Anatomy Subject Banner

Banner for Anatomy subject page

AS - A Level Physical education : anatomy and exercise physiology.

Guía de bolsillo para la revisión de los temas clave en el área de la educación física (nivel AS - A, enseñanza secundaria) con cuatrocientas preguntas rápidas y sus respuestas, organizadas en secciones temáticas (anatomía y fisiología del ejercicio) y con consejos de examen.

Studies on the anatomy and physiology of the tongue

This paper contains a review of the human tongue as well as fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals, and includes numerous illustrations.

Narrativas seriales e intimidad amatoria: estudio de caso de Grey's Anatomy

El aparecimiento de la televisión por cable implicó profundas transformaciones en los relatos mediáticos, particularmente en lo que respecta a las series televisivas, que rompen con la narrativa melodramática tradicional. El propósito de este trabajo es el de establecer la forma en que se narra el amor romántico, y que tipo de relación amorosa se representa, en una serie de televisión por cable que se emite en el Ecuador a través de Sony Entertainment: Grey’s Anatomy. Se indaga acerca del amor como un sistema de comunicación altamente complejo, y de resolución improbable, por la cantidad de variables que intervienen para que el amor pasión se consolide. Este sistema, por otra, parte tiene un sustrato genético determinado cerebralmente, cuando se produce simplemente es devastador. Las relaciones amorosas están condicionadas por factores culturales y sociales lo que obliga a establecer distinciones entre el amor romántico y la “relación pura” de pareja cuya característica es construirse a partir de la confianza y la “reflexividad” en la modernidad. Será la relación pura la que fundamentalmente se narre en la serie. La narrativa serial aprovecha esta experiencia universal del amor, para con recursos y técnicas que provienen del campo de la cinematografía establecer una narrativa amorosa particular. Formalmente el montaje, los planos y los movimientos de la cámara, se unen a los efectos emocionales que provoca la música en cada episodio para construir significaciones que conducen a despertar la rememoración emocional del espectador.

Rat neurosphere cells protect axotomized rat retinal ganglion cells and facilitate their regeneration

We investigated the ability of a population of rat neural stem and precursor cells derived from rat embryonic spinal cord to protect injured neurons in the rat central nervous system (CNS). The neonatal rat optic pathway was used as a model of CNS injury, whereby retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were axotomized by lesion of the lateral geniculate nucleus one day after birth. Neural stem and precursor cells derived from expanded neurospheres (NS) were transplanted into the lesion site at the time of injury. Application of Fast Blue tracer dye to the lesion site demonstrated that significant numbers of RGCs survived at 4 and 8 weeks in animals that received a transplant, with an average of 28% survival, though in some individual cases survival was greater than 50%. No RGCs survived in animals that received a lesion alone. Furthermore, labeled RGCs were also observed when Fast Blue was applied to the superior colliculus (SC) at 4 weeks, suggesting that neurosphere cells also facilitated RGC to regenerate to their normal target. Transplanted cells did not migrate or express neural markers after transplantation, and secreted several neurotrophic factors in vitro. We conclude that NS cells can protect injured CNS neurons and promote their regeneration. These effects are not attributable to cell replacement, and may be mediated via secretion of neurotrophic factors. Thus, neuroprotection by stem cell populations may be a more viable approach for treatment of CNS disorders than cell replacement therapy.

Controlling steering and judging heading: retinal flow, visual direction, and extraretinal information

The contribution of retinal flow (RF), extraretinal (ER), and egocentric visual direction (VD) information in locomotor control was explored. First, the recovery of heading from RF was examined when ER information was manipulated; results confirmed that ER signals affect heading judgments. Then the task was translated to steering curved paths, and the availability and veracity of VD were manipulated with either degraded or systematically biased RE Large steering errors resulted from selective manipulation of RF and VD, providing strong evidence for the combination of RF, ER, and VD. The relative weighting applied to RF and VD was estimated. A point-attractor model is proposed that combines redundant sources of information for robust locomotor control with flexible trajectory planning through active gaze.

An analysis of commercial real estate returns: an anatomy of smoothing in asset and index returns

In this article, we investigate the commonly used autoregressive filter method of adjusting appraisal-based real estate returns to correct for the perceived biases induced in the appraisal process. Many articles have been written on appraisal smoothing but remarkably few have considered the relationship between smoothing at the individual property level and the amount of persistence in the aggregate appraisal-based index. To investigate this issue we analyze a large sample of appraisal data at the individual property level from the Investment Property Databank. We find that commonly used unsmoothing estimates at the index level overstate the extent of smoothing that takes place at the individual property level. There is also strong support for an ARFIMA representation of appraisal returns at the index level and an ARMA model at the individual property level.

An anatomy of the cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean in the 1960s and 1970s

In the 1960s and early 1970s sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean cooled rapidly. There is still considerable uncertainty about the causes of this event, although various mechanisms have been proposed. In this observational study it is demonstrated that the cooling proceeded in several distinct stages. Cool anomalies initially appeared in the mid-1960s in the Nordic Seas and Gulf Stream Extension, before spreading to cover most of the Subpolar Gyre. Subsequently, cool anomalies spread into the tropical North Atlantic before retreating, in the late 1970s, back to the Subpolar Gyre. There is strong evidence that changes in atmospheric circulation, linked to a southward shift of the Atlantic ITCZ, played an important role in the event, particularly in the period 1972-76. Theories for the cooling event must account for its distinctive space-time evolution. Our analysis suggests that the most likely drivers were: 1) The “Great Salinity Anomaly” of the late 1960s; 2) An earlier warming of the subpolar North Atlantic, which may have led to a slow-down in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation; 3) An increase in anthropogenic sulphur dioxide emissions. Determining the relative importance of these factors is a key area for future work.