Expert players accurately detect an opponent's movement intentions through sound alone

Sounds offer a rich source of information about events taking place in our physical and social environment. However, outside the domains of speech and music, little is known about whether humans can recognize and act upon the intentions of another agent’s actions detected through auditory information alone. In this study we assessed whether intention can be inferred from the sound an action makes, and in turn, whether this information can be used to prospectively guide movement. In two experiments experienced and novice basketball players had to virtually intercept an attacker by listening to audio recordings of that player’s movements. In the first experiment participants had to move a slider, while in the second one their body, to block the perceived passage of the attacker as they would in a real basketball game. Combinations of deceptive and non-deceptive movements were used to see if novice and/or experienced listeners could perceive the attacker’s intentions through sound alone. We showed that basketball players were able to more accurately predict final running direction compared to non-players, particularly in the second experiment when the interceptive action was more basketball specific. We suggest that athletes present better action anticipation by being able to pick up and use the relevant kinematic features of deceptive movement from event-related sounds alone. This result suggests that action intention can be perceived through the sound a movement makes and that the ability to determine another person’s action intention from the information conveyed through sound is honed through practice.

Model-driven development of sensor network applications with optimization of non-functional constraints

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) differ from conventional distributed systems in many aspects. The resource limitation of sensor nodes, the ad-hoc communication and topology of the network, coupled with an unpredictable deployment environment are difficult non-functional constraints that must be carefully taken into account when developing software systems for a WSN. Thus, more research needs to be done on designing, implementing and maintaining software for WSNs. This thesis aims to contribute to research being done in this area by presenting an approach to WSN application development that will improve the reusability, flexibility, and maintainability of the software. Firstly, we present a programming model and software architecture aimed at describing WSN applications, independently of the underlying operating system and hardware. The proposed architecture is described and realized using the Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) standard in order to achieve satisfactory levels of encapsulation and abstraction when programming sensor nodes. Besides, we study different non-functional constrains of WSN application and propose two approaches to optimize the application to satisfy these constrains. A real prototype framework was built to demonstrate the developed solutions in the thesis. The framework implemented the programming model and the multi-layered software architecture as components. A graphical interface, code generation components and supporting tools were also included to help developers design, implement, optimize, and test the WSN software. Finally, we evaluate and critically assess the proposed concepts. Two case studies are provided to support the evaluation. The first case study, a framework evaluation, is designed to assess the ease at which novice and intermediate users can develop correct and power efficient WSN applications, the portability level achieved by developing applications at a high-level of abstraction, and the estimated overhead due to usage of the framework in terms of the footprint and executable code size of the application. In the second case study, we discuss the design, implementation and optimization of a real-world application named TempSense, where a sensor network is used to monitor the temperature within an area.

Determination of a Total Body Model of Efficiency Applied to a Rowing Movement in Humans

Efficiency represents the ratio of work done to energy expended. In human movement, it is desirable to maximise the work done or minimise the energy expenditure. Whilst research has examined the efficiency of human movement for the lower and upper body, there is a paucity of research which considers the efficiency of a total body movement. Rowing is a movement which encompasses all parts of the body to generate locomotion and is a useful modality to measure total body efficiency. It was the aim of this research to develop a total body model of efficiency and explore how skill level of participants and assumptions of the modelling process affected the efficiency estimates Three studies were used to develop and evaluate the efficiency model. Firstly, the efficiency of ten healthy males was established using rowing, cycling and arm cranking. The model included internal work from motion capture and efficiency estimates were comparable to published literature, indicating the suitability of the model to estimate efficiency. Secondly, the model was developed to include a multi-segmented trunk and twelve novice and twelve skilled participants were assessed for efficiency. Whilst the efficiency estimates were similar to published results, novice participants were assessed as more efficient. Issues such as the unique physiology of trained rowers and a lack of energy transfers in the model were considered contributing factors. Finally the model was redeveloped to account for energy transfers, where skilled participants had higher efficiency at large workloads. This work presents a novel model for estimating efficiency during a rowing motion. The specific inclusion of energy transfers expands previous knowledge of internal work and efficiency, demonstrating a need to include energy transfers in the assessment of efficiency of a total body action.

Étude des catégories de réflexion sur l’action d’enseignantes et d’enseignants novices à l’ordre d’études collégiales, secteur technique

Notre recherche doctorale s’intéresse aux enseignantes et enseignants novices à l’ordre d’études collégiales qui oeuvrent au secteur technique. Selon de nombreux auteurs, leur entrée en fonction est marquée par l’isolement, par la précarité d’emploi et par une carence en formation pédagogique (Galaise, 2009; Lauzon, 2002). Ces conditions ne favorisent pas leur insertion professionnelle et se soldent trop souvent par des pratiques par tâtonnement qui ne leur permettent pas de s’adapter adéquatement à leur nouvelle profession (Lauzon, 2002). Ce manque de contrôle relatif en début de carrière engendre chez plusieurs enseignantes et enseignants novices un niveau de stress élevé et un délai important avant d’avoir l’impression de tirer des apprentissages de la pratique (Ibid). À cet égard, la pratique réflexive a été identifiée comme pouvant contribuer à l’amélioration de l’enseignement (Bessette et Duquette, 2003; De Cock, Wibault et Paquay, 2006; Holborn, 1992; Lacroix, 2008; Schön, 1983). Toutefois, il appert que les enseignantes et les enseignants ne savent pas toujours comment en tirer parti. L’utilisation d’outils réflexifs simples, accessibles et minimalement connus par les enseignantes et les enseignants novices permettrait de stimuler leur réflexion sur l’action et les rendrait plus autonomes en début de carrière. Le cadre conceptuel auquel nous nous sommes référé dans cette recherche fait appel à trois concepts-clés soit la pratique réflexive, la pensée réflexive et la réflexion. Le modèle de la démarche réflexive d’Holborn (1992) a permis de dynamiser le processus réflexif tandis que les catégories de réflexion proposées par Mezirow (1981) favorisent une analyse de la démarche réflexive entamée par les enseignantes et les enseignants novices. À ce propos, bon nombre d’auteurs ont utilisé le terme de « niveau » pour indiquer une hiérarchie dans les contenus de réflexion. Comme nous 3 le verrons plus loin, nous lui avons préféré le terme de « catégorie » pour écarter cette idée de gradation en privilégiant une approche qui tient compte des dimensions individuelles et met l’accent sur la diversité de l’expérience humaine. Des objectifs spécifiques ont été dégagés des modèles convoqués, mentionnons entre autres, notre intérêt à : 1) décrire les catégories de réflexion exprimées par des enseignants et des enseignantes novices au cours de leur réflexion sur l’action; 2) préciser les catégories de réflexion exprimées lors de l’utilisation des différents outils proposés; 3) mettre en évidence l’apport des différents outils servant à soutenir le développement de la pratique réflexive selon la perception des enseignantes et des enseignants novices. Cette recherche exploratoire de type qualitatif a été réalisée auprès d’enseignantes et d’enseignants novices provenant des départements des techniques de Prothèses dentaires et des techniques de Denturologie qui ont expérimenté les différents outils sélectionnés (journal de bord, autoévaluation, rétroaction vidéo, autoconfrontation simple) pour soutenir leur réflexion. Un accompagnement leur a été proposé par des collègues expérimentés afin qu’ils se familiarisent avec les outils. Enfin, l’appréciation des outils par les participantes et les participants a été recueillie grâce à des entrevues semi-dirigées. À la suite de cette expérimentation qui s’est déroulée sur une année scolaire au collégial, les résultats nous permettent de conclure que les novices développent une meilleure compréhension du processus de réflexion sur l’action et ils utilisent mieux les outils mis à leur disposition au fur et à mesure qu’ils y sont exposés. Les novices sont davantage en mesure de fournir des interprétations logiques et explicites de leurs actions. Nos résultats montrent que les participantes et les participants sollicitent des catégories de réflexion variées lorsqu’ils réfléchissent sur leur pratique. Enfin, les outils semblent contribuer de manière positive à la découverte de significations émergeant de la pratique et ils permettent de bonifier leurs actions pédagogiques. 4 Des retombées sur la pratique enseignante au collégial auront un effet favorable grâce à une utilisation plus éclairée des outils soutenant le développement de la pratique réflexive. D’ailleurs, ces derniers pourront être considérés dans le cadre de l’élaboration et de la mise en place de programmes favorisant la formation continue sur le plan pédagogique, sur le plan de l’insertion et du développement professionnel lors de l’entrée en fonction des novices puisque les outils leur permettront d’avoir une meilleure compréhension de leur pratique enseignante.

From Kandinsky to Java (The Use of 20th Century Abstract Art in Learning Programming)

At the University of Worcester we are continually striving to find new approaches to the learning and teaching of programming, to improve the quality of learning and the student experience. Over the past three years we have used the contexts of robotics, computer games, and most recently a study of Abstract Art to this end. This paper discusses our motivation for using Abstract Art as a context, details our principles and methodology, and reports on an evaluation of the student experience. Our basic tenet is that one can view the works of artists such as Kandinsky, Klee and Malevich as Object-Oriented (OO) constructions. Discussion of these works can therefore be used to introduce OO principles, to explore the meaning of classes, methods and attributes and finally to synthesize new works of art through Java code. This research has been conducted during delivery of an “Advanced OOP (Java)” programming module at final-year Undergraduate level, and during a Masters’ OO-Programming (Java) module. This allows a comparative evaluation of novice and experienced programmers’ learning. In this paper, we identify several instructional factors which emerge from our approach, and reflect upon the associated pedagogy. A Catalogue of ArtApplets is provided at the associated web-site.

Exploring Intrinsic Gender Identity Using Second Life

Virtual Worlds (VWs) provide an environment to understand and explore notions of gender and identity, particularly given the ability for users to experiment with gender in online worlds. Our study analyses gender identity using the virtual space of Second Life (SL) to explore experiences and responses to gender in an avatar. We introduced 46 novice users to the VW of SL in order to see if real life gender influenced their choices of avatar. Participants selected the gender of their original avatar and once they were used to SL, they were then asked to change the gender of that avatar. We used mixed methods research consisting of paper based questionnaires (n=34) and focus groups (n=46) conducted in SL. Nearly all participants chose an initial avatar that reflected their real-life gender with females (n=22) reporting higher levels of identification with this initial avatar. Females were significantly more concerned with the gender-specific appearance of their initial avatar. On swapping gender, females reported higher levels of discomfort and many changed back before 7 minutes. Males (n=24) did not report significant discomfort with their changed-gender avatar and did not revert back to their original avatar as quickly. Our findings suggest that female participants in this study tended to reinforce gender binaries through such things as clothing, hairstyles and behaviors of their avatars. Male participants were less likely to experience discomfort through changing the gender of their avatar (with the males noting they still perceived an avatar with a female appearance as male).

Prioritizing Purposes: Two American History Teachers' Choices Among Subject Matter and Classroom-Related Purposes

This study explores how two American history teachers - one novice and one experienced – make in-the-moment choices among their history subject matter and classroom-related purposes during the teaching of an American history unit. Using classroom observations, lesson artifacts, student work products, and deep, retrospective interviews with the teachers as they watched videos of their teaching, this study maps out in detail the teachers’ purposes, both within and across different lesson activity structures. This study finds that the novice and the experienced teacher navigated among their purposes differently from each other, and that the characteristics of each teacher’s purposes navigation aligned with student outcomes in that teacher’s class. The novice teacher acted more like a juggler, with visible, reactive navigation among each purpose operational throughout his teaching; student outcomes in his class were similarly fragmented and discrete. The experienced teacher presented more like an orchestra conductor, interweaving his purposes and anticipating the navigation decisions that would create a more seamless whole; student outcomes in his class were aligned with his holistic navigation of purposes. Findings from this study have important implications for education research and teacher practice, including the relationship between teachers’ navigation among purposes and desired student outcomes, the integral role of classroom-related purposes interwoven with history subject matter purposes in teachers’ decision-making, and the differences in purposes navigation between a novice and an experienced history teacher.

La première année d'insertion professionnelle des nouveaux enseignants du secondaire: comment se poursuit la construction de l'identité enseignante?

Des recherches récentes (Boies, 2012; Chong et Low, 2011; Riopel, 2006; Vallerand, 2008) ont démontré que les difficultés vécues par les enseignants lors de l’insertion professionnelle sont liées à la fragilité de leur identité professionnelle. Toutefois, peu de recherches ont étudié la construction identitaire des enseignants novices au cours de la première année d’insertion, ce que cette recherche exploratoire entend faire. Afin d’appréhender le processus dans son instantanéité, six enseignants novices du secondaire, cinq femmes et un homme, ont été suivis tout au long de leur première année d’insertion. Des données qualitatives ont été recueillies à l’aide de journaux de moments (Hess, 2006) tenus régulièrement ainsi qu'une entrevue semi-dirigée en début de première année. Nos résultats décrivent l’interaction entre les différentes sous-identités des novices (Day et Kington, 2008) constitutives de leur construction identitaire en proposant trois constats, c'est-à-dire l'unicité, la nécessité et la dualité des trois sous-identités au sein de l'articulation identitaire. Cette recherche contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’expérience de la première année d’insertion et permet de proposer des améliorations à la formation initiale ainsi qu’aux mesures de soutien à l’insertion.

The Effect of Attentional Focus on Singing Voice Quality: Towards the Interdisciplinary Experimental Investigation of Singing Pedagogy

Instructional methods employed by teachers of singing are mostly drawn from personal experience, personal reflections, and methods encountered in their own voice training (Welch & Howard, 2005). Even in Academia, singing pedagogy is one of the few disciplines in which research of teaching/learning practice efficacy has not been established (Crocco, et al., 2016). This dissertation argues the reason for this deficit is a lack of operationalization of constructs in singing, which, to date has not been undertaken. The researcher addresses issues of paradigm, epistemology, and methodology to suggest an appropriate model of experimental research towards the assessment of teaching/learning practice efficacy. A study was conducted adapting attentional focus research methodologies to test the effect of attentional focus on singing voice quality in adult novice singers. Based on previous attentional focus studies, it was hypothesized that external focus conditions would result in superior singing voice quality than internal focus conditions. While the hypothesis was partially supported by the data, the researcher welcomed refinement of the suggested research model. It is hoped that new research methodologies will emerge to investigate singing phenomena, yielding data that may be used towards the development of evidence-based frameworks for singing training.

How to reply to referees’ comments when submitting manuscripts for publication

Background: The publication of articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals is a fairly complex and stepwise process that involves responding to referees’ comments. Little guidance is available in the biomedical literature on how to deal with such comments. Objective: The objective of this article is to provide guidance to novice writers on dealing with peer review comments in a way that maximizes the chance of subsequent acceptance. Methods: This will be a literature review and review of the author’s experience as a writer and referee. Results: Where possible, the author should consider revising and resubmitting rather than sending an article elsewhere. A structured layout for responding to referees’ comments is suggested that includes the 3 golden rules: (1) respond completely; (2) respond politely; and (3) respond with evidence. Conclusion: Responding to referees’ comments requires the writer to overcome any feelings of personal attack, and to instead concentrate on addressing referees’ concerns in a courteous, objective, and evidencebased way. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2004;51:79-83.)

Identifying and enhancing risk thresholds in the detection of elder financial abuse: A signal detection analysis of professionals' decision making

Background: Financial abuse of elders is an under acknowledged problem and professionals' judgements contribute to both the prevalence of abuse and the ability to prevent and intervene. In the absence of a definitive "gold standard" for the judgement, it is desirable to try and bring novice professionals' judgemental risk thresholds to the level of competent professionals as quickly and effectively as possible. This study aimed to test if a training intervention was able to bring novices' risk thresholds for financial abuse in line with expert opinion. Methods: A signal detection analysis, within a randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention, was undertaken to examine the effect on the ability of novices to efficiently detect financial abuse. Novices (n = 154) and experts (n = 33) judged "certainty of risk" across 43 scenarios; whether a scenario constituted a case of financial abuse or not was a function of expert opinion. Novices (n = 154) were randomised to receive either an on-line educational intervention to improve financial abuse detection (n = 78) or a control group (no on-line educational intervention, n = 76). Both groups examined 28 scenarios of abuse (11 "signal" scenarios of risk and 17 "noise" scenarios of no risk). After the intervention group had received the on-line training, both groups then examined 15 further scenarios (5 "signal" and 10 "noise" scenarios). Results: Experts were more certain than the novices, pre (Mean 70.61 vs. 58.04) and post intervention (Mean 70.84 vs. 63.04); and more consistent. The intervention group (mean 64.64) were more certain of abuse post-intervention than the control group (mean 61.41, p = 0.02). Signal detection analysis of sensitivity (Á) and bias (C) revealed that this was due to the intervention shifting the novices' tendency towards saying "at risk" (C post intervention -.34) and away from their pre intervention levels of bias (C-.12). Receiver operating curves revealed more efficient judgments in the intervention group. Conclusion: An educational intervention can improve judgements of financial abuse amongst novice professionals.

Objective evaluation of surgical competency for minimally invasive surgery with a collection of simple tests

Objective: This study aims at determining if a collection of 16 motor tests on a physical simulator can objectively discriminate and evaluate practitioners' competency level, i.e. novice, resident, and expert. Methods: An experimental design with three study groups (novice, resident, and expert) was developed to test the evaluation power of each of the 16 simple tests. An ANOVA and a Student Newman-Keuls (SNK) test were used to analyze results of each test to determine which of them can discriminate participants' competency level. Results: Four of the 16 tests used discriminated all of the three competency levels and 15 discriminated at least two of the three groups (α= 0.05). Moreover, other two tests differentiate beginners\' level from intermediate, and other seven tests differentiate intermediate level from expert. Conclusion: The competency level of a practitioner of minimally invasive surgery can be evaluated by a specific collection of basic tests in a physical surgical simulator. Reduction of the number of tests needed to discriminate the competency level of surgeons can be the aim of future research.

Current trends in machinability research

The manufacturing index of a country relies on the quality of manufacturing research outputs. Theemergence of new materials such as composites and multi component alloy has replaced traditionalmaterials in certain design application. Materials with properties like high strength to weight ratio,fatigue strength, wear resistance, thermal stability and damping capacity are a popular choice for adesign engineer. Contrary, the manufacturing engineer is novice to the science of machining thesematerials. This paper is an attempt to focus on the current trends in machinability research and anaddition to the existing information on machining. The paper consist of information on machiningAustempered Ductile Iron (ADI), Duplex Stainless Steel and Nano-Structured Bainitic Steel. Thevarious techniques used to judge the machinability of these materials is described in this paper.Studying the chip formation process in duplex steel using a quick stop device, metallographic analysisusing heat tinting of ADI and cutting force analysis of Nano-structured bainitic steel is discussed.

Transition to specialty practice program characteristics and professional development outcomes

BACKGROUND: Transition to Specialty Practice Programs was introduced to facilitate the transition of nurses to specialty practice, and is recognised as preparatory for emergency nurses. Emergency nursing Transition to Specialty Practice Programs and their characteristics have developed locally in response to unit needs. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of emergency nursing Transition to Specialty Practice Programs in Australia, and identify which characteristics were associated with improved professional development outcomes. METHODS: An explanatory sequential design was used. Data were collected via online surveys and interviews of emergency Nurse Managers and Nurse Educators. Transition to Specialty Practice Program characteristics were compared using Mann Whitney U and Chi-Square tests. Content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. RESULTS: Survey data were collected from 118 emergency departments, and 13 interviews were conducted. Transition to Specialty Practice Programs were offered in most emergency departments (n=80, 72.1%), with one or two intakes per year. Transition to Specialty Practice Program characteristics varied; duration ranged from 5-12months, clinical preparation time ranged from 7-22days, and the number of study days provided ranged from 2-6. When Transition to Specialty Practice Programs of 6 and 12months duration were compared, there was no difference in the content covered. Emergency departments with 12month Transition to Specialty Practice Programs had lower percentages of Clinical Specialists (9% vs 18%, p=0.03) and postgraduate qualified nurses (30.5% vs 43.8%, p=0.09). CONCLUSION: The target participants, duration and clinical preparation of Transition to Specialty Practice Programs participants varied, impeding workforce mobility and articulation to postgraduate study and there were no professional development advantages from longer programs. There is an urgent need for a nationally consistent, evidence-based and fiscally responsible approach to Transition to Specialty Practice Programs.

A model for teaching an introductory programming course using ADRI

High failure and drop-out rates from introductory programming courses continue to be of significant concern to computer science disciplines despite extensive research attempting to address the issue. In this study, we include the three entities of the didactic triangle, instructors, students and curriculum, to explore the learning difficulties that students encounter when studying introductory programming. We first explore students’ perceptions of the barriers and affordances to learning programming. A survey is conducted with introductory programming students to get their feedback on the topics and associated learning resources in the introductory programming course. The instructors’ perceptions are included by analyzing current teaching materials and assessment tools used in the course. As a result, an ADRI based approach is proposed to address the problems identified in the teaching and learning processes of an introductory programming course.