Systematics of Epyris (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from reserva biológica de duas bocas, Espírito Santo, Brazil

Epyris longus sp. nov., Epyris paramedius sp. nov., Epyris distinctus sp. nov. and Epyris variatus sp. nov. from Reserva Biológica de Duas Bocas, Espírito Santo, Brazil are described and illustrated. Examination of additional specimens of Epyris crassifemur Evans, 1969 allowed to analyse the intraspecific variation as well as to widen the geographic distribution from Santa Catarina to Espírito Santo. Epyris Westwood, 1832 is recorded for the first time in Espírito Santo.

(Re-) Shaping hatred: Anti-Semitic attitudes in Germany, 1890-2006

In this paper, we assess the determinants of long-run persistence of localculture, and examine the success of policy interventions designed to change attitudes.We analyze anti-Semitic attitudes drawing on individual-level survey results fromGermany s social value survey in 1996 and 2006. On average, we find that historicalvoting patterns for anti-Semitic parties between 1890 and 1933 are powerfulpredictors of anti-Jewish attitudes today. There is evidence that transmission takesplace both vertically (parent to child) and horizontally (among peers). Policy modifiedGerman views on Jews in important ways: The cohort that grew up under the Naziregime shows significantly higher levels of anti-Semitism. After 1945, the victoriousAllies implemented denazification programs in their zones of occupation. We usedifferences in these policies between the occupying powers as a source of identifyingvariation. The US and French zones today still show high anti-Semitism, reflecting anambitious botched attempt at denazification. In contrast, the British and Soviet zones,register much lower levels of Jew-hatred.

Endogenous spillovers, increased competition and re-organization waves

We consider an entrepreneur that is the sole producer of a costreducing skill, but the entrepreneur that hires a team to usethe skill cannot prevent collusive trade for the innovation related knowledge between employees and competitors. We showthat there are two types of diffusion avoiding strategies forthe entrepreneur to preempt collusive communication i) settingup a large productive capacity (the traditional firm) and ii)keeping a small team (the lean firm). The traditional firm ischaracterized by its many "marginal" employees that work shortdays, receive flat wages and are incompletely informed about the innovation. The lean firm is small in number of employees,engages in complete information sharing among members, that are paid with stock option schemes. We find that the lean firm is superior to the traditional firm when technological entry costsare low and when the sector is immature.

Isotopic variation across the Audubon's-myrtle warbler hybrid zone.

Differences in seasonal migratory behaviours are thought to be an important component of reproductive isolation in many organisms. Stable isotopes have been used with success in estimating the location and qualities of disjunct breeding and wintering areas. However, few studies have used isotopic data to estimate the movements of hybrid offspring in species that form hybrid zones. Here, we use stable hydrogen to estimate the wintering locations and migratory patterns of two common and widespread migratory birds, Audubon's (Setophaga auduboni) and myrtle (S. coronata) warblers, as well as their hybrids. These two species form a narrow hybrid zone with extensive interbreeding in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia and Alberta, Canada, which has been studied for over four decades. Isotopes in feathers grown on the wintering grounds or early on migration reveal three important patterns: (1) Audubon's and myrtle warblers from allopatric breeding populations winter in isotopically different environments, consistent with band recovery data and suggesting that there is a narrow migratory transition between the two species, (2) most hybrids appear to overwinter in the south-eastern USA, similar to where myrtle warblers are known to winter, and (3) some hybrid individuals, particularly those along the western edge of the hybrid zone, show Audubon's-like isotopic patterns. These data suggest there is a migratory divide between these two species, but that it is not directly coincident with the centre of the hybrid zone in the breeding range. We interpret these findings and discuss them within the context of previous research on hybrid zones, speciation and migratory divides.

The male of Mischocyttarus nomurae Richards, with a re-examination of the limits and contents of the M. cerberus species group (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae, Mischocyttarini)

The male of Mischocyttarus nomurae Richards, 1978 is described for the first time, and relationships between this and other similar species are discussed in a context of redefining the limits of the M. cerberus species group.

Source inference of exogenous gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) administered to humans by means of carbon isotopic ratio analysis: novel perspectives regarding forensic investigation and intelligence issues.

γ-Hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is an endogenous short-chain fatty acid popular as a recreational drug due to sedative and euphoric effects, but also often implicated in drug-facilitated sexual assaults owing to disinhibition and amnesic properties. Whilst discrimination between endogenous and exogenous GHB as required in intoxication cases may be achieved by the determination of the carbon isotope content, such information has not yet been exploited to answer source inference questions of forensic investigation and intelligence interests. However, potential isotopic fractionation effects occurring through the whole metabolism of GHB may be a major concern in this regard. Thus, urine specimens from six healthy male volunteers who ingested prescription GHB sodium salt, marketed as Xyrem(®), were analysed by means of gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to assess this particular topic. A very narrow range of δ(13)C values, spreading from -24.810/00 to -25.060/00, was observed, whilst mean δ(13)C value of Xyrem(®) corresponded to -24.990/00. Since urine samples and prescription drug could not be distinguished by means of statistical analysis, carbon isotopic effects and subsequent influence on δ(13)C values through GHB metabolism as a whole could be ruled out. Thus, a link between GHB as a raw matrix and found in a biological fluid may be established, bringing relevant information regarding source inference evaluation. Therefore, this study supports a diversified scope of exploitation for stable isotopes characterized in biological matrices from investigations on intoxication cases to drug intelligence programmes.

Seeing the Wood through the Trees: The Current State of Higher Systematics in the Strepsirhini.

Strepsirhines comprise 10 living or recently extinct families, ≥50% of extant primate families. Their phylogenetic relationships have been intensively studied, but common topologies have only recently emerged; e.g. all recent reconstructions link the Lepilemuridae and Cheirogaleidae. The position of the indriids, however, remains uncertain, and molecular studies have placed them as the sister to every clade except Daubentonia, the preferred sister group of morphologists. The node subtending Afro-Asian lorisids has been similarly elusive. We probed these phylogenetic inconsistencies using a test data set including 20 strepsirhine taxa and 2 outgroups represented by 3,543 mtDNA base pairs, and 43 selected morphological characters, subjecting the data to maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, and reconstructing topology and node ages jointly from the molecular data using relaxed molecular clock analyses. Our permutations yielded compatible but not identical evolutionary histories, and currently popular techniques seem unable to deal adequately with morphological data. We investigated the influence of morphological characters on tree topologies, and examined the effect of taxon sampling in two experiments: (1) we removed the molecular data only for 5 endangered Malagasy taxa to simulate 'extinction leaving a fossil record'; (2) we removed both the sequence and morphological data for these taxa. Topologies were affected more by the inclusion of morphological data only, indicating that palaeontological studies that involve inserting a partial morphological data set into a combined data matrix of extant species should be interpreted with caution. The gap of approximately 10 million years between the daubentoniid divergence and those of the other Malagasy families deserves more study. The apparently contemporaneous divergence of African and non-daubentoniid Malagasy families 40-30 million years ago may be related to regional plume-induced uplift followed by a global period of cooling and drying. © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Análise da (re) Configuração do Espaço Geográfico Estudo de Caso: Bairro de Lém-Cachorro – Cidade da Praia – Ilha de Santiago – Cabo Verde

Espaço geográfico é o objecto de estudo da Geografia. Ele é um conjunto constituído por objectos naturais - gerados pela natureza, objectos artificiais - produzidos pelo homem e pelas acções humanas impregnadas de objectivos e finalidades. Os objectos e as acções encontram-se interligados e, é dessa forma que orientam a reorganização espacial. Por isso, não são analisados de forma isolada pela Geografia: só os objectos ou só as acções. Considera-se que o perfil da sociedade encontra-se em constante alteração, como por exemplo, um modelo social de produção e consumo antes tido como padrão vem sendo substituído por modelos mais modernos com elevado grau de exigência e satisfação. Essa condição de modernidade é dada pelo contínuo desenvolvimento do meio científico e tecnológico. Assim, essa mudança no perfil de produção e de consumo permite ao ser humano desfrutar de práticas e conhecimentos antes considerados impossíveis. Por outro lado é importante observar que estas mudanças ocorrem e repercutem no espaço sob forma de elementos artificiais com ampla capacidade de comportar funções. Tal fato atribui novas configurações dentro do espaço urbano. Nessa perspectiva procura-se com este trabalho analisar a reconfiguração do espaço geográfico do bairro de Lém-Cachorro – cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde, contemplando o princípio da Geografia crítica, de não neutralidade dos aspectos políticos, sociais e económicos no estudo da realidade geográfica. Pois o engajamento de todos esses aspectos evitará contradições e enganos, além de favorecer uma leitura com elevado grau de aproximação da realidade do bairro de Lém-Cachorro. Espaço geográfico é o objecto de estudo da Geografia. Ele é um conjunto constituído por objectos naturais - gerados pela natureza, objectos artificiais - produzidos pelo homem e pelas acções humanas impregnadas de objectivos e finalidades. Os objectos e as acções encontram-se interligados e, é dessa forma que orientam a reorganização espacial. Por isso, não são analisados de forma isolada pela Geografia: só os objectos ou só as acções. Considera-se que o perfil da sociedade encontra-se em constante alteração, como por exemplo, um modelo social de produção e consumo antes tido como padrão vem sendo substituído por modelos mais modernos com elevado grau de exigência e satisfação. Essa condição de modernidade é dada pelo contínuo desenvolvimento do meio científico e tecnológico. Assim, essa mudança no perfil de produção e de consumo permite ao ser humano desfrutar de práticas e conhecimentos antes considerados impossíveis. Por outro lado é importante observar que estas mudanças ocorrem e repercutem no espaço sob forma de elementos artificiais com ampla capacidade de comportar funções. Tal fato atribui novas configurações dentro do espaço urbano. Nessa perspectiva procura-se com este trabalho analisar a reconfiguração do espaço geográfico do bairro de Lém-Cachorro – cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde, contemplando o princípio da Geografia crítica, de não neutralidade dos aspectos políticos, sociais e económicos no estudo da realidade geográfica. Pois o engajamento de todos esses aspectos evitará contradições e enganos, além de favorecer uma leitura com elevado grau de aproximação da realidade do bairro de Lém-Cachorro.Espaço geográfico é o objecto de estudo da Geografia. Ele é um conjunto constituído por objectos naturais - gerados pela natureza, objectos artificiais - produzidos pelo homem e pelas acções humanas impregnadas de objectivos e finalidades. Os objectos e as acções encontram-se interligados e, é dessa forma que orientam a reorganização espacial. Por isso, não são analisados de forma isolada pela Geografia: só os objectos ou só as acções. Considera-se que o perfil da sociedade encontra-se em constante alteração, como por exemplo, um modelo social de produção e consumo antes tido como padrão vem sendo substituído por modelos mais modernos com elevado grau de exigência e satisfação. Essa condição de modernidade é dada pelo contínuo desenvolvimento do meio científico e tecnológico. Assim, essa mudança no perfil de produção e de consumo permite ao ser humano desfrutar de práticas e conhecimentos antes considerados impossíveis. Por outro lado é importante observar que estas mudanças ocorrem e repercutem no espaço sob forma de elementos artificiais com ampla capacidade de comportar funções. Tal fato atribui novas configurações dentro do espaço urbano. Nessa perspectiva procura-se com este trabalho analisar a reconfiguração do espaço geográfico do bairro de Lém-Cachorro – cidade da Praia – Cabo Verde, contemplando o princípio da Geografia crítica, de não neutralidade dos aspectos políticos, sociais e económicos no estudo da realidade geográfica. Pois o engajamento de todos esses aspectos evitará contradições e enganos, além de favorecer uma leitura com elevado grau de aproximação da realidade do bairro de Lém-Cachorro. Assim, assume-se como metodologia o estudo de caso dentro de uma abordagem dedutiva. Optou-se por essa metodologia por permitir um elevado grau de detalhamento das condições geográficas do bairro e a construção de cadeias de raciocínio que conduzem a conclusões específicas. Com essa metodologia, tem-se a garantia do alcance do objectivo geral da pesquisa que é analisar a reconfiguração geográfica de Lém-Cachorro, bem como dos objectivos específicos que são: caracterizar a área de estudo, aplicar os conceitos relativos a espaço geográfico e analisar a reconfiguração da paisagem geográfica do bairro.

Crises and growth: A re-evaluation

We address the question of whether growth and welfare can be higher in crisis prone economies. First, we show that there is a robust empirical link between per-capita GDP growth and negative skewness of credit growth across countries with active financial markets. That is, countries that have experienced occasional crises have grown on average faster than countries with smooth credit conditions. We then present a two-sector endogenous growth model in which financial crises can occur, and analyze the relationship between financial fragility and growth. The underlying credit market imperfections generateborrowing constraints, bottlenecks and low growth. We show that under certain conditions endogenous real exchange rate risk arises and firms find it optimal to take on credit risk in the form of currency mismatch. Along such a risky path average growth is higher, but self-fulfilling crises occur occasionally. Furthermore, we establish conditions under which the adoption of credit risk is welfare improving and brings the allocation nearer to the Pareto optimal level. The design of the model is motivated by several features of recent crises: credit risk in the form of foreign currency denominated debt; costly crises that generate firesales and widespread bankruptcies; and asymmetric sectorial responses, wherethe nontradables sector falls more than the tradables sector in the wake of crises.

Consumer Advisory Bulletin, International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!, April 2004

The Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division receives hundreds of calls and consumer complaints every year. Follow these tips to avoid unexpected expense and disappointments. This record is about: International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!

Consumer Advisory Bulletin, International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!, April 2004

The Attorney General’s Consumer Protection Division receives hundreds of calls and consumer complaints every year. Follow these tips to avoid unexpected expense and disappointments. This record is about: International Lottery Schemes: You're the Loser!