Rectangular room dimensions estimation using narrowband signal and sectorized antennas

A system for estimation of unknown rectangular room dimensions based on two radio transceivers, both capable of full duplex operations, is presented. The approach is based on CIR measurements taken at the same place where the signal is transmitted (generated), commonly known as self- to-self CIR. Another novelty is the receiver antenna design which consists of eight sectorized antennas with 45° aperture in the horizontal plane, whose total coverage corresponds to the isotropic one. The dimensions of a rectangular room are reconstructed directly from radio impulse responses by extracting the information regarding features like round trip time, received signal strength and reverberation time. Using radar approach the estimation of walls and corners positions are derived. Additionally, the analysis of the absorption coefficient of the test environment is conducted and a typical coefficient for office room with furniture is proposed. Its accuracy is confirmed through the results of volume estimation. Tests using measured data were performed, and the simulation results confirm the feasibility of the approach.

Self-positioning and mapping of rectangular rooms with sectorized narrowband antennas

A system for simultaneous 2D estimation of rectangular room and transceiver localization is proposed. The system is based on two radio transceivers, both capable of full duplex operations (simultaneous transmission and reception). This property enables measurements of channel impulse response (CIR) at the same place the signal is transmitted (generated), commonly known as self-to-self CIR. Another novelty of the proposed system is the spatial CIR discrimination that is possible with the receiver antenna design which consists of eight sectorized antennas with 45° aperture in the horizontal plane and total coverage equal to the isotropic one. The dimensions of a rectangular room are reconstructed directly from spatial radio impulse responses by extracting the information regarding round trip time (RTT). Using radar approach estimation of walls and corners positions is derived. Tests using measured data were performed, and the simulation results confirm the feasibility of the approach.

Placa ortotropa rectangular

Se estudia en este artículo un modo consistente de determinar la superficie de influencia o función de Green para una losa ortótropa rectangular, con dos bordes opuestos simplemente apoyados y en los otros dos con condiciones de bordes generales. La solución se presenta en forma matricial adecuada para el cálculo con ordenador.

Measurements of different acoustic conditions in small rectangular rooms

Impulse response measurements are carried out in laboratory facilities at Ecophon, Sweden, simulating a typical classroom with varying suspended ceilings and furniture arrangements. The aim of these measurements is to build a reliable database of acoustical parameters in order to have enough data to validate the new acoustical simulation tool which is under development at Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Denmark. The different classroom configurations are also simulated using ODEON Room Acoustics software and are compared with the measurements. The resulting information is essential for the development of the acoustical simulation tool because it will enable the elimination of prediction errors, especially those below the Schroeder frequency. The surface impedance of the materials used during the experiments is measured in a Kundt’s tube at DTU, in order to characterize them as accurately as possible at the time of incorporation into the model. A brief study about porous materials frequently used in classrooms is presented. Wide diferences are found between methods of measuring absorption coefficients and local or extended assumptions. RESUMEN. Mediciones de Respuesta al Impulso son llevadas a cabo en las instalaciones con que cuenta la empresa Ecophon en su sede central de Hyllinge, Suecia. En una de sus salas, se recrean diferentes configuraciones típicas de aula, variando la altura y composición de los techos, colocando paneles absorbentes de pared e incluyendo diferentes elementos mobiliario como pupitres y sillas. Tres diferentes materiales absorbentes porosos de 15, 20 y 50 mm de espesor, son utilizados como techos suspendidos así como uno de 40 mm es utilizado en forma de paneles. Todas las medidas son realizadas de acuerdo al estándar ISO 3382, utilizando 12 combinaciones de fuente sonora y micrófono para cada configuración, así como respetando las distancias entre ellos establecidas en la norma. El objetivo de toda esta serie de medidas es crear una base de datos de parámetros acústicos tales como tiempo de reverberación, índice de claridad o índice de inteligibilidad medidos bajo diferentes configuraciones con el objeto de que éstos sirvan de referencia para la validación de una nueva herramienta de simulación acústica llamada PARISM que está siendo desarrollada en este momento en la Danmarks Tekniske Universitet de Copenhague. Esta herramienta tendrá en cuenta la fase, tanto en propagación como en reflexión, así como el comportamiento angulodependiente de los materiales y la difusión producida por las superficies. Las diferentes configuraciones de aula recreadas en Hyllinge, son simuladas también utilizando el software de simulación acústica ODEON con el fin de establecer comparaciones entre medidas y simulaciones para discutir la validez de estas ultimas. La información resultante es esencial para el desarrollo de la nueva herramienta de simulación, especialmente los resultados por debajo de la frecuencia de corte de Schroeder, donde ODEON no produce predicciones precisas debido a que no tiene en cuenta la fase ni en propagación ni en reflexión. La impedancia de superficie de los materiales utilizados en los experimentos, todos ellos fabricados por la propia empresa Ecophon, es medida utilizando un tubo de Kundt. De este modo, los coeficientes de absorción de incidencia aleatoria son calculados e incorporados a las simulaciones. Además, estos coeficientes también son estimados mediante el modelo empírico de Miki, con el fin de ser comparados con los obtenidos mediante otros métodos. Un breve estudio comparativo entre coeficientes de absorción obtenidos por diversos métodos y el efecto producido por los materiales absorbentes sobre los tiempos de reverberación es realizado. Grandes diferencias son encontradas, especialmente entre los métodos de tubo de impedancia y cámara reverberante. La elección de reacción local o extendida a la hora de estimar los coeficientes también produce grandes diferencias entre los resultados. Pese a que la opción de absorción angular es activada en todas las simulaciones realizadas con ODEON para todos los materiales, los resultados son mucho más imprecisos de lo esperado a la hora de compararlos con los valores extraidos de las medidas de Respuesta al Impulso. En salas como las recreadas, donde una superficie es mucho más absorbente que las demás, las ondas sonoras tienden a incidir en la superficie altamente absorbente desde ángulos de incidencia muy pequeños. En este rango de ángulos de incidencia, las absorciones que presentan los materiales absorbentes porosos estudiados son muy pequeñas, pese a que sus valores de coeficientes de absorción de incidencia aleatoria son altos. Dado que como descriptor de las superficies en ODEON se utiliza el coeficiente de absorción de incidencia aleatoria, los tiempos de reverberación son siempre subestimados en las simulaciones, incluso con la opción de absorción angular activada. Esto es debido a que el algoritmo que ejecuta esta opción, solo tiene en cuenta el tamaño y posición de las superficies, mientras que el comportamiento angulodependiente es diferente para cada material. Es importante destacar, que cuando la opción es activada, los tiempos simulados se asemejan más a los medidos, por lo tanto esta característica sí produce ciertas mejoras pese a no modelar la angulodependencia perfectamente. Por otra parte, ODEON tampoco tiene en cuenta el fenómeno de difracción, ni acepta longitudes de superficie menores de una longitud de onda a frecuencias medias (30 cm) por lo que en las configuraciones que incluyen absorbentes de pared, los cuales presentan un grosor de 4 cm que no puede ser modelado, los tiempos de reverberación son siempre sobreestimados. Para evitar esta sobreestimación, diferentes métodos de correción son analizados. Todas estas deficiencias encontradas en el software ODEON, resaltan la necesidad de desarrollar cuanto antes la herramienta de simulación acústica PARISM, la cual será capaz de predecir el comportamiento del campo sonoro de manera precisa en este tipo de salas, sin incrementar excesivamente el tiempo de cálculo. En cuanto a los parámetros extraidos de las mediciones de Respuesta al Impulso, bajo ninguna de las configuraciones recreadas los tiempos de reverberación cumplen con las condiciones establecidas por la regulación danesa en materia de edificación. Es importante destacar que los experimentos son llevados a cabo en un edificio construido para uso industrial, en el que, pese a contar con un buen aislamiento acústico, los niveles de ruido pueden ser superiores a los existentes dentro del edificio donde finalmente se ubique el aula. Además, aunque algunos elementos de mobiliario como pupitres y sillas son incluidos, en una configuración real de aula normalmente aparecerían algunos otros como taquillas, que no solo presentarían una mayor absorción, sino que también dispersarían las ondas incidentes produciendo un mejor funcionamiento del techo absorbente. Esto es debido a que las ondas incidirían en el techo desde una mayor variedad de ángulos, y no solo desde ángulos cercanos a la dirección paralela al techo, para los cuales los materiales presentan absorciones muy bajas o casi nulas. En relación a los otros parámetros como índice de claridad o índice de inteligibilidad extraidos de las medidas, no se han podido extraer conclusiones válidas dada la falta de regulación existente. Sin embargo, el efecto que produce sobre ellos la inclusión de techos, paneles de pared y mobiliario sí es analizada, concluyendo que, como era de esperar, los mejores resultados son obtenidos cuando todos los elementos están presentes en la sala en el mismo momento.

Maintaining distances with the engineer: patterns of coexistence in plant communities beyond the patch-bare dichotomy

Two-phase plant communities with an engineer conforming conspicuous patches and affecting the performance and patterns of coexisting species are the norm under stressful conditions. To unveil the mechanisms governing coexistence in these communities at multiple spatial scales, we have developed a new point-raster approach of spatial pattern analysis, which was applied to a Mediterranean high mountain grassland to show how Festuca curvifolia patches affect the local distribution of coexisting species. We recorded 22 111 individuals of 17 plant perennial species. Most coexisting species were negatively associated with F. curvifolia clumps. Nevertheless, bivariate nearest-neighbor analyses revealed that the majority of coexisting species were confined at relatively short distances from F. curvifolia borders (between 0-2 cm and up to 8 cm in some cases). Our study suggests the existence of a fine-scale effect of F. curvifolia for most species promoting coexistence through a mechanism we call 'facilitation in the halo'. Most coexisting species are displaced to an interphase area between patches, where two opposite forces reach equilibrium: attenuated severe conditions by proximity to the F. curvifolia canopy (nutrient-rich islands) and competitive exclusion mitigated by avoiding direct contact with F. curvifolia.

Improving the pass-band return loss in liquid crystal dual-mode bandpass filters by microstrip patch reshaping

In this paper, the design and experimental characterization of a tunable microstrip bandpass filter based on liquid crystal technology are presented. A reshaped microstrip dual-mode filter structure has been used in order to improve the device performance. Specifically, the aim is to increase the pass-band return loss of the filter by narrowing the filter bandwidth. Simulations confirm the improvement of using this new structure, achieving a pass-band return loss increase of 1.5 dB at least. Because of the anisotropic properties of LC molecules, a filter central frequency shift from 4.688 GHz to 5.045 GHz, which means a relative tuning range of 7.3%, is measured when an external AC voltage from 0 Vrms to 15 Vrms is applied to the device.

Patch-clamp and amperometric recordings from norepinephrine transporters: Channel activity and voltage-dependent uptake

Transporters for the biogenic amines dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin are largely responsible for transmitter inactivation after release. They also serve as high-affinity targets for a number of clinically relevant psychoactive agents, including antidepressants, cocaine, and amphetamines. Despite their prominent role in neurotransmitter inactivation and drug responses, we lack a clear understanding of the permeation pathway or regulation mechanisms at the single transporter level. The resolution of radiotracer-based flux techniques limits the opportunities to dissect these problems. Here we combine patch-clamp recording techniques with microamperometry to record the transporter-mediated flux of norepinephrine across isolated membrane patches. These data reveal voltage-dependent norepinephrine flux that correlates temporally with antidepressant-sensitive transporter currents in the same patch. Furthermore, we resolve unitary flux events linked with bursts of transporter channel openings. These findings indicate that norepinephrine transporters are capable of transporting neurotransmitter across the membrane in discrete shots containing hundreds of molecules. Amperometry is used widely to study neurotransmitter distribution and kinetics in the nervous system and to detect transmitter release during vesicular exocytosis. Of interest regarding the present application is the use of amperometry on inside-out patches with synchronous recording of flux and current. Thus, our results further demonstrate a powerful method to assess transporter function and regulation.

Voltage-induced membrane displacement in patch pipettes activates mechanosensitive channels

The patch-clamp technique allows currents to be recorded through single ion channels in patches of cell membrane in the tips of glass pipettes. When recording, voltage is typically applied across the membrane patch to drive ions through open channels and to probe the voltage-sensitivity of channel activity. In this study, we used video microscopy and single-channel recording to show that prolonged depolarization of a membrane patch in borosilicate pipettes results in delayed slow displacement of the membrane into the pipette and that this displacement is associated with the activation of mechanosensitive (MS) channels in the same patch. The membrane displacement, ≈1 μm with each prolonged depolarization, occurs after variable delays ranging from tens of milliseconds to many seconds and is correlated in time with activation of MS channels. Increasing the voltage step shortens both the delay to membrane displacement and the delay to activation. Preventing depolarization-induced membrane displacement by applying positive pressure to the shank of the pipette or by coating the tips of the borosilicate pipettes with soft glass prevents the depolarization-induced activation of MS channels. The correlation between depolarization-induced membrane displacement and activation of MS channels indicates that the membrane displacement is associated with sufficient membrane tension to activate MS channels. Because membrane tension can modulate the activity of various ligand and voltage-activated ion channels as well as some transporters, an apparent voltage dependence of a channel or transporter in a membrane patch in a borosilicate pipette may result from voltage-induced tension rather than from direct modulation by voltage.

Mutagenesis in the C-terminal region of human interleukin 5 reveals a central patch for receptor alpha chain recognition.

Cassette mutagenesis was used to identify side chains in human interleukin 5 (hIL-5) that mediate binding to hIL-5 receptor alpha chain (hIL-5R alpha). A series of single alanine substitutions was introduced into a stretch of residues in the C-terminal region, including helix D, which previously had been implicated in receptor alpha chain recognition and which is aligned on the IL-5 surface so as to allow the topography of receptor binding residues to be examined. hIL-5 and single site mutants were expressed in COS cells, their interactions with hIL-5R alpha were measured by a sandwich surface plasmon resonance biosensor method, and their biological activities were measured by an IL-5-dependent cell proliferation assay. A pattern of mutagenesis effects was observed, with greatest impact near the interface between the two four-helix bundles of IL-5, in particular at residues Glu-110 and Trp-111, and least at the distal ends of the D helices. This pattern suggests the possibility that residues near the interface of the two four-helix bundles in hIL-5 comprise a central patch or hot spot, which constitutes an energetically important alpha chain recognition site. This hypothesis suggests a structural explanation for the 1:1 stoichiometry observed for the complex of hIL-5 with hIL-5R alpha.

Real-time 3D semi-local surface patch extraction using GPGPU

Feature vectors can be anything from simple surface normals to more complex feature descriptors. Feature extraction is important to solve various computer vision problems: e.g. registration, object recognition and scene understanding. Most of these techniques cannot be computed online due to their complexity and the context where they are applied. Therefore, computing these features in real-time for many points in the scene is impossible. In this work, a hardware-based implementation of 3D feature extraction and 3D object recognition is proposed to accelerate these methods and therefore the entire pipeline of RGBD based computer vision systems where such features are typically used. The use of a GPU as a general purpose processor can achieve considerable speed-ups compared with a CPU implementation. In this work, advantageous results are obtained using the GPU to accelerate the computation of a 3D descriptor based on the calculation of 3D semi-local surface patches of partial views. This allows descriptor computation at several points of a scene in real-time. Benefits of the accelerated descriptor have been demonstrated in object recognition tasks. Source code will be made publicly available as contribution to the Open Source Point Cloud Library.

Fire resistance of wooden cellular slabs with rectangular perforations

This paper presents a numerical approach with finite element method in order to predict both the behaviour and the performance of the wooden slabs with rectangular perforations under fire exposure. These typical constructions have good sound absorption, thermal insulation and relevant architectonic features, they are used in many civil engineering applications. These slabs are normally installed at lower level in building constructions essentially due to an easy maintenance requisite. Depending on the installation requirement, the perforated wooden slabs could have an additional insulation material inside the cavities. The proposed numerical model could be applied to different design constructive slab solutions. For this purpose a 3D numerical simulation was conducted with particular attention to the wood thermal properties variation with temperature. The numerical results were compared with those obtained experimentally in laboratory, for two wooden slabs. The fire resistance (performance criteria related to the insulation (I) and integrity (E)) was evaluated, as well as the effect of rectangular perforations into the residual cross section of the slab. This study was conducted in accordance with European Standard EN 1365-2 and using a fire resistance furnace which complies the requirements of EN 1363-1 in the experimental test.