Wide Matching - An Approach to Improving Noise Robustness for Speech Enhancement

It is shown that under certain conditions it is possible to obtain a good speech estimate from noise without requiring noise estimation. We study an implementation of the theory, namely wide matching, for speech enhancement. The new approach performs sentence-wide joint speech segment estimation subject to maximum recognizability to gain noise robustness. Experiments have been conducted to evaluate the new approach with variable noises and SNRs from -5 dB to noise free. It is shown that the new approach, without any estimation of the noise, significantly outperformed conventional methods in the low SNR conditions while retaining comparable performance in the high SNR conditions. It is further suggested that the wide matching and deep learning approaches can be combined towards a highly robust and accurate speech estimator.

Improving Recall of Regular Expressions for Information Extraction

Learning or writing regular expressions to identify instances of a specific
concept within text documents with a high precision and recall is challenging.
It is relatively easy to improve the precision of an initial regular expression
by identifying false positives covered and tweaking the expression to avoid the
false positives. However, modifying the expression to improve recall is difficult
since false negatives can only be identified by manually analyzing all documents,
in the absence of any tools to identify the missing instances. We focus on partially
automating the discovery of missing instances by soliciting minimal user
feedback. We present a technique to identify good generalizations of a regular
expression that have improved recall while retaining high precision. We empirically
demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique as compared to
existing methods and show results for a variety of tasks such as identification of
dates, phone numbers, product names, and course numbers on real world datasets

Knowledge Management Techniques to Augment Textual CBR (PhD Thesis)

The past decade had witnessed an unprecedented growth in the amount of available digital content, and its volume is expected to continue to grow the next few years. Unstructured text data generated from web and enterprise sources form a large fraction of such content. Many of these contain large volumes of reusable data such as solutions to frequently occurring problems, and general know-how that may be reused in appropriate contexts. In this work, we address issues around leveraging unstructured text data from sources as diverse as the web and the enterprise within the Case-based Reasoning framework. Case-based Reasoning (CBR) provides a framework and methodology for systematic reuse of historical knowledge that is available in the form of problemsolution
pairs, in solving new problems. Here, we consider possibilities of enhancing Textual CBR systems under three main themes: procurement, maintenance and retrieval. We adapt and build upon the stateof-the-art techniques from data mining and natural language processing in addressing various challenges therein. Under procurement, we investigate the problem of extracting cases (i.e., problem-solution pairs) from data sources such as incident/experience
reports. We develop case-base maintenance methods specifically tuned to text targeted towards retaining solutions such that the utility of the filtered case base in solving new problems is maximized. Further, we address the problem of query suggestions for textual case-bases and show that exploiting the problem-solution partition can enhance retrieval effectiveness by prioritizing more useful query suggestions. Additionally, we illustrate interpretable clustering as a tool to drill-down to domain specific text collections (since CBR systems are usually very domain specific) and develop techniques for improved similarity assessment in social media sources such as microblogs. Through extensive empirical evaluations, we illustrate the improvements that we are able to
achieve over the state-of-the-art methods for the respective tasks.

The African Pediatric Fellowship Program: Training in Africa for Africans

Africa has a significant burden of childhood disease, with relatively few skilled health care professionals. The African Paediatric Fellowship Programme was developed by the Department of Pediatrics and Child Health at the University of Cape Town to provide relevant training for African child health professionals, by Africans, within Africa. Trainees identified by partner academic institutions spend 6 months to 2 years training in the Department of Pediatrics and allied disciplines. They then return to their home institution to build practice, training, research, and advocacy. From 2008 to 2015, 73 physicians have completed or are completing training in general pediatrics or a pediatric subspecialty. At 1 year posttraining, 98% to 100% are practicing back in their home institution. The impact of the returning fellows is evident from their practice interventions, research collaborations, and positions as stakeholders who can change health care policies. Thirty-three centers in 13 African countries are partners with the program, and the program template is now followed by other partner sites in Africa. Increasing and retaining the skills pool of African child health specialists is building a network of motivated, highly skilled clinicians who are equipped to advance child health in Africa.

Addiction to Runx1 is partially attenuated by loss of p53 in the Eµ-Myc lymphoma model

The Runx genes function as dominant oncogenes that collaborate potently with Myc or loss of p53 to induce lymphoma when over-expressed. Here we examined the requirement for basal Runx1 activity for tumor maintenance in the Eµ-Myc model of Burkitt's lymphoma. While normal Runx1fl/fl lymphoid cells permit mono-allelic deletion, primary Eµ-Myc lymphomas showed selection for retention of both alleles and attempts to enforce deletion in vivo led to compensatory expansion of p53null blasts retaining Runx1. Surprisingly, Runx1 could be excised completely from established Eµ-Myc lymphoma cell lines in vitro without obvious effects on cell phenotype. Established lines lacked functional p53, and were sensitive to death induced by introduction of a temperature-sensitive p53 (Val135) allele. Transcriptome analysis of Runx1-deleted cells revealed a gene signature associated with lymphoid proliferation, survival and differentiation, and included strong de-repression of recombination-activating (Rag) genes, an observation that was mirrored in a panel of human acute leukemias where RUNX1 and RAG1,2 mRNA expression were negatively correlated. Notably, despite their continued growth and tumorigenic potential, Runx1null lymphoma cells displayed impaired proliferation and markedly increased sensitivity to DNA damage and dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, validating Runx1 function as a potential therapeutic target in Myc-driven lymphomas regardless of their p53 status.

Characterization of bioactive compounds of dealcoholized wine: valuation of distillation process

O vinho tinto é uma importante fonte de compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante e que estão relacionados com a prevenção de doenças cardiovasculares e cancro. Estes compostos são um sub-produto do processo de destilação vínica utilizado para produzir aguardente necessária para a produção de Vinho do Porto. Esta tese tem como objetivo valorizar os compostos fenólicos resultantes das destilarias de vinho, através do estudo da sua composição, das interações com o material polimérico do vinho, da sua estabilidade durante o armazenamento e avaliação dos seus potenciais efeitos biológicos in vitro. Isto irá permitir definir aplicações para estes compostos como ingredientes alimentares com propriedades funcionais. Dois vinhos tintos (RW1 e RW2) foram utilizados como fonte de compostos fenólicos. A fim de estudar estes compostos, cada vinho foi evaporado à pressão atmosférica, permitindo obter o respetivo vinho desalcolizado (DW1 e DW2). Os polissacarídeos e compostos fenólicos presentes nos vinhos desalcolizados foram fracionados por extração em fase sólida utilizando cartuchos C18 sep-pak. A fração hidrofóbica, rica em compostos fenólicos, foi separada em frações ricas em ácidos fenólicos, em procianidinas e em antocianinas, as quais foram usadas para avaliar a sua contribuição para a atividade antioxidante total e caracterização fenólica detalhada dos DW. Foram obtidas quantidades comparáveis de compostos fenólicos totais (1.3 g/L para RW1 e DW1, e 3.1 para RW2 e DW2), de taninos (1.2 g/L para RW1 e DW1 e 1.6 para RW2 e DW2) e de antocianinas (0.24 g/L para RW1 e DW1 e 0.41 para RW2 e DW2) para os vinhos e para os respetivos vinhos desalcolizados. A determinação da atividade antioxidante de RW e DW pelos métodos do DPPH e ABTS também originou valores semelhantes, permitindo inferir que o processo de destilação realizado não promoveu uma perda relevante de compostos fenólicos. A atividade antioxidante total de vinho deveu-se essencialmente à fração rica em antocianinas. Os dois DW foram dialisados para se obter o material polimérico dos vinhos (WPM1 e WPM2). O WPM1 e WPM2 apresentavam 1.1 e 1.3 g/L de material sólido, respetivamente. O WPM (WPM1 e WPM2) era composto por polissacarídeos (31 e 36%), proteínas (10 e 12%) e também por compostos fenólicos (32 e 43%). A análise de açúcares mostrou que as manoproteínas e as arabinogalactanas eram os principais polissacarídeos presentes. A extração do WPM com metanol deu origem a um material insolúvel em metanol (PMi) e a uma fração solúvel em metanol, que continuava a conter hidratos de carbono e compostos fenólicos, mostrando uma forte interação entre estes compostos. Para determinar a energia de ativação (Ea) da libertação dos compostos fenólicos de fracções de material polimérico do vinho, foram realizadas diálises do DW, WPM e PMi, utilizando-se quatro concentrações diferentes, a cinco temperaturas (5-40 °C). O valor da Ea foi 25 para o WPM e 61 kJ/mol para o PMi, mostrando que os compostos fenólicos do vinho podem estar associados de forma diferente à matriz polimérica e que uma fração pode estar, ainda, fortemente associada a esta matriz. A fim de avaliar a possível existência de interações seletivas com os compostos fenólicos, o WPM foi fracionado, permitindo a obtenção de uma fração rica em manoproteínas (MP), através de uma cromatografia de afinidade com concanavalina A e 3 frações ricas em arabinogalactanas (AG0, AG1 e AG2) obtidas por cromatografia de troca aniónica. Foi avaliada a difusão de nove antocianinas monoméricas através de uma membrana de diálise, em presença do WPM, e das frações ricas em MP e em AG. A diálise dos compostos fenólicos livres do vinho foi realizada como ensaio em branco. Todas as frações poliméricas mostraram capacidade para reter as antocianinas, embora em diferente extensão. Foi observada uma capacidade de retenção maior para as antocianinas acilglucosiladas do que para as antocianinas glucosiladas. A fração rica em AG teve uma maior contribuição para a capacidade de retenção das antocianinas pelo material polimérico vinho do que a fração rica em MP, principalmente quando as antocianinas estavam acetiladas. Com o objetivo de estudar formas para preservar, a longo prazo, as propriedades antioxidantes dos compostos fenólicos, o extrato de compostos fenólicos (PCE), em pó, foi armazenado em diferentes condições de luz e atmosfera, à temperatura ambiente durante 1 ano. Observou-se que o PCE armazenado no escuro, dentro de um exsicador sob atmosfera de azoto, preservou 95% da atividade antioxidante inicial. Também foram avaliadas as melhores condições para preservar as antocianinas quando em solução, armazenadas a duas temperaturas (5 e 30 ºC) durante 3 meses. A adição de 0.5 g/L de uma fração rica em polissacarídeos a um vinho armazenado a 30 ºC promoveu a proteção das antocianinas, especialmente das antocianinas cumaroiladas. Os potenciais efeitos biológicos dos compostos fenólicos foram avaliados em diferentes sistemas celulares in vitro utilizando as seguintes frações: WPM, WPS (polissacarídeos do vinho), WPC (compostos fenólicos do vinho), PA-E (fração rica em ácidos fenólicos), PR-E (fração rica em procianidinas) e APP-E (fração rica em antocianinas e procianidinas poliméricas). Foi observada uma maior viabilidade celular quando as células do carcinoma do cólon HT-29 foram expostas a dois agentes oxidantes (radiação UV e H2O2) em presença das frações PR-E e APP-E. Além disso, os extratos WPS, WPC, PR-E e APP-E mostraram propriedades anti-inflamatórias, avaliadas pela inibição da produção de NO por células de macrófagos RAW264.7, sendo o extrato APP-E (0.19 mg/mL) o que exibiu a maior capacidade anti-inflamatória. A fim de elucidar as propriedades antioxidantes dos extratos do vinho em células humanas, os glóbulos vermelhos (RBC) foram selecionados como um modelo metabolicamente simples. Os extratos WPM, WPS, WPC, PR-E, e APP-E mostraram efeito anti-hemolítico para a hemólise dos RBC provocada pelo peróxido de hidrogénio (H2O2) e pelo di-hidrocloreto de 2,2'-azo-bis(2-diaminopropano) (AAPH). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o processo de desalcoolização dos vinhos à pressão atmosférica, preservou as principais características antioxidantes dos compostos fenólicos. Estes compostos podem contribuir para a defesa das células contra agentes oxidantes, nomeadamente por terem um potencial de atividades anti-inflamatória e anti-hemolítica, promovendo a viabilidade celular. A interação dos compostos fenólicos do vinho com o material polimérico permite inferir uma dosagem contínua e gradual das antocianinas vinho tinto após a sua ingestão, contribuindo para um período mais longo da sua exposição e, como consequência, dos seus potenciais benefícios para a saúde.

Integration of geochemical and biological modifications in mining areas: waters, sediments and diatoms

The development of mining activities over thousands of years in the region of Aljustrel is nowadays visible as a vast area of ore tailings, slag and host rocks of sulphides mineralization. The generation of acidic waters by the alteration of pyritic minerals - Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - causes a significant impact on the river system both in the south of the village (Rib ª. Água Forte) and in the north of it (Rib ª. Água Azeda and Barranco do Farrobo), which is reflected in extremely low pH values (< 3) and high concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn and sulphates. This study aimed to assess the environmental impacts extent, integrating geochemical (surface waters and stream sediments) and biological (diatoms) parameters. Three groups of sites were defined, based on sediments and water analysis, which integration with diatom data showed the same association of groups: Group 1- impacted, with acidic pH (1.9-5.1), high metal contents (0.4-1975 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate waters, being metals more bioavailable in waters in cationic form (Me2+); mineralogically the sediments were characterized by phyllosilicates and sulphates/oxy-hydroxysulphate phases, easily solubilized, retaining a high amount of metals when precipitated; dominant taxon was Pinnularia aljustrelica (a new species); Group 2- slightly impacted, weak acid to neutral pH (5.0-6.8), metal contents not so high (0.2-25 mg L-1) and Fe-Mg-sulphate to Mg-chloride waters; dominant taxa were Brachysira neglectissima and Achnanthidium minutissimum; Group 3- unimpacted, alkaline pH (7.0-8.4), low metal contents (0-7 mg L-1) with Mg-chloride waters. In this group, metals were associated to the primary phases (e.g. sulphides), not so easily available; the existence of high chloride contents explained the presence of typical taxa of brackish/marine (e.g. Entomoneis paludosa) waters. Taxonomical aspects of the diatoms were studied (discovery of a new species: Pinnularia aljustrelica Luis, Almeida et Ector sp. nov.), as well as morphometric (size decrease of diatoms valves, as well as the appearance of deformed valves of Eunotia exigua in Group 1 and A. minutissimum in Group 2) and physiological (effective to assess the effects of metals/acidity in the photosynthetic efficiency through PAM Fluorometry) aspects. A study was carried out in an artificial river system (microcosm) that aimed to mimic Aljustrel’s extreme conditions in controlled laboratory conditions. The chronic effects of Fe, SO42- and acidity in field biofilms, inoculated in the artificial rivers, were evaluated as well as their contribution to the communities’ tolerance to metal toxicity, through acute tests with two metals (Cu and Zn). In general, the effects caused by low pH values and high concentrations of Fe and SO42- were reflected at the community level by the decrease in diversity, the predominance of acidophilic species, the decrease in photosynthetic efficiency and the increase of enzymatic (e.g. catalase, superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic activities (e.g. total glutathione and total phytochelatins). However, it was possible to verify that acidity performed a protective effect in the communities, upon Cu and Zn addition. A comparative study between Aljustrel mining area and New Brunswick mining area was carried out, both with similar mining and geological conditions, reflected in similar diatom communities in both mines, but in very different geographic and climatic areas.

Expanded porphyrins and their evaluation as anion chemosensors

Expanded porphyrins are synthetic analogues of porphyrins, differing from the last ones and other naturally occurring tetrapyrrolic macrocycles by containing a larger central core, with a minimum of 17 atoms, while retaining the extended conjugation features that are a tremendous feature of these biological pigments. The core expansion results in various systems with novel spectral and electronic features, often uniques. Most of these systems can also coordinate cations and/or anions, and in some cases they can bind more than one of these species. In many cases, these molecules display structural features, such as non-planar structures, that have no antecedents in the chemistry of porphyrins or related macrocyclic compounds. This work will discuss several synthetic approaches for the synthesis of expanded porphyrins, namely the construction of new building blocks by Michael addition, as well as potential synthetic routes towards expanded porphyrins. The synthesis of smaller oligopyrrolic compounds namely, bipyrroles and dipyrromethanes, not only were developed for the synthesis of expanded porphyrins as they were also used in Knoevenagel condensations furnishing chromogenic compounds able to recognize different anions in solution. Also, an approach to the synthesis of novel expanded porphyrins namely sapphyrins has been done by aza-Michael additions. Several synthetic routes towards the synthesis of pyridyl and pyridinium N-Fused pentaphyrins and hexaphyrins have been explored in order to achieve compounds with potential applications in catalysis and PDI, respectively. Studies on the synthesis of compounds with potential anion binding properties, led to the structural characterization and NMR anion binding studies of [28]hexaphyrins functionalized with several diamines in the para position of their pentafluorophenyl groups. These compounds allow NH hydrogen bond interactions with various anions. All synthesized compounds were fully characterized by modern spectroscopic techniques.

Sustainability study of the application of geosynthetic clay liners in hostile and aggressive environments

This paper discusses the sustainable performance of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) which are popularly specified as “leachate retaining” or as “water proofing” membranes in the geo-environmental construction industry. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are composite matting comprising of bentonite clay with two covering geosynthetics. These are innovative labour saving construction material, developed over the last three decades. The paper outlines the variety of Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCLs) can be classified essentially into two distinctly different forms viz; (a) air dry (< 8% m/c) with granular or powdered bentonite or (b) bentonite cake factory prehydrated to a moisture content (~40% m/c) beyond its shrinkage limit and vacuum extruded as a clay cake to enhance its sustainable performance. The dominant mineral in bentonite clay is the three-layered (2:1) clay mineral montmorillonite. High quality bentonites need to be used in the GCL manufacture. Sodium montmorillonite has the desired characteristic of high swelling capacity, high cation exchange capacity and the consequently very low hydraulic conductivity, providing the basis for the hydraulic sealing medium in GCLs. These encapsulate the active montmorillonite clay minerals which depend on the water and chemical balance between the sealing element and the surrounding geo environment. Quantitative mineralogical analyses and an assessment of the adsorbed cation regime, diffusion coefficients and clay leachate compatibility must necessarily be an integral part of the site appraisal to ensure acceptable long term sustainability and performance. Factors influencing the desired performance of bentonite in the GCLs placed in difficult construction and hostile chemical environments are discussed in this paper. Accordingly, the performance specifications for GCLs are identified and the appropriateness of enhancing the cation exchange capacity with polymer treatment and the need for factory prehydration of the untreated sodium bentonite is emphasised. The advantage of factory prehydrating the polymer treated bentonite to fluid content beyond its shrinkage limit and subsequently factory processing it to develop laminated clay is to develop a GCL that has enviable sealing characteristics with a greater resistance to geochemical attack and cracking. Since clay liners are buried in the ground as base liners, capping layer or as structural water proofing membrane, they can easily avoid strict quality and performance monitoring being “out of sight, out of mind!”. It is very necessary that barrier design for leachate containment must necessarily be in accordance with legislative requirement Assessment of long term hydraulic conductivities and clay-leachate compatibility assessment is deemed necessary. The derogatory factors affecting the sustainable performance of the bentonite in GCLs placed in difficult construction and hostile chemical environments are discussed. Sustainability concepts incorporated in waste management practice must aim to achieve 100% recycling and fully implement the handling of solid waste in developing countries with relatively lower labour costs.

A corpus-based translation study on english-persian verb phrase ellipsis

Dissertação de mest., Natural Language Processing & Human Language Technology, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Univ. do Algarve, 2011

The First Year Experience of Occupational Therapy Students at an Australian Regional University: Promoting Student Retention and Developing a Regional and Remote Workforce

Abstract Objective: Student retention at regional universities is important in addressing regional and remote workforce shortages. Students attending regional universities are more likely to work in regional areas. First year experience at university plays a key role in student retention. This study aimed to explore factors influencing the first year experience of occupational therapy students at a regional Australian university. Design: Surveys were administered to 58 second year occupational therapy students in the first week of second year. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, inferential statistics (Pearson χ2; Spearman rho) and summarising descriptive responses. Setting: An Australian regional university. Participants: Second year undergraduate occupational therapy students. Main outcome measures: Factors influencing students’ decisions to study and continue studying occupational therapy; factors enhancing first year experience of university. Results: Fifty-four students completed the survey (93.1%). A quarter (25.9%) of students considered leaving the course during the first year. The primary influence for continuing was the teaching and learning experience. Most valued supports were orientation week (36.7%) and the first year coordinator (36.7%). Conclusion: The importance of the first year experience in retaining occupational therapy students is highlighted. Engagement with other students and staff and academic support are important factors in facilitating student retention. It is important to understand the unique factors influencing students’ decisions, particularly those from regional and remote areas, to enter and continue in tertiary education to assist in implementing supports and strategies to improve student retention.

Withdrawing from Atmosphere: An Ontology of Air partitioning and Affective Engineering

The main objective of this text is to warn against atmospherics. However comfortable it might appear, an atmosphere is politically suspicious because it numbs a body into an affective embrace of stability and permanence. It becomes doubly suspicious because a body desires to be part of the atmosphere. For this reason, I rethink both affect and atmosphere ontologically rather than phenomenologically. I argue that an atmosphere is engineered by subsuming individual affects to what I call, following Sloterdijk, an atmospheric glasshouse. I suggest that this happens in four steps: a distinction between inside and outside through partitioning; inclusion of the outside inside; illusion of synthesis; and dissimulation. In order to do this, I begin with air as the elemental paradox of ontological continuum and rupture. I carry on with the passage from air to atmosphere while retaining the discourse around continuum and rupture. Finally, I indicate a way of rupturing the atmospheric continuum through the ontological movement of withdrawal from the atmosphere. The ultimate goal of the article is to sketch a problematic of atmospherics that puts together without synthesising an elemental ontology of continuum and rupture.

Withdrawing from atmosphere: An ontology of air partitioning and affective engineering

The main objective of this text is to warn against atmospherics. However comfortable it might appear, an atmosphere is politically suspicious because it numbs a body into an affective embrace of stability and permanence. It becomes doubly suspicious because a body desires to be part of the atmosphere. For this reason, I rethink both affect and atmosphere ontologically rather than phenomenologically. I argue that an atmosphere is engineered by subsuming individual affects to what I call, following Sloterdijk, an atmospheric glasshouse. I suggest that this happens in four steps: a distinction between inside and outside through partitioning; inclusion of the outside inside; illusion of synthesis; and dissimulation. In order to do this, I begin with air as the elemental paradox of ontological continuum and rupture. I carry on with the passage from air to atmosphere while retaining the discourse around continuum and rupture. Finally, I indicate a way of rupturing the atmospheric continuum through the ontological movement of withdrawal from the atmosphere. The ultimate goal of the article is to sketch a problematic of atmospherics that puts together without synthesising an elemental ontology of continuum and rupture.

Contribution of direct electron transfer mechanisms to overall electron transfer in microbial fuel cells utilising Shewanella oneidensis as biocatalyst

Objectives To investigate the contribution of direct electron transfer mechanisms to electricity production in microbial fuel cells by physically retaining Shewanella oneidensis cells close to or away from the anode electrode. Results A maximum power output of 114 ± 6 mWm−2 was obtained when cells were retained close to the anode using a dialysis membrane. This was 3.5 times more than when the cells were separated away from the anode. Without the membrane the maximum power output was 129 ± 6 mWm−2. The direct mechanisms of electron transfer contributed significantly to overall electron transfer from S. oneidensis to electrodes, a result that was corroborated by another experiment where S. oneidensis cells were entrapped in alginate gels. Conclusion S. oneidensis transfers electrons primarily by direct electron transfer as opposed to mediated electron transfer.

Motivation among Hospital volunteers: an empirical analysis in Portugal

The purpose of this paper is to identify the different types of motivations in hospital volunteers. We present a literature review about different types of motivation and we collect data from hospital volunteers through a questionnaire. Four different motivation categories are identified: development and learning, altruism, career recognition and belonging and protection. The main motivations expressed are development and learning, followed by altruism. Belonging and protection, followed by career recognition are the least cited motivations. Career recognition is negatively correlated with age, and belonging/ protection is negatively correlated with education. That is, younger volunteers present more career recognition motives and less educated volunteers have more from protection and belonging. This study encompasses hospital volunteers and their motivations. The paper is useful to policy makers aiming to develop targeted approaches to attracting and retaining volunteers.