中国明对虾病原检测新方法及酚氧化酶通路相关基因的研究

对虾病害在世界范围内肆虐，给水产养殖和沿海农村经济造成了重大损失。在水产养殖的实践中快速检测水产动物的病害并及时采取隔离等措施对于控制病害尤为重要，其中关键的环节就是快速检测出病害，并在对虾免疫机制上寻找对虾疾病防治的有效方法。研究表明当对虾等甲壳动物受到外界病原刺激时，极微量的微生物多糖就可以激活proPO系统。激活过程中涉及和产生一系列活性物质，如黑色素、酚氧化酶原激活因子（PPA）、模式识别蛋白（BGBP、PGBP、LGBP、LBP）及其膜上受体和A2巨球蛋白等，它们可通过多种方式参与防御反应，包括提供调理素，促进血细胞吞噬作用，形成结节或包囊以及介导凝集和凝固，产生杀菌物质并且黑色素化。黑色素常常在节肢动物的体表形成黑色斑点，形成的色素沉着对机体起到保护作用。所以，酚氧化酶原激活的级联反应是节肢动物免疫的关键因素。本论文研究开发了以环等温介导技术（LAMP）为基础的检测对虾白斑病毒（WSSV）和鳗弧菌（V. anguillarum）的快速检测方法。并从对虾对病害的免疫机制为切入点，从中国明对虾体内克隆了酚氧化酶原（PrpPO）和丝氨酸蛋白酶FcSP3这两个免疫系统中重要的基因，分析了它们的分子结构特征，组织分布及应答鳗弧菌病原刺激的表达变化模式。 建立的对虾常见病害对虾白班病毒（WSSV）和鳗弧菌（V. anguillarum）的LAMP检测方法，经过实验比对和Blast检索，发现本研究中使用的引物，比已经报导的LAMP方法或者PCR方法具有更宽的检测范围（更低的假阴性）。检测WSSV的LAMP方法使用病毒的VP28基因设计引物，而鳗弧菌的检测方法使用empA基因设计引物。在方法中，首次提出加入UNG酶和dUTP的措施来预防污染，在实际检测中非常有效。LAMP方法与PCR检测方法的灵敏性比较也进行了研究，二者灵敏性相当。 依据中国明对虾血液cDNA文库提供的部分片段信息，结合SMART-RACE技术，克隆了酚氧化酶原（PrpPO）基因，通过序列比对分析发现，PrpPO基因cDNA全长为3040 bp，其中开放阅读框2061 bp，编码686个氨基酸，其中推测的信号肽为12个氨基酸。推测的序列与斑节对虾（P. monodon）同源性为93%,与短钩对虾（P. semisulcatus.）同源性为92%。real time RT-PCR实验结果表明， ProPO在血细胞中的相对表达量最高，肝胰脏中表达量最低。弧菌刺激实验中注射弧菌，刺激了血细胞和淋巴器官中的ProPO mRNA显著增加，说明在血细胞和淋巴器官中存在快速反应的ProPO通路。而ProPO mRNA量在淋巴器官中在时间上早于血液中升至最高，说明该动物在在病原刚开始入侵的时候先有淋巴器官发挥主要的免疫作用，随着时间推移血细胞便变成主要的免疫器官。 根据中国明对虾肝胰脏cDNA文库提供EST信息，经过SMART-RACE克隆了一个丝氨酸蛋白酶FcSP3基因，通过序列比对分析发现，该丝氨酸蛋白酶基因cDNA全长为1622 bp，其中开放阅读框1431 bp，编码477个氨基酸，其中推测的信号肽为22个氨基酸。推测的序列与疟蚊的丝氨酸蛋白酶（A. gambiae）同源性为33%,与丽蝇蛹集金小蜂的酚氧化酶原激活因子（N. vitripennis）同源性为32%，与东北大黑鳃金龟的酚氧化酶原激活因子（H. diomphalia）同源性为34%。淋巴器官中PPAⅡ表达量约为血液中表达量的47560倍，肝胰脏中的FCSP3表达量为血细胞表达量的6226倍。鳗弧菌注射对虾后，淋巴器官中刺激组和对照组FcSP3的mRNA量在刺激后6小时显著降低，但是刺激组的表达量明显高于对照组。刺激组的血细胞与肝胰脏中FcSP3 mRNA的相对表达量增高。而病原刺激后的血液与肝胰脏中的FcSP3 mRNA的增长趋势也在时间上先与ProPO mRNA。这说明FcSP3对ProPO有正调控的作用，但这个调控有一个时间差，并且在不同组织中有不同的调控效率。

Characteristics of sulfide corrosion products on 316L stainless steel surfaces in the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria

It has been found that microbial communities play a significant role in the corrosion process of steels exposed in aquatic and soil environments. Biomineralization influenced by microorganisms is believed to be responsible for the formation of corrosion products via complicated pathways of electron transfer between microbial cells and the metal. In this study, sulfide corrosion products were investigated for 316L stainless steel exposed to media with sulfate-reducing bacteria media for 7 weeks. The species of inorganic and organic sulfides in the passive film on the stainless steel were observed by epifluorescence microscope, environmental scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The transformation from metal oxides to metal sulfides influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria is emphasized in this paper. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站辐射气候特征

以2000—03到2001—02的辐射观测资料，分析了海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站地区辐射及各分光辐射的变化特征．将为高寒草甸生态系统的物质循环、能量流动、草地生产力形成机制等问题的研究提供科学依据。结果表明：海北站区Eg、Er、UV、PAR、NIR和En具有明显的日、年变化，年内其总量分别达6278．867MJ／m^2、1515．139MJ／m^2、311．242MJ／m^2、2576．777MJ／m^2、3397．404MJ／m^2和2542．950MJ／m^2，其中在植物生长期的5—9月分别为3181．215MJ／m^2、698．021MJ／m^2、165．955MJ／m^2、1133．965MJ／m^2、1673．871MJ／m^2和1668．805MJ／m^2。年内Er、UV、PAR、NIR和Eh占Eg的比例分别为0．242、0．048、0．410、0．540和0．410，在植物生长期分别为0．219、0．052、0．413、0.528和0．527。对Eg和PAR提出了下列形式的模拟求算式．Eg=Eg0（0．089．7＋0．9768S／S0）和PAR=-3.8044＋0.4177％，模拟效果较好，可利用有关常规气象观测资料进行估算。

滑坡型泥石流转化机理研究—以四川省达县青宁乡滑坡为例

Slide-debris flow is debris flow which is transformed from landslide consecutively in a short time, it comprises of two phases: First, Landslide starts to slide; Second, landslide changes to debris flow. Slide-debris flow which brings great property and life loss happens frequently at home and abroad. In order to forecast the happening possibility and scope of slide-debris flow, transfromation mechanism of Slide-debris flow must be studied. Research on transformation mechanism of slide-debris flow is intersectant science of landslide kinetics and debris flow starting theory, It is a fringe problem as well as front problem of geological hazard. This paper takes Qingning slide-debris flow in Da County, Sichuan Province for example and has studied the mechanism of its instability and transfromation into debris flow through indoor test (including usual soil test and ring shear test) and digital modeling method.The research gets the following conclusions. Qingning Landslide took place mainly because of confined water head arising from rainfall infiltration. Before Landslide occurring, it rained continuously for 22 days, accumulated precipitation arrived at 521.6mm.Investigation shows that strata of Qingning Landslide contains quaternary loose accumulation, slip soil and highly weathered bedrock, which is a good condition for formation of confined water in the slope. Further more, groundwater seepage in the slope body and corresponding slope safety factor before landslide occurring have been computed through finite element method. The result shows that because of infiltration of rainfall, confined water head in the slope arose sharply, accordingly, the safety factor of the slope declined quickly. The result also shows that force put on the slide body by the rock mass detached from Dazhaiyan mountain was the direct factor for landslide occurring. Qingning slide-debris transformation mode has been summarized, the process the landslide changed into debris flow is divided into three phases in the prospective of macroscopic geological condition: landslide occurring, transformation and debris flow. Landslide occurring phase is from slope’ local creeping slide to Landslide occurring; transformation phase contains slide body sliding on the slide bed after slide occurring and sliding on the slope after shearing opening; debris flow phase is that slide body breaks up completely and flows downward into the ditches. The transformation mechanism of Qingning slide-debris flow has been studied through indoor ring shear test of slip soil. The result shows that transformation mechanism contains two points: first, during slide body sliding on the slide bed and slope after shearing opening, shearing shrinkage, grain crushing and grain layering brought about declining of its volume and produced excess pore water pressure, and because producing velocity of excess pore water pressure is much greater than its dissipating velocity, shear strength of slide body decreased sharply because of accumulated pore water pressure. Second, grains crushing and grains layering during slide body sliding brought about thick liquefied layer at the bottom of the slidebody, liquefied layer contained high water content and its shear strength was very low, its thickness increased as the sliding displacement increasing. Liquefied layer makes slide body sliding fast and easily break down to debris flow. Excess pore water pressure and liquefied layer made shear strength of slidebody became very low, furthermore, water in the pit of slope joining in the slidebody was also a facter that made slidebody accelerate the transformation. Influence of slide body thickness and fine grains content to transformation of slide-debris flow has been studied through ring shear test. The result reaches two conclusions. First, thickness of slide body affects transformation of slide-debris flow by two ways, porewater pressure and effect of “soft base” increases as thickness of slide body increasing.so the thicker slide body is ,the easier transformation is. Second, actual dissipating velocity of porewater pressure should be considered when studying the influence of fine grains content to tranformation of slide-debris flow. There should be a critical content of fine grains which makes the difference of producing and dissipating velocity of water pore pressre greatest, this value is the best for slide-debris transformation. The whole process of slide-debris flow transformation is reproduced through discrete element method. Transformation mechanism of slide-debris flow is studied through monitoring various parameters including pore water pressure, grain crushing and grain layering in the slide body during the transformation. The result confirms and supplements the transformation mechanism of slide-debris flow got from ring shear test well.

额尔齐斯河流域及某稀有多金属矿废水铀、钍含量分布及其环境影响

运用简易、快捷、灵敏的ICP2MS 法直接测定稀有多金属矿以及河水样品中的铀钍含量,并推算其与比放射性活度之间的定量关系,客观评价了某稀有多金属矿废水中的放射性水平以及额尔齐斯河流域的放射性污染现状。研究表明,某稀有多金属选矿废水铀含量可达781311μg/ L ,钍含量达01627μg/ L 。额尔齐斯河流域各支流河水铀、钍平均含量分别为01584μg/ L 、01025μg/ L ,其干流河水钍平均含量为01019μg/ L ,而铀平均含量达21234μg/ L ,远高于世界河水铀平均含量01309μg/ L 。

Northern Ireland After the Good Friday Agreement: Victims, Grievance and Blame

Breen Smyth, Morrisey, M., Northern Ireland After the Good Friday Agreement: Victims, Grievance and Blame (Pluto Press, 2002), pp.xiii+247 RAE2008

Robust Identification of Shared Losses Using End-to-End Unicast Probes

ERRATA: We present corrections to Fact 3 and (as a consequence) to Lemma 1 of BUCS Technical Report BUCS-TR-2000-013 (also published in IEEE INCP'2000)[1]. These corrections result in slight changes to the formulae used for the identifications of shared losses, which we quantify.

A Spectrum of TCP-friendly Window-Based Congestion Control Algorithms

The increasing diversity of Internet application requirements has spurred recent interest in transport protocols with flexible transmission controls. In window-based congestion control schemes, increase rules determine how to probe available bandwidth, whereas decrease rules determine how to back off when losses due to congestion are detected. The control rules are parameterized so as to ensure that the resulting protocol is TCP-friendly in terms of the relationship between throughput and loss rate. This paper presents a comprehensive study of a new spectrum of window-based congestion controls, which are TCP-friendly as well as TCP-compatible under RED. Our controls utilize history information in their control rules. By doing so, they improve the transient behavior, compared to recently proposed slowly-responsive congestion controls such as general AIMD and binomial controls. Our controls can achieve better tradeoffs among smoothness, aggressiveness, and responsiveness, and they can achieve faster convergence. We demonstrate analytically and through extensive ns simulations the steady-state and transient behavior of several instances of this new spectrum.

Roots and wings: orthodoxy, tradition, and creativity in Irish folk Catholicism

The present work is an exploration of the beliefs and practices of three lay Catholic devotional communities in and around the city of Cork, Ireland. The research is guided by the theory that folk, or popular, religion is a dynamic process in which individuals and groups utilise the resources of orthodoxy, popular tradition, and personal creativity, to better interpret, articulate, and create religious experiences. Ethnographic fieldwork was the principal method of data collection. Four areas of folk religion are given special attention: the use of religious narrative to represent and reproduce religious experience, the use of material artefacts to create channels for sacred presence and activity, the use of ritual and pilgrimage to establish sacred time and space, and the use of prayer to accomplish all of these goals. These sections are followed by a more holistic analysis of the material, a critical examination of the work, and suggestions for further research.

Bound on quantum computation time: Quantum error correction in a critical environment

We obtain an upper bound on the time available for quantum computation for a given quantum computer and decohering environment with quantum error correction implemented. First, we derive an explicit quantum evolution operator for the logical qubits and show that it has the same form as that for the physical qubits but with a reduced coupling strength to the environment. Using this evolution operator, we find the trace distance between the real and ideal states of the logical qubits in two cases. For a super-Ohmic bath, the trace distance saturates, while for Ohmic or sub-Ohmic baths, there is a finite time before the trace distance exceeds a value set by the user. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Surface-electrode point Paul trap

We present a model as well as experimental results for a surface electrode radiofrequency Paul trap that has a circular electrode geometry well suited for trapping single ions and two-dimensional planar ion crystals. The trap design is compatible with microfabrication and offers a simple method by which the height of the trapped ions above the surface may be changed in situ. We demonstrate trapping of single Sr88+ ions over an ion height range of 200-1000 μm for several hours under Doppler laser cooling and use these to characterize the trap, finding good agreement with our model. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Waveguide QED: Many-body bound-state effects in coherent and Fock-state scattering from a two-level system

Strong coupling between a two-level system (TLS) and bosonic modes produces dramatic quantum optics effects. We consider a one-dimensional continuum of bosons coupled to a single localized TLS, a system which may be realized in a variety of plasmonic, photonic, or electronic contexts. We present the exact many-body scattering eigenstate obtained by imposing open boundary conditions. Multiphoton bound states appear in the scattering of two or more photons due to the coupling between the photons and the TLS. Such bound states are shown to have a large effect on scattering of both Fock- and coherent-state wave packets, especially in the intermediate coupling-strength regime. We compare the statistics of the transmitted light with a coherent state having the same mean photon number: as the interaction strength increases, the one-photon probability is suppressed rapidly, and the two- and three-photon probabilities are greatly enhanced due to the many-body bound states. This results in non-Poissonian light. © 2010 The American Physical Society.

Atypical Fibroxanthoma of the Bulbar Conjunctiva.

PURPOSE: To report a rare case of atypical fibroxanthoma (AFX) of the bulbar conjunctiva, and to compare it with previously published cases of conjunctival AFX. METHODS: A 37-year-old woman developed a growth on the bulbar conjunctiva of her left eye that increased in size and redness over 4 months and was associated with blurry vision in the left eye, occasional diplopia, irritation of the eye, and increasing tearing. The mass was surgically excised. RESULTS: Slit-lamp examination disclosed a highly vascularized conjunctival lesion with intact lustrous epithelium and a raised nodular edge encroaching on the nasal corneal limbus of the left eye. Pathological examination and immunohistochemistry were diagnostic of AFX. CONCLUSIONS: AFX of the conjunctiva is rare, with this being only the fifth example of this neoplasm reported at this site. Complete surgical excision is the most appropriate treatment option.