Ruminal degradability of neutral detergent fiber of Cynodon spp. grasses at four regrowth ages

The aim of this work was to determine ruminal degradation of neutral detergent fiber of grasses of the genus Cynodon, harvested at four cutting ages. It was used a randomized block design, with five treatments arranged in a split plot, the five evaluated genotypes: Tifton 85, Jiggs, Russel, Tifton 68 and Vaquero; were the plots and ages of cutting were the subplots: 28, 48, 63 and 79 days. By adding one day in the cutting age, there was a linear reduction in the effective degradability of neutral detergent fiber of blade and stem of 0.16 and 0.18%, respectively. The increase in the cutting age had a linear and positive influence on the undegradable neutral detergent fiber with daily increments for leaf and stem of 0.12 and 0.18%, respectively. At the 28 regrowth day, all genotypes showed higher content of potentially degradable insoluble fraction, effective degradability and lower undegradable fraction of the neutral detergent fiber of blade and stem in relation to other ages, in this way this interval is recommended for cutting management.

A percepção dos professores cooperantes sobre os conhecimentos e as competências dos estudantes

The Cooperating Teacher (CT) areessentialfor skills development and knowledge of future physical education teachers. Through asemi-structured interview, the purpose of our studyis to understand the perspectives and view sof CT with respectto the Teachers Students (TS) preparationin their first contact with the school reality. We verified that the CT feel that TS start with knowledge, but they cannot put theminto practice. This difficultyis due to the fact that the current curriculum have few hoursof practical subjects for the TS developte aching skillsand learning. However, despitethe current curriculum does not meet all the requirements for the professionalization has Curricular Units(CU) importante for the development of values, ethics, ethics and citizenship TS.

The management of cover plant residues for cotton cropped in a no-tillage system

The cutting of plant residue in no-tillage systems under certain environmental conditions becomes necessary to adequately establish and grow crops. This study aims to assess the effect on the yield of different methods of managing millet plant residue in cotton plantations. The study was conducted during the agricultural years 2006/07 and 2007/08, and the treatments included no-mechanical-treatment tillage and the use of a rotary shredder, crimper-roller, and mechanical disintegrator for millet plants before sowing the cotton. Evaluations were performed for the residue fragmentation, emergence speed, percent of soil cover during the cycle and yield of the cotton crop. The emergence speed was faster in the management with the rotary shredder. In 2006/07, the no-tillage treatment showed a rate of loss for soil cover that was 46 percent greater than the disintegrator treatment. The rotary shredder and the disintegrator yielded greater soil coverage during the cultivation cycle, and the yield was highly correlated with the soil cover at 75 days after emergence. The management of the millet residue affected the cotton plants for the two-year study period.

O ensino da escrita e o desenvolvimento das pessoas com deficiência intelectual

This article proposes a theoretical reflection on the development of children with intellectual disabilities, regarding the importance and necessity of the process of learning the written language, from a historical-cultural point of view. For this approach, the course of development of a child disabled or not will occur according to cultural and social conditions experimented by him or her. Therefore, concerning the child with intellectual disabilities, his cultural condition, in dynamic relationship with the obstacles placed in its special condition, will be the source of his development. If the development of higher psychological functions is realized through the use of tools and if the people with intellectual disabilities present an inability to use these tools, there will be the need for aids so they can learn to use them in order to train and develop their psychic functions. In this process, education and written language acquisitions are fundamental ways of accessibility to the cultural world, a wider significance of communication in the world and to oneself. In short, the educators' comprehension about the importance of intentional teaching of written language and the historical process that envolves its development represents a fundamental contribution to the process of humanization of children with disabilities.

Compreensão leitora de palavras e frases: elaboração de procedimento avaliativo

This study aimed to develop procedures for assessing reading comprehension of words and phrases and characterize the performance of students of 2nd year of elementary school in this procedure. It was divided into two phases: 1) preparation of evaluation tests of reading comprehension, consisting of three events: comprehension of written word (CWW), sentences (CWS) and sentences through pictures (CSP) and 2) application of the elaborated evaluation in 120 students distributed in the following groups: GI, 60 students from a public (municipal) school and GII, 60 students from a private school. The CWW test obtained the highest average of score, followed by CSP and CWS for both groups, since the picture contributes to the comprehension of the meaning either of the word and sentences. The procedure was effective to assess initial skills of reading comprehension once it identified inherent difficulties related to the literacy process.

Revendo estudos sobre a assistência domiciliar ao idoso

Home care presents itself as a new modality of care for the elderly, especially in Brazil , and has been inserted into public policies. This study aims to identify scientific productions about home care, in order to ascertain which are the contributions of this social dynamic in the elderly. The research was conducted in the databases MEDLINE and LILACS, with articles published between the years 2001- 2011, in Portuguese and English. The combination of keywords used was home care and elderly , elderly and care, and elderly and caregiver, and correspondents in Portuguese. The discussion highlighted the importance of home care, especially for lonely or neglected elderly. The review revealed few studies concerning the social dynamics in the home care of the elderly and the need to broaden the discussion beyond the field of health.

Desempenho da tilápia-do-Nilo arraçoada com dietas contendo farinha de sangue bovino atomizado ou convencional

The study evaluated the performance and carcass composition index of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed with diets containing increasing levels of spray-dried blood meal (SDBM) and vat-dried blood meal (VDBM) and formulated based on digestible amino acids. Two hundred and fifty-two fingerlings were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a (2 x 4) + 1 factorial model, two types of blood meal with four levels of each blood meal in the diet, and a control diet (without blood meal), with four replications. The treatments consisted of soybean meal-based control diet, with 34% digestible protein (DP) and 3,200 kcal of digestible energy kg-1 (DE), plus four diets formulated with SDBM and four diets with VDBM, containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% of each meal in feed, maintaining identical DP, DE, phosphorus, calcium, lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan levels as those of the control diet. The results show that it is possible to use up to 15% VDBM in diets of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) between 5 to 150 g of body weight.

Influence of agrochemicals fipronil and imidacloprid on the learning behavior of Apis mellifera L. honeybees

Agrochemicals on crop cultivated areas is a source of contamination for bees and may cause physiological and behavioral disorders and mortality. The LD50 of the pesticides fipronil and imidacloprid was determined and their effect on the learning behavior of Apis mellifera L. honeybee evaluated. LD50 was determined by the ingestion of contaminated food with different concentrations of insecticide concentrations: Fipronil (0, 0.8, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1 and 0.05 µg bee-1) and imidacloprid (0, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 µg bee-1). The method of proboscis extension reflection (PER) and learning through citral odor evaluated their responses to food stimulation. LD50 obtained were 0.28 ± 0.11 and 0.10 ± 0.04 µg bee-1 for fipronil and imidacloprid, respectively. The PER test showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) although agrochemicals affected the learning of bees. Insecticides fipronil and imidacloprid are extremely harmful to foraging Africanized Apis mellifera bees.

Pollen spectrum of propolis samples from São Paulo State, Brazil

The pollen spectrum of propolis is a good indicative of the phytogeographical origin of the bee product and the local flora available for bee visiting. The present study aimed to perform pollen analysis of propolis produced by Apis mellifera L., in the São Paulo State, Brazil. Propolis samples were directly obtained from beekeepers and slides were prepared for qualitative and quantitative analysis of pollen after propolis extraction. According to the results twenty-eight types of pollen were found and distributed in fifteen botanical families. Pollens from Mimosoideae and Myrtaceae types were found in all samples. In São Paulo State, there is a wide variety of vegetal sources which are components of the final propolis composition.

Effect of nutritional density and season on the performance of young rabbit does before the first mating

The objective was to evaluate the effect of nutritional density and season on the performance of young rabbit does before the first mating. Forty-eight females from the Botucatu Genetic Group were used in each season (warm or cool), starting at the age of 70 days, housed in groups of four per cage up to 119 days, and reared individually from 120 to 140 days of age. The high-density diet was formulated to contain, on a 90% DM basis, 18.4% CP, 16.5% ADF and 2,500 kcal DE kg-1; whereas the low-density diet was formulated to contain 14.7% CP, 24% ADF and 2,000 kcal DE kg-1. The experiment was conducted according to a 2x2 factorial design (two diets x two seasons) with repeated measures (weeks). The high-density diet promoted lower feed intake, higher final weight, and higher daily weight gain, adjusted for constant intake. But these facts alone do not warrant using a high-density diet for growing rabbit does, because it could have a negative impact during the reproductive phase. In the warm season, there was a reduction in feed intake and an improvement in feed efficiency. Along time, however, the mean body weight of does was similar in the two seasons.

Digestible lysine levels for laying hens and their effects on egg quality

Egg quality of semi-heavy laying hens fed on low protein diets (14.0% CP) and on different lysine levels is evaluated, while maintaining the same ratio of digestible amino acids / digestible lysine. Four hundred and twenty commercial strain Isa Brown laying hens, 28 weeks old, were divided into 42 experimental plots. A completely randomized design with six treatments and seven replicates was employed in four production cycles of 28 days each. Treatments comprised Control - 16.92% CP; 0.750% digestible lysine. Treatments 1 to 5, with CP levels 14% and digestible lysine levels 0.600, 0.675, 0.750, 0.825 and 0.900% respectively. Levels of Treatments 1 and 2 (0.546 and 0.640% digestible Met + Cys / 0.600 and 0.675% digestible lysine) provided smaller egg size. On the other hand, eggs had higher shell percentage when compared to control diet. When compared to other digestible amino acids, digestible lysine requirement may be estimated at 0.750% in a diet with 14% CP, which corresponds to the average daily intake of 876 mg dig. lysine hen-1 day-1 and 798 mg dig. Met + Cys hen-1 day-1, without jeopardizing performance and eggs' internal and external quality.

Revisão sistemática do efeito do envelhecimento no andar livre e adaptativo

Aging seems to impair the walking. However, it is not clear the effects of aging on walking. The aim of this study was to determine changes in kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic parameters of the free and adaptive gait, in preferred velocity, caused by aging. The initial search strategy was performed to identify all articles that examined the free and adaptive gait. The electronic databases analyzed were: MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sports Discus, DARE, PsychInfo, ERIC, AusportMed, AMI, Cochrane and PEDro. Twenty-three articles were reviewed in full. Elderly are slower, with shorter step length and longer double support duration than young adults during free and adaptive gait. Even, they showed higher muscular demands, with redistribution of joint power and torque and decreased force in the propulsion and absorption phases. It was concluded that elderly present altered kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic parameters of free and adaptive gait compared to young adults.

Soil microbial biomass after two years of the consecutive application of composted tannery sludge

Because the agricultural use of tannery sludge may cause increased risks to soils, composting is recognized as one of the most suitable alternative for tannery sludge recycling. Experiments were conducted under field conditions to evaluate the effects of composted tannery sludge (CTS) on the soil microbial biomass and trace elements after two years of consecutive applications. The following five treatments were used: 0 (without CTS application), 5, 10, 20 and 40 ton ha-1 of CTS (dry basis). Soil samples were collected at 60 days after the CTS application at 0-20 cm depth. The CTS application promoted changes in the soil microbial biomass C (SMB-C) and N (SMB-N). In the first year, significant increases in the SMB-C and SMB-N were observed with the application of 10 ton ha-1. Furthermore, CTS application increased the Cr content in the soil after two years of application.

Probiótico na larvicultura de matrinxã, Brycon amazonicus

The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of Brycon amazonicus larvae fed with probiotic consisting of Bacillus subtilis, bioencapsulated in Artemia salina at different doses. Six treatments were used: T0 = control (without probiotic), T2.5 = 2.5 g, T5.0 = 5.0 g, T7.5 = 7.5 g, T10.0 = 10.0 g and T12;5 = 12.5 g per liter of probiotic when fed with A. saline (4h before feeding the larvae); and per kilogram of feed (commercial powder with 40% crude protein) in the next phase. The results showed heterogeneity with regard to growth, indicating that larvae fed with probiotic had no influence on cannibalism.

Growth performance and intestinal histomorphology of Nile tilapia juveniles fed probiotics

The objective of this study was to assess the growth performance and the histomorphometric characterization of the middle intestine of GIFT strain Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus juveniles fed probiotics, added either before or after the feed processing. The experimental design was completely randomized, with five treatments and five replications: pelleted feed without any probiotic; pelleted feed with inclusion of probiotic before the processing; pelleted feed with inclusion of probiotic after the processing; extruded feed without any probiotic and extruded feed with inclusion of probiotic after the processing. Two hundred and fifty juveniles were distributed in 25 aquaria (20L) and fed for 63 days. Differences in the mean values of total weight were found at the end of the experiment. After 42 days of feed intake, significant differences in feed conversion were verified for treatments with extruded diets when compared to the pelleted ones. The fishes fed diets supplemented with probiotic presented increase in the thickness of the epithelium of the intestine. The best zootechnical performance was observed in the extruded diet supplemented with probiotic added after the feed processing. The inclusion of 4.0 x 10(8) CFU g-1 of Bacillus subtilis and 4.0 x 10(8) CFU g-1 of Bacillus toyoi in both the pelleted and the extruded diets promoted an increase in the thickness of the epithelial layer of the middle intestine.