodatan tutkintaa. Tiedon lähteenä on käytetty myös kirjallisuutta ja UPM henkilöstön sekä toimittajien haastatteluita. Muiden telahiomojen aikaansaamaan laatuun ja tuotannon läpimenoaikaan verrattuna Kymin telahiomon keskimääräiset hiontatuotannon läpimenoajat ovat telasta riippuen kaksinkertaisia tai jopa lähes nelinkertaisia, vaikka pinnankarheus jää osassa teloista alle asetetun tavoitteen. Telahiomojen muototoleransseissa ei ole niin merkittäviä eroja, mitkä selittäisivät Kymin pidemmät hiontatuotannon läpimenoajat. Tämän takia muototoleransseja ei ole päädytty muuttamaan työn aikana, mutta käyttökokemusten mukaan pinnankarheusvaatimusta voidaan laskea. Telahiontaprosessin muotohiontavaihe on suurin hiontatuotannon läpimenoaikaan ja kustannuksiin vaikuttava tekijä. Hiontamenetelmien ja hionta-arvojen optimoimisella, hiontatyökalujen lastuamiskyvyn ylläpitämisellä, telahiontatuotannon yliprosessoinnin ehkäisyllä ja laatutoleransseihin tyytymisellä voidaan lyhentää kymmeniä tunteja telahiomon tuotannon läpimenoaikaa. Mittausraporttien mukaan merkittävin muutos telahiontaprosessin kustannuksiin ja hiontatuotannon läpimenoaikaan saadaan noudattamalla laatutoleransseja. Telojen kunnossapitoon liittyviä kustannuksia syntyy turhaan lisää, kun vaihdetaan ja hiotaan käyttökelpoisia teloja sekä uudelleen pinnoitetaan teloja, joiden pinnoitepaksuus on vielä riittävä. Pinnoitepaksuuden seurannalla voidaan minimoida telojen ennenaikaiset uudelleenpinnoitukset. Mittalaitteiden avulla pystyy optimoimaan telojen hiontavälit. Hiontavälien optimointi lyhentää myös hiontajonoa. Tällöin voidaan hyödyntää suunnitellun hiontajärjestyksen tuomia etuja tehokkaammin ja saavuttaa nopeampia tuotannon läpimenoaikoja.

Qualidade das sementes de soja produzidas sob manejo com biorregulador

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária das sementes, em resposta à aplicação do biorregulador Stimulate® na cultura da soja. Para tanto, sementes de soja da cultivar BRS 246 RR foram semeadas no mês de outubro dos anos agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009, no delineamento experimental em blocos completos com os tratamentos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos, arranjados em esquema fatorial, foram compostos pela combinação do tratamento de sementes com o biorregulador (sem e com 0,500 L 100 kg-1 de sementes) e cinco doses do produto (0; 0,125; 0,250; 0,375 e 0,500 L ha-1) aplicadas via foliar, em dois estádios de desenvolvimento da cultura (V5 ou R3). O uso do biorregulador Stimulate® altera positivamente qualidade das sementes, sobretudo quando as aplicações foliares ocorrem no estádio V5.

Efeito do molibdênio aplicado via foliar e via sementes sobre o potencial fisiológico e produtividade de sementes de soja

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e a produtividade de sementes de soja produzidas a partir de sementes enriquecidas com molibdênio, via foliar e via sementes, em dois anos consecutivos. No primeiro ano, sementes de três cultivares, CD-206, MSOY-7101 e BRS-183, foram enriquecidas com duas aplicações foliares de 400 g.ha-1 de Mo, nas fases R3 e R5. Avaliou-se a produtividade, peso de mil sementes e teor de molibdênio. A germinação e o vigor por envelhecimento acelerado foram avaliados aos zero e seis meses de armazenamento. No segundo ano, as cultivares CD-206 e BRS-183, produzidas a partir das sementes enriquecidas no ano anterior com Mo foram submetidas à aplicação, via semente, do elemento na dose de 20 g.ha-1. Avaliou-se a produtividade, peso de mil sementes, teor de molibdênio, germinação e vigor por envelhecimento acelerado. A semente produzida mediante a aplicação de molibdênio em altas doses durante as fases de R3 e R5 apresenta altas concentrações do nutriente, porém, não transfere a mesma concentração do nutriente para a semente da próxima geração. Este enriquecimento e a aplicação via semente não afetam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas, tampouco a produtividade, nas condições em que o trabalho foi realizado.

Aplicação de fungicida em cultivares de arroz irrigado e seu efeito na qualidade de sementes

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho verificar o efeito de fungicida aplicado na parte aérea de plantas de arroz irrigado, produzidas após a época preferencial, sobre a qualidade das sementes colhidas com diferentes graus de umidade. O experimento foi conduzido durante o ano agrícola de 2008/09, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial, com cultivo em faixas e, com quatro repetições. O fator principal, em faixas, foi composto por quatro cultivares de arroz irrigado: BR-IRGA 409, IRGA 417, IRGA 422CL e IRGA 423. Na subparcela, a aplicação de fungicida foi realizada na parte aérea das plantas, em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento (T1-testemunha sem aplicação de fungicida, T2-aplicação no estádio R2, T3-aplicação no estádio R3 e T4-aplicação no estádio R2+R4). A colheita do arroz foi realizada na sub-subparcela, com grau de umidade médio das sementes em torno de 24, 22, 20, 18, 16 e 14%. A aplicação do fungicida com mistura formulada de propiconazol+trifloxistrobina, quando realizadas duas aplicações (no estádio R2+R4) mantém elevada a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de arroz. Há redução da germinação e do vigor das sementes de arroz com o atraso da colheita, sendo mais evidenciado para colheitas realizadas com o grau de umidade médio inferior a 22%.