Pró-Saúde e os quarenta anos de integração docente-assistencial da Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba - Unicamp

Para formar recursos humanos adequadamente preparados para trabalhar no SUS, é importante uma mudança qualitativa no ensino de graduação. Identificada com esses pressupostos, a FOP vem-se empenhado em construir um novo modelo de ensino voltado a atender às demandas de formação. Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar a experiência da FOP na integração docente-assistencial. No primeiro ano da graduação, os alunos têm contato com a Atenção Básica e Secundária por meio de visitas guiadas. No segundo ano, prioriza-se as formas de promoção e prevenção das principais doenças em Odontologia e, no terceiro ano, são abordados temas de saúde coletiva. No último ano do curso, os alunos fazem seu estágio supervisionado em uma das seis USFs. Essa experiência é realizada em 64 horas divididas nos dois semestres. O programa é desenvolvido de forma integral (8 horas/dia) em quatro dias consecutivos em uma mesma semana. Pode-se concluir que essa atividade possibilita a experiência de praticar os conhecimentos auxiliando significativamente na formação profissional, na dinâmica do trabalho, na interação com a pós-graduação, além da quebra de preconceitos relativos ao serviço.

Riparian vegetation affected by bank erosion in the Lower São Francisco River, Northeastern Brazil

Changes in the hydrological regime of the Lower São Francisco River, located in Northeastern Brazil have brought negative environmental impacts, jeopardizing the flora and fauna of a global biodiversity hotspot, due to implementation of hydroelectric power dams and surface water withdrawal for irrigation in public and private perimeters. Remnants of the riparian stratum associated to the riverbank destabilization in six fragments were studied by surveying trees, shrubs, herbs, and aquatic species. The calculation of the Factor of Safety (FS) was performed in order to understand the riverbank's stability related to soil texture and vegetation cover. An overall number of 51 botanic families distributed in 71 genera and 79 species were recorded, predominantly from the families Mimosaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fabaceae. The fragmented riparian vegetation is mostly covered by secondary species under a strong anthropogenic impact such as deforestation, mining and irrigation, with an advanced erosion process in the river margins. Strong species that withstand the waves present in the river flow are needed to reduce the constant landslides that are mainly responsible for the river sedimentation and loss of productive lands. A lack of preservation attitude among the local landholders was identified, and constitutes a continuing threat to the riparian ecosystem biodiversity.

A comparative study of four tree species used in riparian forest restoration along Uruguay River, Brazil

Silvicultural and ecological knowledge about tree species is basic to restoration planning, particularly in high diversity regions. Here we present a comparison of four native tree species from the middle Uruguay River basin, Brazil-Argentine frontier: Heliocarpus americanus L. (Malvaceae), Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. (Moraceae), Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) and Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) Arrab. ex Steud. (Boraginaceae). We obtained data on initial growth, light interception, litterfall and litter mineral contents. H. americanus presented the greatest height and the lowest value of height/crown width ratio. H. americanus and M. tinctoria presented the highest light interception rate (>94 %) and highest litterfall (879 ± 151 and 792 ± 164 g·m-2·year-1, respectively). For the set of species, the lowest litterfall occurred between July and September. H. americanus presented the highest K concentration (1.13%) in the litter, while C. trichotoma had the highest values of Ca and Mg (6.35 and 2.02 %, respectively). S. terebinthifolius had the lowest light interception rate and litter mineral content.

Comparação entre videografia e fotografia aérea para diagnóstico da vegetação em ambiente urbano de Piracicaba, SP

No planejamento urbano, um bom diagnóstico da presença de vegetação serve como subsídio na elaboração de um plano de ação para implantar espaços verdes e administrar a cobertura arbórea existente. Este estudo compara a eficiência das técnicas de videografia e fotografia aérea para caracterizar vegetação urbana por meio do Índice de Cobertura Vegetal em Áreas Urbanas (ICVAU) e do Índice de Verde por Habitante (IVH). O local do estudo situa-se na cidade de Piracicaba, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Para validar os métodos, foram utilizados Exatidão Geral e Índice de Kappa. A Exatidão Global foi de 88% para a fotografia aérea e de 93% para a videografia, enquanto que o Índice de Kappa foi acima de 85%, para as duas técnicas. Esses valores mostraram que caracterização da vegetação urbana foi feita de maneira coerente com a realidade, tanto para fotografia aérea, como para videografia. Os valores obtidos foram: ICVAU = 18,41% (fotografia aérea) e 16,48% (videografia); IVH = 116,93m2/hab (fotografia aérea) e 65,21 m2/hab (videografia). O ICVAU e o IVH mostraram que essa é uma área com uma porcentagem razoável de verde. A videografia foi mais eficiente para calcular o (ICVAU) e o (IVH) que a fotografia aérea. A videografia também foi o método mais adequado para avaliação para o estudo de árvores de calçadas.

Propagation through cutting technique of species ocurring in the Lower São Francisco River in Sergipe State with different concentrations of indolbutiric acid

The objective of this work was to evaluate the feasibility of vegetative propagation through cutting technique of seven tree species with strong occurrence in the riparian forest of the Lower São Francisco River in Sergipe State, under different concentrations of indolbutiric acid at 0, 2500, and 5000 mg.L-1, for potentialization of its use in soil bioengineering technique. It was used a complete random block design with three replicates, and a total of twenty-one treatments. The evaluation period was 120 days for each species, and the data collection was made in intervals of fifteen days, in a total of eight evaluations for each species. The evaluated parameters were: Survival Rate, callus formation, and Root Dry matter Weight. Among the studied species, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi presented the best results related to cutting technique mainly under the indolbutiric acid concentration of 2500 mg.L-1.

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND PRODUCTION OF COPAIBA OLEORESIN BETWEEN VALLEYS AND HILLSIDES OF THE MINING AREA OFTROMBETAS RIVER - PARÁ1

ABSTRACT We aimed in this work to study natural populations of copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) on the Monte Branco mountain at Porto Trombetas-PA, in order to support sustainable management and the exploitation of oleoresin from copaiba. We studied the population structure of copaiba on hillsides and valleys of the south face of Monte Branco, within Saracá Taquera National Forest, where bauxite ore was extracted in the biennium 2013-2014 by Mineração Rio do Norte (MRN). We produced a 100% forest inventory of the specie and of oleoresin extraction in order to quantify the potential production of the remaining area. The density of copaiba individuals with DBH > 30 cm was 0.33 individuals per hectare in the hillside and 0.25 individuals per hectare in the valley. Both environments presented a density of 0.28 individuals per hectare. The average copaiba oleoresin yield was 0.661±0.334 liters in the hillside and 0.765±0.280 liters in the valley. The average value of both environments together (hillside and valley) was 0.714±0.218 liters. From all individuals with DBH over 30 cm, 38 (58%) produced some amount of oleoresin, averaging 1.113±0.562 liters in the hillside, 1.329±0.448 liters in the valley and 1.190±0.355 liters in both environments together. The results show the need for planning the use of the surroundings of the study area in order to reach the required volume of copaiba to make feasible the sustainable management of oleoresin extraction in the region.

METHODOLOGY FOR AUTOMATICALLY DELIMITING PERMANENT PRESERVATION AREAS ALONG WATER COURSES - THE USE OF GIS IN THE HYDROLOGICAL BASIN OF THE SERGIPE RIVER, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) along watercourses have been the focus of numerous studies, not only because of the fragility and ecological relevance of riverine vegetation, but also because of the inefficiency demonstrated in conforming to the legislation protecting it. One of the major difficulties encountered in terms of guaranteeing the effective conservation of these riverside areas is the absence of methodologies that can be used to define them rapidly and accurately without manually determining the widths of the rivers or assigning only uniform linear values for the entire watercourse. The present work sought to develop a spatial analysis methodology capable of automatically defining permanent preservation areas along watercourses using geographic information system (GIS) software. The present study was undertaken in the Sergipe River basin, "considering the river itself and its principal affluents. We used the database of the Digital Atlas of Hydrological Resources (SEMARH/SE), and the delimitations of the PPAs were performed using ArcGIS 10.1 and the XToolPro 9.0 extension. A total of 5,003.82 hectares of Permanent Preservation Areas were delimited along the margins of the rivers analyzed, with a margin of error of <1% in delimiting the widths of the rivers within the entire area considered. The methodology described here can be used to define PPAs efficiently, relatively rapidly, and with very small margins of error, thus representing a technological advance in terms of using GIS for land management.

Média diária do déficit de pressão de saturação do vapor d'água do ar e sua influência na vapotranspiração de referência pelo modelo de penman-monteith (FAO 56) em Piracicaba - SP

Utilizando-se como padrão as medidas lisimétricas de um gramado, avaliaram-se os resultados de estimativas de ETo obtidas com Dar_méd oriundos de 14 métodos para seu cálculo. Tais comparações permitiram separar os métodos de cálculo de Dar_méd em três grupos, ou seja: um grupo resultou sempre em superestimativa de ETo; em outro, a tendência foi de sempre subestimar, e no último a tendência foi de superestimar valores baixos (< 4,5 mm dia-1) e de subestimar valores altos de ETo. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (teste t; p < 0,05) de ETo, em função dos métodos de Dar_méd ao utilizar a média horária da temperatura e/ou umidade relativa do ar em relação aos determinados com a média dos valores máximo e mínimo desses elementos. Dos métodos propostos pelo boletim FAO56, apenas o que utilizou a umidade relativa média para calcular a pressão parcial de vapor d'água (e a) apresentou estimativa satisfatória. As melhores estimativas de ETo foram obtidas com os métodos de Dar_méd, que utilizaram média da temperatura do ar na determinação da pressão de saturação (e s), e média da umidade relativa para ea. A utilização do déficit de pressão de saturação em um único horário (9 e 10 h local), como representativo para o Dar_méd, mostrou-se boa alternativa na estimativa da ETo, para as condições climáticas de Piracicaba - SP.

Coeficiente de cultura da lima-ácida tahiti no outono-inverno determinado por lisimetria de pesagem em Piracicaba - SP

O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de citros, com destaque para o Estado de São Paulo, maior produtor nacional. Recentes estudos mostram que a área irrigada de citros em São Paulo tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Porém, a falta de informações sobre o manejo eficiente da irrigação na cultura de citros é uma das principais dificuldades enfrentadas pelos produtores. Com o intuito de atender a essa necessidade, este trabalho teve como objetivos determinar a evapotranspiração de uma planta adulta de limeira-ácida 'Tahiti' (Citrus latifolia Tan.) e o coeficiente de cultivo (Kc) no período seco (outono-inverno), utilizando a técnica de lisimetria de pesagem. O experimento foi realizado na ESALQ/USP em Piracicaba - SP, em área irrigada por gotejamento, com plantas espaçadas de 7 x 4 m, sendo cada planta atendida por quatro pontos de molhamento no solo, distribuídos de forma equidistantes entre si. Foi realizado o monitoramento climático, utilizando estação meteorológica automatizada, e a determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura por lisímetro de pesagem. Durante o período de estudo, o Kc variou entre 0,82 e 1,18, e a ETc variou entre 1,2 e 5,6.

Situação dos recursos hídricos nas bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí utilizando modelo desenvolvido em dinâmica de sistemas

Utilizou-se modelo desenvolvido em dinâmica de sistemas, especificamente para as Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (BH-PCJ), com cinco simulações para 50 anos de horizonte, como ferramenta para auxiliar na gestão dos recursos hídricos. O modelo estimou as ofertas e demandas de água, e a geração de águas residuárias dos diversos consumidores existentes nas BH-PCJ. Realizou-se simulação utilizando-se das taxas de consumo e de oferta existentes em 2004, e as precipitações com os valores médios constantes. Sob essas premissas, foi encontrado que as demandas de água aumentarão cerca de 76%, que aproximadamente 39% do volume de água disponível terá origem no reúso das águas residuárias, a carga contaminante aumentará em 91%. O Índice de Falkenmark mudará de 1.403 m³ habitante-1 ano-1, em 2004, para 734 m³ hab-1 ano-1 em 2054; e o Índice de Sustentabilidade de 0,44 para 0,20. Foram explorados outros quatro cenários: com fator de mudanças nas precipitações anuais de 90 e 110%; considerando vazão ecológica equivalente a 30% da vazão média diária, e sem nenhuma mudança nas taxas dos outros fatores, somente na vazão ecológica e no consumo domiciliar de água. Todos eles mostraram tendência à futura crise nos recursos hídricos nas BH-PCJ.

Water transfer from São Francisco river to semiarid northeast of Brazil: technical data, environmental impacts, survey of opinion about the amount to be transferred

The transposition of the São Francisco River is considered one of the greatest engineering works in Brazil of all time since it will cross an extensive agricultural region of continental dimensions, involving environmental impacts, water, soil, irrigation, water payment and other multidisciplinary themes. Taking into account its importance, this subject was incorporated into a discipline of UFSCar (Federal University of São Carlos - Brazil) named "Pollution and Environmental Impacts". It was noted strong reaction against the project, even before the presentation. To allow a critical analysis, the first objective was to compile the main technical data and environmental impacts. The second objective was to detect the three most important aspects that cause reaction, concluding for the following reasons: assumption that the volume of water to be transferred was much greater than it actually is proposed in the project; lack of knowledge about similar project already done in Brazil; the idea that the artificial canal to be built was much broader than that proposed by the project. The participants' opinion about "volume to be transferred" was raised quantitatively four times: 2-undergraduate students; 1-graduate; 1-outside community. The average resulted 14 times larger than that proposed in the project, significant according to t-test. It was concluded that the reaction to water transfer project is due in part to the ignorance combined with a preconceived idea that tend to overestimate the magnitude of environmental impacts.

Georeferenced database generation with the purpose of hydrologic molding in reservoirs of the hydrographic basin of Jaguaribe river in the state of Ceará, Brazil

The edafoclimatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid region favor the water loss by surface runoff. The state of Ceará, almost completely covered by semiarid, has developed public policies for the construction of dams in order to attend the varied water demand. Several hydrological models were developed to support decisive processes in the complex management of reservoirs. This study aimed to establish a methodology for obtaining a georeferenced database suitable for use as input data in hydrological modeling in the semiarid of Ceará. It was used images of Landsat satellite and SRTM Mission, and soil maps of the state of Ceará. The Landsat images allowed the determination of the land cover and the SRTM Mission images, the automatic delineation of hydrographic basins. The soil type was obtained through the soil map. The database was obtained for Jaguaribe River hydrographic basin, in the state of Ceará, and is applicable to hydrological modeling based on the Curve Number method for estimating the surface runoff.

Mathematical modeling applied to the growth of tilapia in net cages in the sub middle of the São Francisco river

This study aimed to apply mathematical models to the growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in net cages in the lower São Francisco basin and choose the model(s) that best represents the conditions of rearing for the region. Nonlinear models of Brody, Bertalanffy, Logistic, Gompertz, and Richards were tested. The models were adjusted to the series of weight for age according to the methods of Gauss, Newton, Gradiente and Marquardt. It was used the procedure "NLIN" of the System SAS® (2003) to obtain estimates of the parameters from the available data. The best adjustment of the data were performed by the Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic models which are equivalent to explain the growth of the animals up to 270 days of rearing. From the commercial point of view, it is recommended that commercialization of tilapia from at least 600 g, which is estimated in the Bertalanffy, Gompertz and Logistic models for creating over 183, 181 and 184 days, and up to 1 Kg of mass , it is suggested the suspension of the rearing up to 244, 244 and 243 days, respectively.

Element speciation and behaviour in metal-rich Boreal river and estuarine systems using ultrafiltration and chemical modelling

The bioavailability of metals and their potential for environmental pollution depends not simply on total concentrations, but is to a great extent determined by their chemical form. Consequently, knowledge of aqueous metal species is essential in investigating potential metal toxicity and mobility. The overall aim of this thesis is, thus, to determine the species of major and trace elements and the size distribution among the different forms (e.g. ions, molecules and mineral particles) in selected metal-enriched Boreal river and estuarine systems by utilising filtration techniques and geochemical modelling. On the basis of the spatial physicochemical patterns found, the fractionation and complexation processes of elements (mainly related to input of humic matter and pH-change) were examined. Dissolved (<1 kDa), colloidal (1 kDa-0.45 μm) and particulate (>0.45 μm) size fractions of sulfate, organic carbon (OC) and 44 metals/metalloids were investigated in the extremely acidic Vörå River system and its estuary in W Finland, and in four river systems in SW Finland (Sirppujoki, Laajoki, Mynäjoki and Paimionjoki), largely affected by soil erosion and acid sulfate (AS) soils. In addition, geochemical modelling was used to predict the formation of free ions and complexes in these investigated waters. One of the most important findings of this study is that the very large amounts of metals known to be released from AS soils (including Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Si, U and the lanthanoids) occur and can prevail mainly in toxic forms throughout acidic river systems; as free ions and/or sulfate-complexes. This has serious effects on the biota and especially dissolved Al is expected to have acute effects on fish and other organisms, but also other potentially toxic dissolved elements (e.g. Cd, Cu, Mn and Ni) can have fatal effects on the biota in these environments. In upstream areas that are generally relatively forested (higher pH and contents of OC) fewer bioavailable elements (including Al, Cu, Ni and U) may be found due to complexation with the more abundantly occurring colloidal OC. In the rivers in SW Finland total metal concentrations were relatively high, but most of the elements occurred largely in a colloidal or particulate form and even elements expected to be very soluble (Ca, K, Mg, Na and Sr) occurred to a large extent in colloidal form. According to geochemical modelling, these patterns may only to a limited extent be explained by in-stream metal complexation/adsorption. Instead there were strong indications that the high metal concentrations and dominant solid fractions were largely caused by erosion of metal bearing phyllosilicates. A strong influence of AS soils, known to exist in the catchment, could be clearly distinguished in the Sirppujoki River as it had very high concentrations of a metal sequence typical of AS soils in a dissolved form (Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Rb and Sr). In the Paimionjoki River, metal concentrations (including Ba, Cs, Fe, Hf, Pb, Rb, Si, Th, Ti, Tl and V; not typical of AS soils in the area) were high, but it was found that the main cause of this was erosion of metal bearing phyllosilicates and thus these metals occurred dominantly in less toxic colloidal and particulate fractions. In the two nearby rivers (Laajoki and Mynäjoki) there was influence of AS soils, but it was largely masked by eroded phyllosilicates. Consequently, rivers draining clay plains sensitive to erosion, like those in SW Finland, have generally high background metal concentrations due to erosion. Thus, relying on only semi-dissolved (<0.45 μm) concentrations obtained in routine monitoring, or geochemical modelling based on such data, can lead to a great overestimation of the water toxicity in this environment. The potentially toxic elements that are of concern in AS soil areas will ultimately be precipitated in the recipient estuary or sea, where the acidic metalrich river water will gradually be diluted/neutralised with brackish seawater. Along such a rising pH gradient Al, Cu and U will precipitate first together with organic matter closest to the river mouth. Manganese is relatively persistent in solution and, thus, precipitates further down the estuary as Mn oxides together with elements such as Ba, Cd, Co, Cu and Ni. Iron oxides, on the contrary, are not important scavengers of metals in the estuary, they are predicted to be associated only with As and PO4.

Patterns of parasitism by Amblyomma rotundatum (Ixodidae) on Rhinella schneideri (Bufonidae) in islands of São Francisco River, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Abstract: We sampled ticks from specimens of the rococo toad Rhinella schneideriby flannel dragging on two Islands located in the São Francisco River near the Três Marias hydroelectric dam, southeastern Brazil. A total of 120 toads was examined, of which 63 (52.5%) were parasitized only by Amblyomma rotundatumtotaling 96 larvae, 163 nymphs and 134 females. The burden of parasitism ranged from one to 43 ticks, with a mean intensity of infestation of 6.2±5.5 ticks per host. The tick A. rotundatumexhibited highly aggregated distribution. Peak abundance of larvae and nymphs occurred in the dry season (May to September), whereas peak abundance of females occurred in the wet season (October to April). We collected most ticks near the head and hind limbs of R. schneideri. The finding of two engorged A. rotundatumnymphs in the same resting places of two toads and the absence of this species in the dragged areas suggest a nidicolous behavior at the studied site.