Thermogenic capacity of three species of fruit-eating phyllostomid bats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influência da forma de indução à acidose na determinação da intensidade de lactato mínimo em corredores de longa distância

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi verificar se diferentes formas de indução à acidose interferem na determinação da intensidade do lactato mínimo (LACmin) em corredores de longa distância. Desse modo, 14 corredores de provas fundas do atletismo participaram do estudo. Os atletas realizaram três protocolos: 1) teste incremental em esteira rolante, com incrementos de 1km.h-1 a cada três minutos até a exaustão, para a determinação das intensidades de limiar anaeróbio (OBLA), de limiar aeróbio (Laer), consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) e intensidade de consumo máximo de oxigênio (vVO2max); 2) teste de lactato mínimo em pista de atletismo (LACminp), que consistiu de dois esforços máximos de 233m na pista de atletismo com intervalo de um minuto entre cada repetição, com oito minutos de recuperação passiva, seguido de um teste incremental semelhante ao do protocolo 1; e 3) teste de lactato mínimo em esteira rolante (LACmine), constituído de dois esforços máximos de um minuto e 45 segundos com intervalo de um minuto, na intensidade de 120% da vVO2max, seguido dos mesmos procedimentos do protocolo 2. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue do lóbulo da orelha ao final de cada estágio em todos os protocolos e no 7º minuto de recuperação passiva dos testes de LACmine e LACminp. A análise de variância (ANOVA) mostrou que ocorreram diferenças significativas entre as intensidades de LACmine (13,23 ± 1,78km.h-1) e OBLA (14,67 ± 1,44km.h-1). Dessa maneira, a partir dos resultados obtidos no presente estudo, é possível concluir que a determinação da intensidade correspondente ao lactato mínimo é dependente do protocolo utilizado para a indução à acidose. Além disso, o LACmine subestimou a intensidade correspondente ao OBLA, não podendo ser utilizado para a mensuração da capacidade aeróbia de corredores fundistas.

Resposta da frequência cardíaca durante sessão de treinamento de karatê

A prática do karatê pode promover adaptações benéficas sobre os componentes da aptidão física relacionada com a saúde. Dentre esses componentes, o consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2max) é um importante indicador de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, como também forte preditor de risco de morte por doença cardiovascular. Estudos anteriores avaliaram as respostas da Frequência Cardíaca na modalidade de karatê durante protocolos elaborados pelos pesquisadores que simularam o treinamento. No entanto, esses resultados devem ser interpretados com cautela, uma vez que protocolos podem comprometer a validade ecológica do comportamento da FC. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi, através do monitoramento da FC, investigar a distribuição da intensidade durante uma sessão de treinamento de karatê (ST) com a validade ecológica preservada. Nove atletas (M (DP) = 22 (5,2) anos; 60,3 (12,9) kg; 170,0 (0,10) cm; 11,6 (5,7) % gordura) realizaram teste incremental máximo (T I) e uma ST, com monitoramento contínuo da FC, distribuída posteriormente conforme método proposto por Edwards. O tempo médio de duração da ST foi de 91,3 (11,9) minutos (IC95% = 82,0 - 100,5). Os valores de FC média e máxima da ST foram equivalentes a 72% (IC95% = 66-78%) e 94% (IC95% = 89-99%) da FC máxima alcançada durante T I (FCmax), respectivamente. Durante 79,9% (IC95% = 65,7-94,1%) do tempo total da ST, os karatecas permaneceram em uma intensidade superior a 60% da FCmax. Deste modo, conclui-se que a intensidade da ST de karatê atende às recomendações do ACSM com relação à intensidade, duração e frequência semanal, apresentando-se como uma interessante alternativa de exercícios físicos para promoção da aptidão cardiorrespiratória.

A respiração frenolabial na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: revisão da literatura

Esta revisão teve por objetivo destacar os principais achados publicados nos últimos dez anos sobre os efeitos da respiração frenolabial (RFL) em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). A busca dos artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, IBECS, MEDLINE e SciELO, por meio dos seguintes descritores da área da saúde (DeCS): doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, reabilitação, respiração, hiperinsuflação e dispneia, e suas respectivas versões na língua inglesa (MeSH), além do termo pursed-lip breathing. Após a eliminação dos títulos repetidos, foram selecionados somente os estudos que abordavam a RFL como tema principal, resultando em 12 artigos científicos, 10 ensaios clínicos e 2 revisões bibliográficas. Segundo os achados, a RFL proporciona: alterações sobre a gasometria arterial, caracterizada pelo aumento da saturação e pressão parcial de oxigênio; padrão ventilatório, com diminuição da frequência respiratória e aumento de tempo expiratório e do volume corrente; mecânica ventilatória, por meio do recrutamento de musculatura abdominal expiratória e dos músculos da caixa torácica e acessórios da inspiração; diminuição no consumo de oxigênio; alterações na modulação autonômica cardíaca induzida pelo aumento da atividade parassimpática e, por fim, melhora na qualidade de vida destes pacientes. A RFL é considerada uma manobra de grande importância, por repercutir de forma positiva em diversos sistemas e sobre a qualidade de vida de pacientes portadores da DPOC.

Leptina, ghrelina e exercício físico

A obesidade é atualmente um problema de saúde pública que provoca sérias conseqüências sociais, físicas e psicológicas. A etiologia da obesidade não é de fácil identificação, uma vez que a mesma é caracterizada como doença multifatorial de complexa interação entre fatores comportamentais, culturais, genéticos, fisiológicos e psicológicos. Recentes avanços na área de endocrinologia e metabolismo mostram que, diferentemente do que se acreditava há alguns anos, o adipócito sintetiza e libera diversas substâncias, não sendo apenas uma célula armazenadora de energia. Entre as substâncias liberadas pelo adipócito incluem-se a adiponectina, o fator de necrose tumoral-alfa, a interleucina-6 e a leptina. Especificamente, a leptina desempenha importante papel no controle da ingestão alimentar e no controle do peso corporal em mamíferos. Além disso, o hormônio ghrelina, recentemente descoberto, também parece influenciar o metabolismo energético e a obesidade. As alterações que o exercício físico provoca na fisiologia endócrino-metabólica podem contribuir sobremaneira para a prática clínica. Assim, essa revisão abordará os conhecimentos mais recentes sobre a leptina, a ghrelina e o papel dos diferentes tipos de exercício físico sobre estes hormônios. Os trabalhos mostram que a relação entre o exercício físico e a concentração plasmática desses peptídeos ainda não está clara. As razões para isso poderiam ser devidas aos diferentes protocolos de treinamento físico empregados nos estudos. Além disso, diferenças genéticas também podem explicar as discrepâncias entre os resultados obtidos em seres humanos, pois a existência de polimorfismo em alguns genes pode acarretar respostas celulares diferentes frente ao exercício físico.

Effects of acepromazine on the cardiovascular actions of dopamine in anesthetized dogs

To evaluate the effects of acepromazine maleate on the cardiovascular changes induced by dopamine in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.Prospective, randomized cross-over experimental design.Six healthy adult spayed female dogs weighing 16.4 +/- 3.5 kg (mean +/- SD).Each dog received two treatments, at least 1 week apart. Acepromazine (0.03 mg kg(-1), IV) was administered 15 minutes before anesthesia was induced with propofol (7 mg kg(-1), IV) and maintained with isoflurane (1.8% end-tidal). Acepromazine was not administered in the control treatment. Baseline cardiopulmonary parameters were measured 90 minutes after induction. Thereafter, dopamine was administered intravenously at 5, 10, and 15 mu g kg(-1) minute(-1), with each infusion rate lasting 30 minutes. Cardiopulmonary data were obtained at the end of each infusion rate.Dopamine induced dose-related increases in cardiac index (CI), stroke index, arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, oxygen delivery index (DO2I) and oxygen consumption index. In the control treatment, systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) decreased during administration of 5 and 10 mu g kg(-1) minute(-1) of dopamine and returned to baseline with the highest dose (15 mu g kg (-1) minute(-1)). After acepromazine treatment, SVRI decreased from baseline during dopamine administration, regardless of the infusion rate, and this resulted in a smaller increase in blood pressure at 15 mu g kg (-1) minute(-1). During dopamine infusion hemoglobin concentrations were lower following acepromazine and this contributed to significantly lower arterial O-2 content.Acepromazine prevented the return in SVRI to baseline and reduced the magnitude of the increase in arterial pressure induced by higher doses of dopamine. However, reduced SRVI associated with lower doses of dopamine and the ability of dopamine to increase CI and DO2I were not modified by acepromazine premedication.Previous acepromazine administration reduces the efficacy of dopamine as a vasopressor agent in isoflurane anesthetized dogs. Other beneficial effects of dopamine such as increased CO are not modified by acepromazine.

The Lactate Minimum Test protocol provides valid measures of cycle ergometer VO2 peak

Aim. The aim of the present study was to investigate the validity of the Lactate Minimum Test (LMT) for the determination of peak VO2 on a cycle ergometer and to determine the submaximal oxygen uptake (VO2) and pulmonary ventilation (VE) responses in an incremental exercise test when it is preceded by high intensity exercise (i.e., during a LMT).Methods. Ten trained male athletes (triathletes and cyclists) performed 2 exercise tests in random order on an electromagnetic cycle ergometer: 1) Control Test (CT): an incremental test with an initial work rate of 100 W, and with 25 W increments at 3-min intervals, until voluntary exhaustion; 2) LMT: an incremental test identical to the CT, except that it was preceded by 2 supramaximal bouts of 30-sec (similar to120% VO(2)peak) with a 30-sec rest to induce lactic acidosis. This test started 8 min after the induction of acidosis.Results. There was no significant difference in peak VO2 (65.6+/-7.4 ml.kg(-1).min(-1); 63.8+/-7.5 ml.kg(-1).min(-1) to CT and LMT, respectively). However, the maximal power output (POmax) reached was significantly higher in CT (300.6+/-15.7 W) than in the LMT (283.2+/-16.0 W).VO2 and VE were significantly increased at initial power outputs in LMT.Conclusion. Although the LMT alters the submaximal physiological responses during the incremental phase (greater initial metabolic cost), this protocol is valid to evaluate peak VO2, although the POmax reached is also reduced.

AGONISTIC PROFILE AND METABOLISM IN ALEVINS OF THE NILE TILAPIA

Metabolic differences derived from social stress usually show data with high variance that may hinder the finding of important differences. Since such high variance may be caused by agonistic variability occurring during social interactions, this work tested whether metabolism is associated with agonistic profile in the cichlid fish Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Metabolism was inferred from oxygen consumption, resistance to progressive hypoxia and ventilatory rate. Fifteen pairs of alevins were used for each metabolic and behavioral series. An ethogram based on 8 types of agonistic interactions was employed. Agonistic profiles were determined and associated with the physiological parameters later on. The test of canonical correlation showed significant association between some agonistic profiles and metabolism. Ventral nipping and lateral fight appeared as the two most important in promoting association with metabolism.

Calorimetry, Morphometry, Oxidative Stress, and Cardiac Metabolic Response to Growth Hormone Treatment in Obese and Aged Rats

This study investigated the effects of growth hormone therapy on energy expenditure, lipid profile, oxidative stress and cardiac energy metabolism in aging and obesity conditions. Life expectancy is increasing in world population and with it, the incidence of public health problems such as obesity and cardiac alterations. Because growth hormone (GH) concentration is referred to be decreased in aging conditions, a question must be addressed: what is the effect of GH on aging related adverse changes? To investigate the effects of GH on cardiac energy metabolism and its association with calorimetric parameters, lipid profile and oxidative stress in aged and obese rats, initially 32 male Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups (n = 16), C: given standard-chow and water; H: given hypercaloric-chow and receiving 30 % sucrose in its drinking water. After 45 days, both C and H groups were divided into 2 subgroups (n = 8), C + PL: standard-chow, water, and receiving saline subcutaneously; C + GH: standard-chow, water, and receiving 2 mg/kg/day rhGH subcutaneously; H + PL: hypercaloric-chow, 30 % sucrose, receiving saline subcutaneously; H + GH: hypercaloric-chow, 30 % sucrose, receiving rhGH subcutaneously. After 30 days, C + GH and H + PL rats had higher body mass index, Lee-index, body fat content, percent-adiposity, serum triacylglycerol, cardiac lipid-hydroperoxide, and triacylglycerol than C + PL. Energy-expenditure (RMR)/body weight, oxygen consumption and fat-oxidation were higher in H + GH than in H + PL. LDL-cholesterol was highest in H + GH rats, whereas cardiac pyruvate-dehydrogenase and phosphofrutokinase were higher in H + GH and H + PL rats than in C + PL. In conclusion, the present study brought new insights on aging and obesity, demonstrating for the first time that GH therapy was harmful in aged and obesity conditions, impairing calorimetric parameters and lipid profile. GH was disadvantageous in control old rats, having undesirable effects on triacylglycerol accumulation and cardiac oxidative stress.

Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Active Recovery on Post-Exercise Heart Rate Variability

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential benefits of cold water immersion (CWI) and active recovery (AR) on blood lactate concentration ([Lac]) and heart rate variability (HRV) indices following high-intensity exercise. 20 male subjects were recruited. on the first visit, an incremental test was performed to determine maximal oxygen consumption and the associated speed (MAS). The remaining 3 visits for the performance of constant velocity exhaustive tests at MAS and different recovery methods (6 min) were separated by 7-day intervals [randomized: CWI, AR or passive recovery (PR)]. The CWI and AR lowered [Lac] (p < 0.05) at 11, 13 and 15 min after exercise cessation in comparison to PR. There was a 'time' and 'recovery mode' interaction for 2 HRV indices: standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN) (partial eta squared = 0.114) and natural log of low-frequency power density (lnLF) (partial eta squared = 0.090). CWI presented significantly higher SDNN compared to PR at 15 min of recovery (p < 0.05). In addition, greater SDNN values were found in CWI vs. AR during the application of recovery interventions, and at 30 and 75 min post-exercise (p < 0.05 for all differences). The lnLF during the recovery interventions and at 75 min post-exercise was greater using CWI compared with AR (p < 0.05). For square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent R-R intervals (RMSSD) and natural log of high-frequency power density (lnHF), a moderate effect size was found between CWI and PR during the recovery interventions and at 15 min post-exercise. Our findings show that AR and CWI offer benefits regarding the removal of [Lac] following high-intensity exercise. While limited, CWI results in some improvement in post-exercise cardiac autonomic regulation compared to AR and PR. Further, AR is not recommended if the aim is to accelerate the parasympathetic reactivation.

Evaluation of cardiorespiratory effects of combinations of dexmedetomidine and atropine in cats

The cardiovascular effects of dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with atropine were studied in six cats. Cats underwent four treatments in a randomized crossover design as follows: DEX15, saline + dexmedetomidine 15 mu g/kg; DEX30, saline + dexmedetomidine 30 mu g/kg; ADEX15, atropine + dexmedetomidine 15 mu g/kg; ADEX30, atropine + dexmedetomidine 30 mu g/kg. Pulse rate (PR) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP) decreased in DEX15 and DEX30. Premedication with atropine was effective in preventing bradycardia (PR < 100 beats/min) and resulted in a biphasic effect in blood pressure. Hypertension was followed by a gradual decrease in SAP. Rate pressure product decreased in DEX15 and DEX30 whereas in ADEX15 and ADEX30 it remained within baseline values for at least 60 min. Although premedication with atropine in cats sedated with dexmedetomidine prevents bradycardia, it induces hypertension and increases myocardial oxygen consumption. The magnitude of cardiovascular effects produced by dexmedetomidine in cats does not seem to be dose-related. (C) 2009 ESFM and AAFP. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of olive oil and its minor phenolic constituents on obesity-induced cardiac metabolic changes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effects of acute heat exposure on respiratory metabolism and blood glucose in freshwater fishes, Prochilodus scrofa (curimbatá) and Cyprinus carpio (carp) acclimatized to tropical winter

1. 1. Routine oxygen consumption and blood glucose were determined from freshwater fishes, Prochilodus scrofa and Cyprinus carpio, exposed at high temperatures for 1 hr. 2. 2. Prochilodus scrofa had a significantly higher rate of oxygen consumption at 30°C than at 25°C, and carp higher at 25°C than at 30°C. 3. 3. Blood glucose was significantly higher for Cyprinus carpio than for Prochilodus scrofa at 25 and 30°C; however, after exposure to these temperatures for 1 hr blood glucose did not change significantly for both species. 4. 4. The results suggest that these interspecific variations may be linked to the differences between native and foreign fishes and their way of life. © 1985.