La construcción de la idea europea: la perspectiva histórico-cultural, más allá de la ‘identidad’

l artículo explora el contenido de la idea de Europa, con el objetivo de mostrar que no está definida por la “identidad” como un resultado producto de la historia, la geografía, o los aspectos económicos, sino por un conjunto de factores, en parte aleatorios, que la han ido constituyendo a través del tiempo. La aproximación cultural (en este caso histórico-antropológica) a las características de lo europeo se efectúa comenzando con la misma idea de Europa, que se analiza desde sus comienzos como el resultado de una amalgama de culturas como la cretense, la fenicia y la egipcia, con el aporte y el discurso que al respecto han tenido los griegos, los romanos, las tentativas de unidad europea desde Carlo Magno y Carlos V, hasta la Unión Europea de nuestros días.El estudio de las estructuras simbólicas e históricas que han construido una idea de lo europeo ha sido multiforme y no siempre idéntico. Además, concluye la autora, no puede definirse a Europa en términos de una ‘identidad’ fija que sea necesario proteger a toda costa frente a intrusiones culturales externas. Por el contrario, se trata de un proceso o ‘configuración’ sociohistórica que permite que en futuras ampliaciones países que por su pasado no podrían aspirar a ser miembros de la Unión Europea, pueden llegar a serlo por su futuro; tal es el caso en especial de Turquía y Ucrania.-----This article explores the idea of Europe in order to show that it is defined not by “identity” as a result or product of history, geography or economic factors, but by a set of partially random factors that have gradually shaped the idea over time. The cultural approach to Europe’s characteristics (in this case historical-anthropological) starts by analyzing the idea of Europe from its origins as an amalgam of Cretan, Phoenician, Egyptian and other cultures, which later absorbed Greek and Roman contributions and thinking, followed by the attempts by Charlemagne and Charles V to unify Europe, and culminating in the modernday European Union. The symbolic and historical structures that have shaped the idea of Europe have taken a variety of different forms. Furthermore, the author concludes that Europe cannot be defined in terms of a fixed “identity” that must be protected from external cultural interference at all costs. On the contrary, it is a socio-historical process or “configuration” which, in future enlargements, will allow countries that formerly could not aspire to become members of the European Union to become future members. This applies especially to Turkey and the Ukraine.

Un estado abrahamico para dos pueblos hermanos

Generalmente se asocia los Estados modernos con la separación entre política y religión, la objetivación del poder y la elección racional, dejando de lado lo simbólico y lo identitario. La existencia del Estado de Israel es un ejemplo paradójico de una democracia fundamentada en el judaísmo, que ignora el principio de las minorías que habitan en dicho territorio, producto de la historia de la colonización de Palestina lo que ha acarreado conflictos internos y con los países vecinos. Ante los constantes fracasos por dirimir el conflicto, esta disertación otorga una relevancia superior al papel que pueden desempeñar la religión, los símbolos y estudia las funciones que cumplen las instituciones religiosas con el objetivo de establecer si la construcción del Estado abrahámico puede poner fin a la disputa entre dos pueblos hermanos, motivada por controlar una Tierra Prometida.

Option pricing in market models driven by telegraph processes with jumps

Esta tesis está dividida en dos partes: en la primera parte se presentan y estudian los procesos telegráficos, los procesos de Poisson con compensador telegráfico y los procesos telegráficos con saltos. El estudio presentado en esta primera parte incluye el cálculo de las distribuciones de cada proceso, las medias y varianzas, así como las funciones generadoras de momentos entre otras propiedades. Utilizando estas propiedades en la segunda parte se estudian los modelos de valoración de opciones basados en procesos telegráficos con saltos. En esta parte se da una descripción de cómo calcular las medidas neutrales al riesgo, se encuentra la condición de no arbitraje en este tipo de modelos y por último se calcula el precio de las opciones Europeas de compra y venta.

Releyendo los orígenes del enfretamiento frio en occidentes la contención y la cortina de hierro como estrategias textuales

El trabajo pretende brindar una aproximación crítica analítica a aquella propositiva histórica familiar dentro de la extensa literatura sobre los orígenes de la Guerra Fría. Reconociendo de antemano que el escenario de la Guerra Fría no fue necesariamente el efecto de una amenaza inminente.

Desenvolupament del pensament lògic dels nens i nenes d’ètnia gitana

Un diagnòstic sobre el domini de la lògica implica analitzar els diferents elements constitutius del pensament lògic-matemàtic com són les capacitats d’identificació, relació i operativitat. Aquesta recerca no pretén analitzar la globalitat d’aquest procés sinó que es focalitza, únicament, en detectar el domini de la capacitat de classificació i ordenació que posseeix l’alumnat gitano per tal que segons el grau de domini existent, dissenyar una estratègia d’intervenció a les aules que permeti consolidar i /o millorar el raonament i l’aprenentatge de les matemàtiques. Conseqüentment, els objectius que es plantegen es sintetitzen en: - Detectar el domini de la capacitat de classificació i ordenació, segons graus diferents de dificultat de l’alumnat d’educació infantil. - Identificar el tipus d’error present en la classificació i ordenació i les estratègies resolutòries emprades en l’ordenació

Escola Mãe Hilda: um estudo sobre a pedagogia da (re)construção da identidade negra

RESUMO: Objetivo - apresentar o contributo da Escola Mãe Hilda para a afirmação da identidade afro-brasileira na população estudantil da Cidade do Salvador. Especificamente: a) conhecer os fundamentos pedagógicos-curricular da Escola Mãe Hilda; b) analisar os materiais didáticos utilizados pela Escola Mãe Hilda; c) apresentar as metodologias de trabalho da Escola Mãe Hilda. Metodologia - quanto ao percurso metodológico, em razão da questão básica desta dissertação, optou-se por realizar pesquisa qualitativa de natureza etnográfica, envolvendo uma abordagem empírica voltada para a abordagem de distúrbios identitários, em suas diversas dimensões na auto-estima de afro-descendentes. Foram estudados aspectos que envolvem o currículo, a sala de aula e atividades a que estão expostas as crianças da Escola Mãe Hilda. Resultados - examinando- se os conteúdos dos Cadernos de Educação do Ilê Aiyê como proposta pedagógica da Escola Mãe Hilda, observou- se que seus fudamentos dão ressignificação aos alunos, em termos de superação de distúrbios identitários, isto é , proporcionar o desenvolvimento e construção da identidade negra naqueles afro-descendentes, devido à valorização estética do universo cultural africano e afro-brasileiro, reconhecendo a África como uma das matrizes legítimas da cultura humana, em geral, e da brasileira, em particular. Conclusão- a pedagogia da (re) construção da identidade negra na Escola Mãe Hilda pode contribuir para a desconstrução dos distúrbios identitários; sendo assim, recomendada para escolas em Salvador-Bahia e em outras regiões do Brasil. ABSTRACT: Objective- study Escola Mãe Hilda (EMH - Mother Hilda School) contribution to the affirmation of an African-Brazilian identity in Bahia’s black student population. In particular: a) understand EMH’s pedagogical and curricula core; b) analyze teaching materials used at EMH; c) show EMH’s work methodology. Methodology- due to the very nature of this dissertation’s basic inquiry, ethnography in nature qualitative research targeted at identity disturbances in its various dimensions regarding African descendents self-esteem was performed. Aspects regarding EMH curriculum and classroom activities were studied. The choice of ethnography as an observation tool followed empirical analysis of whether Ilê Aiyê’s Educational Booklets as adopted by EMH aids students with identity disturbances and how it promotes the development of a black identity in those black descendants. Results- it has been observed that EMH utilizes methodological and pedagogical resources such as: story-telling, written reports, images, objects, dances, music, letters, myths, gestures, legends, craftsmanship, and clothing as vehicles to re-assign students self esteem, as well as, build their critical and self-aware knowledge of black descendants identity. Conclusion.- EMH pedagogical work, by encompassing various types of cultural and artistic expressions, as detailed in the aforementioned booklets, values African and Brazilian-African references. This aesthetic valuation therefore promotes an identity ressignification and the reintegration of the black descendent since it works within the symbolic and cultural universe of the African and African-Brazilian culture recognizing Africa as a legitimate matrix of human culture, in general, and of Brazilian in particular. Conclusively, EMH black identity (re)construction pedagogy can contribute to deconstruct identity disturbances; and as such, can be recommended to be adopted at other schools in Salvador, Bahia and other regions in Brazil.

Fracasso escolar em escolas públicas de Nossa senhora da Glória: análise das implicações a partir da relação Professor/Aluno

A Pesquisa apresentada nesta dissertação, intitulada “Fracasso Escolar em Escolas Públicas de Nossa Senhora da Glória: análise das implicações a partir da relação professor/aluno” foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de analisar alunos com dependência ou repetência em disciplinas do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental, com o intuito de problematizar a percepção de professores e alunos, sujeitos da pesquisa. Desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa descritiva, fundada em estudo de caso de base qualiquantitativa, sobre uma amostra de 100 alunos do 6º ano do Ensino Fundamental e 20 professores que lecionam disciplinas do núcleo comum e disciplinas da parte diversificada. O instrumento usado para a coleta de dados foi o questionário. O estudo mostrou que um só professor ensina alunos do 2º ao 5º ano, em única sala de aula, no Ensino Fundamental. Esses alunos chegam ao 6º ano, trazendo deficiências como domínio na leitura, escrita, interpretação de texto e cálculo matemático, ocasionando o fracasso escolar. Com efeito, os professores avaliam que a metodologia, a falta de empenho de alguns, e a falta de compromisso da escola, são fatores determinantes do fracasso escolar.

Well-posed boundary value problems for integrable evolution equations on a finite interval

We consider boundary value problems posed on an interval [0,L] for an arbitrary linear evolution equation in one space dimension with spatial derivatives of order n. We characterize a class of such problems that admit a unique solution and are well posed in this sense. Such well-posed boundary value problems are obtained by prescribing N conditions at x=0 and n–N conditions at x=L, where N depends on n and on the sign of the highest-degree coefficient n in the dispersion relation of the equation. For the problems in this class, we give a spectrally decomposed integral representation of the solution; moreover, we show that these are the only problems that admit such a representation. These results can be used to establish the well-posedness, at least locally in time, of some physically relevant nonlinear evolution equations in one space dimension.

Spectral analysis of the elliptic sine-Gordon equation in the quarter plane

We study the elliptic sine-Gordon equation in the quarter plane using a spectral transform approach. We determine the Riemann-Hilbert problem associated with well-posed boundary value problems in this domain and use it to derive a formal representation of the solution. Our analysis is based on a generalization of the usual inverse scattering transform recently introduced by Fokas for studying linear elliptic problems.

Initial boundary value problems for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation

A new spectral method for solving initial boundary value problems for linear and integrable nonlinear partial differential equations in two independent variables is applied to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and to its linearized version in the domain {x≥l(t), t≥0}. We show that there exist two cases: (a) if l″(t)<0, then the solution of the linear or nonlinear equations can be obtained by solving the respective scalar or matrix Riemann-Hilbert problem, which is defined on a time-dependent contour; (b) if l″(t)>0, then the Riemann-Hilbert problem is replaced by a respective scalar or matrix problem on a time-independent domain. In both cases, the solution is expressed in a spectrally decomposed form.

Entropic risk analysis by a high level decision support system (e-FDSS) for construction SMEs

The method of entropy has been useful in evaluating inconsistency on human judgments. This paper illustrates an entropy-based decision support system called e-FDSS to the solution of multicriterion risk and decision analysis in projects of construction small and medium enterprises (SMEs). It is optimized and solved by fuzzy logic, entropy, and genetic algorithms. A case study demonstrated the use of entropy in e-FDSS on analyzing multiple risk criteria in the predevelopment stage of SME projects. Survey data studying the degree of impact of selected project risk criteria on different projects were input into the system in order to evaluate the preidentified project risks in an impartial environment. Without taking into account the amount of uncertainty embedded in the evaluation process; the results showed that all decision vectors are indeed full of bias and the deviations of decisions are finally quantified providing a more objective decision and risk assessment profile to the stakeholders of projects in order to search and screen the most profitable projects.

A process for analysis of microarray comparative genomics hybridisation studies for bacterial genomes

Background: Microarray based comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) experiments have been used to study numerous biological problems including understanding genome plasticity in pathogenic bacteria. Typically such experiments produce large data sets that are difficult for biologists to handle. Although there are some programmes available for interpretation of bacterial transcriptomics data and CGH microarray data for looking at genetic stability in oncogenes, there are none specifically to understand the mosaic nature of bacterial genomes. Consequently a bottle neck still persists in accurate processing and mathematical analysis of these data. To address this shortfall we have produced a simple and robust CGH microarray data analysis process that may be automated in the future to understand bacterial genomic diversity. Results: The process involves five steps: cleaning, normalisation, estimating gene presence and absence or divergence, validation, and analysis of data from test against three reference strains simultaneously. Each stage of the process is described and we have compared a number of methods available for characterising bacterial genomic diversity, for calculating the cut-off between gene presence and absence or divergence, and shown that a simple dynamic approach using a kernel density estimator performed better than both established, as well as a more sophisticated mixture modelling technique. We have also shown that current methods commonly used for CGH microarray analysis in tumour and cancer cell lines are not appropriate for analysing our data. Conclusion: After carrying out the analysis and validation for three sequenced Escherichia coli strains, CGH microarray data from 19 E. coli O157 pathogenic test strains were used to demonstrate the benefits of applying this simple and robust process to CGH microarray studies using bacterial genomes.

Understanding the transition to seizure by modeling the epileptiform activity of general anesthetic agents

A central difficulty in modeling epileptogenesis using biologically plausible computational and mathematical models is not the production of activity characteristic of a seizure, but rather producing it in response to specific and quantifiable physiologic change or pathologic abnormality. This is particularly problematic when it is considered that the pathophysiological genesis of most epilepsies is largely unknown. However, several volatile general anesthetic agents, whose principle targets of action are quantifiably well characterized, are also known to be proconvulsant. The authors describe recent approaches to theoretically describing the electroencephalographic effects of volatile general anesthetic agents that may be able to provide important insights into the physiologic mechanisms that underpin seizure initiation.