The importance of International Developments in the case-law of the European Court of Justice: Kadi and the autonomy of the EC legal order. Research Papers in Law, 1/2009

From the Introduction. In the USA, the debate is still ongoing as to whether and to what extent the Supreme Court could or should refer to foreign precedent, in particular in relation to constitutional matters such as the death penalty.1 In the EU, in particular the recent Kadi case of 20082 has triggered much controversy,3 thereby highlighting the opposite angle to a similar discussion. The focus of attention in Europe is namely to what extent the European Court of Justice (hereafter “ECJ”) could lawfully and rightfully refuse to plainly ‘surrender’ or to subordinate the EC legal system to UN law and obligations when dealing with human rights issues. This question becomes all the more pertinent in view of the fact that in the past the ECJ has been rather receptive and constructive in forging interconnectivity between the EC legal order and international law developments. A bench mark in that respect was undoubtedly the Racke case of 1998,4 where the ECJ spelled out the necessity for the EC to respect international law with direct reference to a ruling of the International Court of Justice. This judgment which was rendered 10 years earlier than Kadi equally concerned EC/EU economic sanctions taken in implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions. A major question is therefore whether it is at all possible, and if so to determine how, to reconcile those apparently conflicting judgments.

Mitochondrial impairments contribute to Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 progression and can be ameliorated by the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1), due to an unstable polyglutamine expansion within the ubiquitously expressed Ataxin-1 protein, leads to the premature degeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs), decreasing motor coordination and causing death within 10-15 years of diagnosis. Currently, there are no therapies available to slow down disease progression. As secondary cellular impairments contributing to SCA1 progression are poorly understood, here, we focused on identifying those processes by performing a PC specific proteome profiling of Sca1154Q/2Q mice at a symptomatic stage. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed prominent alterations in mitochondrial proteins. Immunohistochemical and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy analyses confirmed that PCs underwent age-dependent alterations in mitochondrial morphology. Moreover, colorimetric assays demonstrated impairment of the electron transport chain complexes (ETC) and decrease in ATPase activity. Subsequently, we examined whether the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ could restore mitochondrial dysfunction and prevent SCA1-associated pathology in Sca1154Q/2Q mice. MitoQ treatment both presymptomatically and when symptoms were evident ameliorated mitochondrial morphology and restored the activities of the ETC complexes. Notably, MitoQ slowed down the appearance of SCA1-linked neuropathology such as lack of motor coordination as well as preventing oxidative stress-induced DNA / RNA damage and PC loss. Our work identifies a central role for mitochondria in PC degeneration in SCA1 and provides evidence for the supportive use of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics in slowing down disease progression.

(Table 1) Ooze/chalk cycles: frequency of occurrence at DSDP Leg 74 Sites

Shallow- to deep-water environments are represented by the sediments and rocks recovered from the Walvis Ridge- Angola Basin transect. These calcareous oozes, chalks, limestones, and volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks are used to define and correlate four lithostratigraphic units. The sediments were deposited in cycles which represent recurring tectonic or Oceanographic events and may be related to climatic fluctuations and orbital perturbations. Turbidites are the most common and easily identified sedimentary cycle. They are Late Cretaceous to Paleocene in age and are repeated in intervals ranging from thousands to tens of thousands of years. They are also found interbedded between basalt layers. Turbidites are easily distinguished from the other cycles present by their sedimentary structures, mineral composition, alteration products, and physical properties (GRAPE) data. Large-scale turbidites, debris, or slump breccias are found at or just above the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary and indicate an event of considerable energy possibly related to intense tectonic activity. Diagenetic cycles, interpreted as small-scale dissolution cycles or sequences produced by biogenic activity, occur in early Paleocene chalks. The recurrence intervals average -20,000 y. but have a wide range of values. Variations in CaCO3 content, color, gradational boundaries, and trace fossil content characterize these sediments. These cycles reflect bottom-water conditions. Ooze-chalk cycles occur in upper Oligocene to upper Paleocene sediments and represent conditions that once existed at the sediment/water interface where they obtained their diagenetic potential. These oscillations are repeated over tens of thousands of years and may have no modern analogs. Color variations in sediments at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicate local fluctuations in oxygen content within the sediments or the water column. This situation lasted for several hundred thousand years and is not repeated elsewhere in the sequence. Large dissolution cycles are recorded in the sediments at Site 527 that are of middle Miocene and early Oligocene to middle Eocene age. During this time the seafloor at this site appears to have been located at or subsided to a depth occupied by a fluctuating CCD and lysocline.

Administración pública de Caldas, 1.968-1.970; memoria del gobernador, Gonzalo Jaramillo J.

Includes legislation.

International Coffee Agreement 1968, as extended : report to accompany Ex. O, 93-1 /

At head of title: 93d Congress, 1st session, Senate, Executive report ; no. 93-16.

Grafómanos de América (patología literaria) t.1

No more published.

Misas herejes : La canción del barrio : poesías completas en 1 volumen /

Mode of access: Internet.

Trade with Cuba. Hearings before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, Eighty-seventh Congress, first session, on H. R. 8465, a bill to prohibit the shipment in interstate or foreign commerce of articles imported into the United States from Cuba, and for other purposes (and identical bills); H.R. 8866, a bill tp prohibit the shipment in interstate or foreign commerce of articles imported into the United States from Cuba, to provide penalties for such shipment, and for other purposes. August 29 and September 1, 1961.

Mode of access: Internet.

Wolf Creek Generating Station unit 1, operation : environmental impact statement.

Mode of access: Internet.

Juicio de desalojo. Anotaciones a las leyes de emergencia promulgadas el 1.₂ de junio y 23 de diciembre de 1920, 1.₂ de febrero y 29 de junio de 1921, y a las leyes de alquileres y fomento de la edificación de fechas 20 de junio y 29 de setiembre de 1921.

"Proyecto de ley", and discussion of the same before the Chamber of Representatives, Montevideo, August 31, 1921: p. 69-83.

Crédito rural : informe presentado al Grupo V del 1.er Congreso Ganadero-Agrícola celebrado bajo los auspicios de la Asociación Rural del Uruguay /

"Conclusiones aprobadas por el Congreso en la sesión del 8 de abril de 1895."

Acusación del dr. Félix Etchevest contra los capitanes Rafael La Cruz, Arturo Casañas, tte. 1.₂ Alberto Bahamonde y Desiderio Arenas (hijo del coronel Arenas), por tentativa de homicidio contra el mayor Sandes y otros delitos.

"He leído con detención el sumario que se instruye a mi defendido [sargento mayor Desiderio Sandes] por muerte del coronel Desiderio Arenas, sacando en consecuencia que el mayor Sandes ha sido víctima de una tentativa de homicidio."--p. [3]

Minorities and women in private industry, 1975 : an analysis of EEO-1 employment /

Includes bibliographical references.

Remarks on a report of a committee of the Overseers of Harvard College, proposing certain changes, relating to the instruction and discipline of the College; read May 4, 1824, and to be taken into consideration June 1, 1824.

Attributed to Andrews Norton by himself in his Speech delivered before the Overseers of Harvard College, February 3, 1825 ... Boston, Cummings, Hilliard, & Co. University Press--Hilliard & Metcalf, 1825 (p.4).

Approved list of books for rural libraries. Books for rural libraries must be selected from the list approved by the state superintendent of public instruction, in accordance with section 1 of the rural library of 1903.

At head of title: Dept. of libraries, loans, and course of study.