Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change

Most of the policy debate surrounding the actions needed to mitigate and adapt to anthropogenic climate change has been framed by observations of the past 150 years as well as climate and sea-level projections for the twenty-first century. The focus on this 250-year window, however, obscures some of the most profound problems associated with climate change. Here, we argue that the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, a period during which the overwhelming majority of human-caused carbon emissions are likely to occur, need to be placed into a long-term context that includes the past 20 millennia, when the last Ice Age ended and human civilization developed, and the next ten millennia, over which time the projected impacts of anthropogenic climate change will grow and persist. This long-term perspective illustrates that policy decisions made in the next few years to decades will have profound impacts on global climate, ecosystems and human societies — not just for this century, but for the next ten millennia and beyond.

(Table 1) Stable oxygen isotopic ratios and yearly snow accumulation of firn and ice cores from Svalbard

We analyse ice cores from Vestfonna ice cap (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard). Oxygen isotopic measurements were made on three firn cores (6.0, 11.0 and 15.5 m deep) from the two highest summits of the glacier located on the SW-NE and NW-SE central ridges. Sub-annual d18O cycles were preserved and could be counted visually in the uppermost parts of the cores, but deeper layers were affected by post-depositional smoothing. A pronounced d18O minimum was found near the bottom of the three cores. We consider candidates for this d18O signal to be a valuable reference horizon since it is also seen elsewhere in Nordaustlandet. We attribute it to isotopically depleted snow precipitation, which NCEP/NCAR reanalysis shows was unusual for Vestfonna, and came from northerly air during the cold winter of 1994/95. Finding the 1994/95 time marker allows establishment of a precise depth/age scale for the three cores. The derived annual accumulation rates indirectly fill a geographical gap in mass balance measurements and thus provide information on spatial and temporal variability of precipitation over the glacier for the period spanned by the cores (1992-2009). Comparing records at the two locations also reveals that the snow net accumulation at the easternmost part of Vestfonna was only half of that in the western part over the last 17 years.

An annotated bibliography on detached breakwaters and artificial headlands /

Includes indexes.

Local information retrieval for the simulation and modeling system /

COO-1469-0174.

Generation and comparison of equivalent equation sets in a general purpose simulation and modeling package /

"C00-2383-0018."

Arithmetic unit of Illiac III: simulation and logical design, part II,

Pt 1, by Daniel E. Atkins, issued as File no. 713 of the University of Illinois Dept. of Computer Science in 1966.

Report on Workshop on High Performance Computing and Communications for Grand Challenge Applications : computer vision, speech and natural language processing, and artificial intelligence /

Cover title.

Digital-simulation and projection of head changes in the Potomac-Raritan-Magothy aquifer system, coastal plain, New Jersey /

"May 1980."

Wastewater treatment by natural and artificial marshes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Cornubia: a poem, in five cantos, descriptive of the most interesting scenery, natural and artificial, in the County of Cornwall; interspersed with historical anecdotes, and legendary tales.

Mode of access: Internet.

Interim report on channel deterioration study of natural and artificial drainageways in Republican, Loup, and Little Sioux River areas, Nebraska and Iowa.

Mode of access: Internet.

Topographical and historical sketches of the boroughs of East and West Looe, in the county of Cornwall; with an account of the natural and artificial curiosities and picturesque scenery of the neighbourhood.

Mode of access: Internet.

A connected view of the whole internal navigation of the United States; natural and artificial, present and prospective: corrected and improved from the edition of 1826, and much enlarged, from authentic materials, down to the present time. With a sheet map, and numerous engraved profiles ... The map ... is projected, on a reduced scale, from Tanner's ... map of the United States ...

Checklist Amer. imprints

Peter Parley's book of curiosities, natural and artificial. Illustrated by one hundred engravings.

Mode of access: Internet.

Peter Parley's book of curiosities : natural and artificial ; illustrated by one hundred engravings.

cf. Checklist Amer. imprints