Método alternativo a la modelización gráfica en el cálculo del espacio necesario para crear zonas lineales de aparcamiento en vías urbanas

Aquest mètode permet calcular numèricament l¿espai necessari per crear zones lineals d¿aparcament d¿ n places sense haver de recórrer a la modelització gràfica. Està dissenyat especialment per trobar amb facilitat les característiques òptimes de zones d¿aparcament en vies amb limitacions d¿espai. Aquest estudi és una anàlisi trigonomètrica d¿una àrea d¿aparcament tenint en compte el comportament d¿un vehicle estàndard en la maniobra d¿estacionament.

Biology of three species of the Meccus phyllosomus complex (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) fed on blood of hens and rabbits

Aspects related to hatching, life time, number of blood meals to molt, mortality, feeding time and postfeed defecation delay for each instar of Meccus phyllosomus, M. mazzottii, and M. bassolsae, life-cycle were evaluated and compared in two cohorts of each of those three species, fed on hens or rabbits. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were recorded among cohorts fed on hens respect to cohorts fed on rabbits in M. phyllosomus and M. mazzottii and the average time of hatching was 21.5 days for cohorts fed on hens and 22.5 for cohorts fed on rabbits. Average egg-to-adult development times were no significant (p > 0.05) different between both cohorts of M. phyllosomus and M. mazzotti, independent of the blood meal source. The average span in days for each instar fed on hens was not significantly different to the average span for each instar fed on rabbits, when comparisons were made by species. The number of blood meals at each nymphal instar varied from 1 to 6 in both cohorts of each species. The mortality rates were higher on older nymphs, in both cohorts of M. phyllosomus and M. bassolsae, whereas they were higher on first instar nymphs on M. mazzottii. Mean feeding time was no significant (p > 0.05) different in triatomines fed on hens or fed on rabbits, when each species were compared separately. A similar number of nymphs of each cohort, completed the cycle. Defecation delay was no significant (p > 0.05) different when cohorts fed on hens and fed on rabbits were compared by species. Most of the studied parameters showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences among those cohorts fed on hens and for fed on rabbits, which could mean a high degree of association of those species with birds as much as mammals, under wild conditions, increasing their capacity to colonize human dwellings.

Hepatic stereology of schistosomiasis mansoni infected-mice fed a high-fat diet

High-fat diets induce weight gain and fatty liver in wild-type mice. Schistosomiasis mansoni infection also promotes hepatic injury. This study was designed to quantify hepatic alterations in schistosomiasis mansoni-infected mice fed a high fat-rich chow compared to mice fed a standard rodent chow, using stereology. Female SW mice fed each either high-fat diet (29% lipids) or standard chow (12% lipids) over 8 months, and then were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Four experimental groups were studied: infected mice fed a high-fat diet (IHFC) or standard chow (ISC), uninfected mice fed a high-fat diet (HFC) or standard chow (SC). Mice were sacrificed during early infection (9 weeks from exposure). The following hepatic biometry and the stereology parameters were determined: volume density (hepatocytes [h], sinusoids [s], steatosis [st] and hepatic fibrosis [hf]); numerical density (hepatocyte nuclei - Nv[h]); absolute number of total hepatocyte N[h], normal hepatocyte N[nh], and binucleated hepatocyte N[bh], percentage of normal hepatocyte P[nh] and binucleated hepatocyte P[bh]. IHFC and HFC groups exhibited TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and body mass significantly greater (p < 0.05) than control group. No significant differences were found regards liver volume (p = 0.07). Significant differences were observed regards P[nh] (p = 0.0045), P[bh] (p = 0.0045), Nv[h] (p = 0.0006), N[h] (p = 0.0125), N[bh] (p = 0.0164) and N[nh] (p = 0.0078). IHFC mice group presented 29% of binucleated hepatocytes compared to HFC group (19%), ISC group (17%) and SC (6%). Volume density was significantly different between groups: Vv[h] (p = 0.0052), Vv[s] (p = 0.0025), Vv[st] (p = 0.0004), and Vv[hf] (p = 0.0007). In conclusion, schistosomiasis mansoni infection with concurrent high-fat diet promotes intensive quantitative changes in hepatic structure, contributing to an increasing on hepatic regeneration.

Protein synthesis in jejunum and liver of neonatal calves fed vitamin A and lactoferrin

Rates of protein synthesis (PS) and turnover are more rapid during the neonatal period than during any other stage of postnatal life. Vitamin A and lactoferrin (Lf) can stimulate PS in neonates. However, newborn calves are vitamin A deficient and have a low Lf status, but plasma vitamin A and Lf levels increase rapidly after ingestion of colostrum. Neonatal calves (n = 6 per group) were fed colostrum or a milk-based formula without or with vitamin A, Lf, or vitamin A plus Lf to study PS in the jejunum and liver. l-[(13)C]Valine was intravenously administered to determine isotopic enrichment of free (nonprotein-bound) Val (AP(Free)) in the protein precursor pool, atom percentage excess (APE) of protein-bound Val, fractional protein synthesis rate (FSR) in the jejunum and liver, and isotopic enrichment of Val in plasma (APE(Pla)) and in the CO(2) of exhaled air (APE(Ex)). The APE, AP(Free), and FSR in the jejunum and liver did not differ significantly among groups. The APE(Ex) increased, whereas APE(Pla) decreased over time, but there were no group differences. Correlations were calculated between FSR(Jej) and histomorphometrical and histochemical data of the jejunum, and between FSR(Liv) and blood metabolites. There were negative correlations between FSR(Liv) and plasma albumin concentrations and between FSR(Jej) and the ratio of villus height:crypt depth, and there was a positive correlation between FSR(Jej) and small intestinal cell proliferation in crypts. Hence, there were no effects of vitamin A and Lf and no interactions between vitamin A and Lf on intestinal and hepatic PS. However, FSR(Jej) was correlated with histomorphometrical traits of the jejunum and FSR(Liv) was correlated with plasma albumin concentrations.

Biology of three species of North American Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae) fed on rabbits

Aspects related to hatching, lifetime, number of blood meals for molting, mortality, feeding time, and postfeeding defecation delay were evaluated and compared in each instar of three North American Triatominae: Triatoma gerstaeckeri, Triatoma lecticularia and Triatoma protracta, all of them fed on rabbits. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found among the three species regarding mean hatching rate, which was close to 20 days. Egg-to-adult development times were significantly shorter (p < 0.05) for T. lecticularia. Number of blood meals for molting to next instar ranged from one to five for T. protracta, and from one to six for T. gerstaeckeri and T. lecticularia. Mortality rates were higher in younger nymphs of T. lecticularia and T. protracta, while rates in T. gerstaeckeri were higher in fifth-instar nymphs. Mean feeding time was longest in T. gerstaeckeri, followed by T. lecticularia. More than twice the number of T. gerstaeckeri nymphs completed the development process, if compared to the nymphs from the other two species. Defecation delay was less than 10 min for T. lecticularia, T. protracta and the youngest nymphs of T. gerstaeckeri. Results point out that these three species may be important potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi for human populations, in areas of Mexico where these species are currently present.

Effect of untreated bed nets on blood-fed Phlebotomus argentipes in kala-azar endemic foci in Nepal and India

Observational studies in the Indian subcontinent have shown that untreated nets may be protective against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In this study, we evaluated the effect of untreated nets on the blood feeding rates of Phlebotomus argentipes as well as the human blood index (HBI) in VL endemic villages in India and Nepal. The study had a "before and after intervention" design in 58 households in six clusters. The use of untreated nets reduced the blood feeding rate by 85% (95% CI 76.5-91.1%) and the HBI by 42.2% (95% CI 11.1-62.5%). These results provide circumstantial evidence that untreated nets may provide some degree of personal protection against sand fly bites.

Production of TNF-α, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide by macrophages from mice with paracoccidioidomycosis that were fed a linseed oil-enriched diet

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can modulate the immune system and their primary effect is on macrophage function. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an endemic systemic mycosis in Latin America that is caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb). Macrophages are the main defence against this pathogen and have microbicidal activity that is dependent on interferon-Γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α. These cytokines stimulate the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to the death of the fungus. To study the effect of n-3 PUFA on the host immune response during experimental PCM, macrophages that were obtained from animals infected with Pb18 and fed a diet enriched by linseed (LIN) oil were cultured and challenged with the fungus in vitro. The macrophage function was analysed based on the concentrations of TNF-α, NO and H2O2. LIN oil seems to influence the production of TNF-α during the development of disease. A diet enriched with LIN oil influences the microbicidal activity of the macrophages by inducing the production of cytokines and metabolites such as NO and H2O2, predominantly in the chronic phase of infection.

Desarrollo de un método para acoplar arenos a metalacarboranos

El uso de metalacarboranos en la síntesis de compuestos aril-cobaltobis(dicarballuro) ha despertado un nuevo tema de interés y de estudio en el grupo de Síntesi Inorgànica i Catàlisi del ICMAB-CSIC. Los metalacarboranos presentan diversas aplicaciones innovadoras como la BNCT (Boron Neutron Capture Therapy), el tratamiento de aguas residuales, actividades catalíticas, como agentes dopantes en membranas poliméricas conductoras, y como integrantes en sensores potenciométricos, entre otros. El principal objetivo de este trabajo de investigación ha consistido en desarrollar un método de acoplamiento B–C sobre el anión sándwich [3,3’-Co-(1,2-C2B9H11)2]- para la formación de nuevos derivados aril-cobalto-bis(dicarballuro); éstos se han sintetizado por su posible capacidad fotoactiva. Este acoplamiento transcurre mediante una reacción de sustitución electrófila aromática (SEAr) sobre el anillo aromático o desde la óptica del metalacarborano, mediante una sustitución nucleófila inducida electrofilicamente (EINS). Dicha reacción requiere el uso de un ácido de Lewis como catalizador. El hecho que se haya utilizado AlCl3 como catalizador, hace que la reacción que se desarrolla en este trabajo recuerde de alguna manera a una reacción de Friedel-Crafts, pese a que la reacción está dirigida a la formación de un enlace B–C mediado por un ácido de Lewis. El principal problema de las reacciones de Friedel-Crafts es la elevada cantidad de areno que se precisa para llevar a cabo la reacción, debido a que el disolvente empleado puede actuar como fuente de electrófilos. El procedimiento empleado en nuestro caso utiliza el mesitileno como disolvente, el cual posee un gran impedimento estérico y un alto punto de ebullición. De esta manera, se puede realizar esta reacción utilizando entre 1.5 y 10 equivalentes de areno respecto al cobalto-bis(dicarballuro) sin que el disolvente actúe como reactivo. Se han estudiado y optimizado las condiciones experimentales para que el método sintético que genera el enlace B–C sea lo más universal posible para cualquier tipo de anillo aromático. Se han probado una gran diversidad de anillos aromáticos, desde anillos aromáticos fuertemente activados a los más desactivados, así como anillos aromáticos heterocíclicos. Finalmente, las condiciones de síntesis extraídas de este estudio son muy satisfactorias para los anillos activados probados y para los anillos débilmente desactivados. En cambio, para los arenos fuertemente desactivados, los rendimientos de la reacción han sido bajos. Por otro lado, las pruebas realizadas sobre los anillos heterocíclicos no han sido exitosas y no se ha producido el acoplamiento B–C.

Safety and immunomodulatory effects of three probiotic strains isolated from the feces of breast-fed infants in healthy adults: SETOPROB study.

We previously described the isolation and characterization of three probiotic strains from the feces of exclusively breast-fed newborn infants: Lactobacillus paracasei CNCM I-4034, Bifidobacterium breve CNCM I-4035 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CNCM I-4036. These strains were shown to adhere to intestinal mucus in vitro, to be sensitive to antibiotics and to resist biliary salts and low pH. In the present study, a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 100 healthy volunteers in three Spanish cities was carried out to evaluate the tolerance, safety, gut colonization and immunomodulatory effects of these three probiotics. Volunteers underwent a 15-day washout period, after which they were randomly divided into 5 groups that received daily a placebo, a capsule containing one of the 3 strains or a capsule containing a mixture of two strains for 30 days. The intervention was followed by another 15-day washout period. Patients did not consume fermented milk for the entire duration of the study. Gastrointestinal symptoms, defecation frequency and stool consistency were not altered by probiotic intake. No relevant changes in blood and serum, as well as no adverse events occurred during or after treatment. Probiotic administration slightly modified bacterial populations in the volunteers' feces. Intestinal persistence occurred in volunteers who received L. rhamnosus CNCM I-4036. Administration of B. breve CNCM I-4035 resulted in a significant increase in fecal secretory IgA content. IL-4 and IL-10 increased, whereas IL-12 decreased in the serum of volunteers treated with any of the three strains. These results demonstrate that the consumption of these three bacterial strains was safe and exerted varying degrees of immunomodulatory effects.

Al lado: Un método para la reducción del sufrimiento mediante decisiones compartidas, en Andalucía

The strategy "Next To", developed in Andalusia, about cooperation between public health services and associations of affected people, to improve the quality of care, has been applied, among other diseases, to the problems of adversity on child health. In order to explore the needs of affected population, it has been made a qualitative study with parents of deceased children, through which it has been identified the key points of improvement in relation to the suffering that occurs in the affected person and their next caregiver environment. The purpose of the study, in addition to identifying areas for improvement, includes providing proposals as recommendations. "Next To" as a participatory and transversal strategy, currently under development, is implicit in the objectives of the Fourth Andalusian Health Plan, since its application encourages the participation and empowerment of people affected by health adversity

Inteligência estratégica antecipativa coletiva e crowdfunding: aplicação do método L.E.SCAnning em empresa social de economia peer-to-peer (P2P)

Neste artigo, apresentam-se os resultados de pesquisa qualitativa em que se objetivou investigar a aplicabilidade do método L.E.SCAnning em empresas sociais de economia peer-to-peer (P2P). A motivação partiu da ideia de a autossustentabilidade ser, a longo prazo, um dos maiores desafios das organizações, especialmente aquelas lastreadas na economia social, dentre elas, as empresas P2P. No entanto, empresas sociais são potencialmente negócios dinâmicos e progressistas com os quais o mercado empresarial poderia aprender, uma vez que experimentam e inovam. Partindo exatamente desse espírito inovador, muitas empresas sociais voltaram-se para o modelo crowdfunding de economia P2P, que se configura como tendência emergente de organização colaborativa de recursos na Web. Sob esse prisma, um dos novos desenvolvimentos em gestão que se aplicam à atividade de organizações com enfoque sistêmico é a prática da Inteligência Estratégica Antecipativa Coletiva (IEAc). Nesse sentido, no estudo de caso investigou-se a empresa social francesa Babyloan para compreender de que maneira a organização busca, monitora e utiliza a informação captada do meio externo para sua atuação, prototipando, com base nesse diagnóstico, a aplicação de um ciclo do método L.E.SCAnning. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o entendimento pragmático do cenário externo, por meio da IEAc, favorece decisões que trazem uma marca de empreendedorismo e inovação, e tem no universo da economia social P2P, ambiente fortemente baseado em percepção, um impacto potencial significativo.

O método funcional na prática da enfermagem abordado através da dinâmica de grupo: relato de uma experiência

Este estudo discute o método funcional na enfermagem, abordado através de uma dinâmica de grupo desenvolvida com mestrandos da EERP-USP, sendo divididos em três grupos. Após a dinâmica, responderam um questionário com 04 perguntas. As respostas do grupo I mostraram desvantagens da modalidade funcional que interferem no trabalho como: relações impessoais, fragmentação de tarefas e centralização das decisões, gerando insatisfação no trabalhador. Os grupos II e III apontaram algumas vantagens quando o trabalho é baseado em equipe, das quais destacamos a troca de experiências, o planejamento participativo e as decisões compartilhadas, sendo estes, fatores que levam à satisfação no trabalho.

O método biográfico interpretativo na compreensão de experiências e expressões de gestantes usuárias de um serviço de saúde

Este trabalho fotoetnográfico teve por objetivo compreender a experiência da mulher no seu contato com o sistema de saúde, por ocasião do parto. Os dados foram apresentados na forma de narrativa e a sua análise se deu através do Método Biográfico Interpretativo. Das narrativas foram extraídas oito categorias, das quais emergiram três temas culturais: "Classificando as experiências vividas," "Vislumbrando o processo de nascimento" e "Fotografando os eventos significativos." Os achados deste estudo permitiram ter uma visão compreensiva do conhecimento cultural das colaboradoras com relação à sua interação com o sistema de saúde, bem como de suas expectativas no ciclo gravídico-puerperal.

Escala optométrica para pré-escolares: método para determinação de figuras regionais

As crianças muitas vezes apresentam dificuldade na identificação dos optótipos da escala de figuras. Com o objetivo de identificar figuras conhecidas das crianças e construir optótipos adequados a uma realidade local, elaborou-se um estudo quantitativo experimental, com uma amostra aleatória de 384 crianças de seis escolas. Percebeu-se, com a confecção de desenhos pelas crianças, o quanto as figuras estavam atreladas ao seu cotidiano. Como desenhos mais significativos mencionam-se: sol, boneco, casa, nuvem, árvore, carro, bola, estrela e coração. As figuras de maior freqüência foram sintetizadas na tentativa de aproximá-las de optótipos, sendo validadas com base em intervalo de confiança de 95% para o número de acertos: carro (100%), casa (98%), coração (98%), estrela (95%), bola (89%), flor (85%), sol (83%) e boneco (78%). Conclui-se que estas figuras têm aderência à cultura local.