605 resultados para Landwirtschaft


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This paper is an attempt to map the global land acquisitions with a focus on Indian MNCs in acquiring overseas land for agricultural purposes. It tries to outline the contemporary political economy of capital accumulation at the global level, especially, in the emerging developing economies like India and China, where the emergence of a new capitalist class has engaged itself into acquisition of land and control of other natural resources in Africa, Latin America, Eastern Europe and South East Asia, for example, water and other minerals to secure itself from the eventual losses of ongoing economic crisis and to earn profit from the volatile agricultural commodity markets. This sway of control of resources by the MNCs has got paramount State support under the helm of neoliberal policies. The paper provides scale of overseas land acquisitions at the current juncture and tries to highlight its causes and the major implications associated with it.

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Agriculture in semi-arid and arid regions is constantly gaining importance for the security of the nutrition of humankind because of the rapid population growth. At the same time, especially these regions are more and more endangered by soil degradation, limited resources and extreme climatic conditions. One way to retain soil fertility under these conditions in the long run is to increase the soil organic matter. Thus, a two-year field experiment was conducted to test the efficiency of activated charcoal and quebracho tannin extract as stabilizers of soil organic matter on a sandy soil low in nutrients in Northern Oman. Both activated charcoal and quebracho tannin extract were either fed to goats and after defecation applied to the soil or directly applied to the soil in combination with dried goat manure. Regardless of the application method, both additives reduced decomposition of soil-applied organic matter and thus stabilized and increased soil organic carbon. The nutrient release from goat manure was altered by the application of activated charcoal and quebracho tannin extract as well, however, nutrient release was not always slowed down. While activated charcoal fed to goats, was more effective in stabilising soil organic matter and in reducing nutrient release than mixing it, for quebracho tannin extract the opposite was the case. Moreover, the efficiency of the additives was influenced by the cultivated crop (sweet corn and radish), leading to unexplained interactions. The reduced nutrient release caused by the stabilization of the organic matter might be the reason for the reduced yields for sweet corn caused by the application of manure amended with activated charcoal and quebracho tannin extract. Radish, on the other hand, was only inhibited by the presence of quebracho tannin extract but not by activated charcoal. This might be caused by a possible allelopathic effect of tannins on crops. To understand the mechanisms behind the changes in manure, in the soil, in the mineralisation and the plant development and to resolve detrimental effects, further research as recommended in this dissertation is necessary. Particularly in developing countries poor in resources and capital, feeding charcoal or tannins to animals and using their faeces as manure may be promising to increase soil fertility, sequester carbon and reduce nutrient losses, when yield reductions can be resolved.

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Biogasgüllen haben bezüglich ihrer Wirkung auf die Bodenfruchtbarkeit, das Pflanzenwachstum und die Umwelt, Vor- und Nachteile. Als Folge der intensiven Nutzung von Biogas zur Energieerzeugung wurde die Biogasgülle eine der wichtigsten organischen Dünger, mit zunehmender Relevanz für den konventionellen aber auch den ökologischen Landbau. Aufgrund der frühen Entwicklung von Biogas und dem Einsatz von Biogasgüllen in der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in den achtziger Jahren im Nord-Osten Baden-Württembergs sind heute Ackerflächen vorhanden, die seit mehr als 25 Jahren mit Biogasgülle gedüngt werden. Somit bestand hier eine Möglichkeit, Informationen über die Langzeiteffekte von Biogasgüllen auf Parameter der Bodenfruchtbarkeit in der ökologischen, landwirtschaftlichen Praxis zu erlangen. Im ersten Projekt wurde daher eine On-Farm Boden- und Gülleprobenahme durchgeführt. Ziel war es, Parameter der Bodenfruchtbarkeit wie die mikrobielle Aktivität (Basalatmung), den mikrobiellen Biomasse C und N, pilzliches Ergosterol, mikrobielle Residuen (Aminozucker), organischen C, gesamt N und den pH-Wert im Boden auf fünf Flächenpaaren des biologisch-dynamischen Landbaus zu messen. Die sich daraus ergebende Hypothese war hierbei, dass der langjährige Einsatz von Biogasgülle im Vergleich zu Rohgüllen keinen Effekt auf die organische Bodensubstanz und die mikrobiellen Eigenschaften des Bodens hat, da die negativen Effekte wie zum Beispiel der reduzierte C-Input durch positive Effekte wie z.B. die erhöhte Nährstoffverfügbarkeit für Pflanzen kompensiert wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Langzeitanwendung von Biogasgülle keinen negativen Einfluss auf die C- und N-Vorräte im Boden hatte. Der Einsatz von Biogasgülle führte jedoch zu einem engeren Verhältnis von mikrobiellem C zu organischem C im Boden, was auf eine reduzierte C-Verfügbarkeit für Mikroorganismen im Vergleich zu Rohgüllen schließen lässt. Die Biogasgülleanwendung führte zu einer tendenziellen Abnahme der mikrobiellen Residuen, wobei die unterschiedlichen Tongehalte der untersuchten Flächen mögliche signifikante Gülleeffekte auf die mikrobiellen Eigenschaften verdeckt haben. Es gab keine generellen Effekte der Biogasgülle auf das Verhältnis von Pilzen zu Bakterien, wohingegen ein zunehmender Tongehalt eine signifikante Verlagerung in Richtung der Bakterien verursachte. Die Übereinstimmung der erhobenen Daten aller angewendeten Methoden weist auf die starke Aussagekraft dieser On-Farm Studie zum Vergleich benachbarter Flächen hin. Im Anschluss an das On-Farm Projekt, in dem die Langzeitwirkung von Biogasgülle auf den Boden untersucht wurde, sollten die Auswirkungen der Düngung mit unterschiedlichen Biogas-und Rohgüllen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen geprüft werden. Daher wurde ein 70-tägiger Gewächshausversuch mit den Güllen der biologisch-dynamischen Betriebe auf einem tonigen Schluff und unter Weidelgras (Lolium multiflorum, var. Ligrande) durchgeführt. Ziel war es, die Effekte unterschiedlicher Güllen auf das Pflanzenwachstum und die mikrobiellen Eigenschaften im Boden und an Wurzeln zu untersuchen. Die Düngung erhöhte die durchschnittliche oberirdische Pflanzenbiomasse um 69% unter Biogasgülle und um 36% unter Rohgülle im Vergleich zur ungedüngten Kontrolle. Zwischen der oberirdischen Biomasse und dem zugeführten NH4-N wurde ein stark linearer Zusammenhang festgestellt. Im Gegensatz zu den Biogasgüllen gab es unter den Rohgüllen einen signifikanten Anstieg des mikrobiellen Biomasse C und N um etwa 25% verglichen zur ungedüngten Kontrollvariante. Der Einsatz von Biogasgüllen führte gegenüber der Rohgülle und Kontrolle zu geringeren Ergosterolgehalten im Boden, was ein engeres Verhältnis von Ergosterol zu mikrobieller Biomasse C zur Folge hatte. Bezogen auf die Wurzeltrockenmasse verringerte die Düngung die Konzentrationen der Aminozucker Muraminsäure, Galaktosamin und Glukosamin um 24, 29 und 37%, gleichzeitig wurde jedoch kein Einfluss auf die Ergosterolgehalte festgestellt. Dies war höchstwahrscheinlich Folge der reduzierten Kolonisierung mit arbuskulärer Mykorrhiza in Gegenwart ausreichend verfügbarer Pflanzennährstoffen. Um einen Eindruck über die mikrobielle Biomasse und die mikrobielle Gemeinschaft in Biogas- und Rohgüllen zu bekommen, wurde ein drittes Projekt durchgeführt. Die von den 6 biologisch-dynamischen Betrieben erhaltenen Güllen wurden auf ihre Ergosterol- und Aminozuckerkonzentrationen untersucht. Hierbei entstand eine zuverlässige und präzise Methode zur Bestimmung von Ergosterol in Biogas- und Roghüllen. Die Biogasgüllen enthielten signifikant geringere Konzentrationen an Ergosterol (-34%), MurN (-42%), GalN (-32%) und pilzlichem GlcN (-40%) im Vergleich zu den Rohgüllen. Die durchschnittlichen Verhältnisse von pilzlichem GlcN zu Ergosterol (50) und pilzlichem C zu bakteriellem C (0.29) zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gülletypen. Die durchschnittliche Konzentration von mikrobiellem C war in Biogasgülle signifikant geringer als in Rohgülle. Demzufolge lag der Anteil des mikrobiellen C am organischen C bei 3.6% in den Biogasgüllen und 5.7% in den Rohgüllen. Zwischen dem mikrobiellen C der Güllen und deren Faser- und Aschegehalte, sowie den pH-Werten und den CN Verhältnissen konnten nicht-lineare Zusammenhänge festgestellt werden.

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Bei der Auslegung von Trocknungsprozessen empfindlicher biologischer Güter spielt die Produktqualität eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle. Obwohl der Einfluss der Trocknungsparameter auf die Trocknungskinetik von Äpfeln bereits Gegenstand vieler Studien war, sind die Auswirkungen auf die Produktqualität bisher kaum bekannt. Die Untersuchung dieses Sachverhalts und die Entwicklung geeigneter Prozessstrategien zur Verbesserung der Qualität des resultierenden Produkts, waren das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit. In einem ersten Schritt wurden zunächst umfangreiche stationäre Grundlagenversuche durchgeführt, die zeigten, dass eine Lufttemperatur im höheren Bereich, eine möglichst hohe Luftgeschwindigkeit und eine niedrige Taupunkttemperatur zur geringsten Trocknungszeit bei gleichzeitig guter optischer Qualität führt. Die Beurteilung dieser Qualitätsveränderungen erfolgte mit Hilfe einer neu eingeführten Bezugsgröße, der kumulierten thermischen Belastung, die durch das zeitliche Integral über der Oberflächentemperatur repräsentiert wird und die Vergleichbarkeit der Versuchsergebnisse entscheidend verbessert. Im zweiten Schritt wurden die Ergebnisse der Einzelschichtversuche zur Aufstellung eines numerischen Simulationsmodells verwendet, welches sowohl die entsprechenden Transportvorgänge, als auch die Formveränderung des Trocknungsgutes berücksichtigt. Das Simulationsmodell sowie die experimentellen Daten waren die Grundlage zur anschließenden Entwicklung von Prozessstrategien für die konvektive Trocknung von Äpfeln, die die resultierende Produktqualität, repräsentiert durch die Produktfarbe und –form, verbessern und gleichzeitig möglichst energieeffizient sein sollten. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde die Übertragbarkeit auf den industriellen Maßstab untersucht, wobei die entsprechenden Prozessstrategien an einer neu entwickelten, kostengünstigen Trocknungsanlage erfolgreich implementiert werden konnten. Das Ziel einer verbesserten Produktqualität konnte mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher instationärer Trocknungsschemata sowohl am Einzelschichttrockner, als auch im größeren Maßstab erreicht werden. Das vorgestellte numerische Simulationsmodell zeigte auch bei der Vorhersage des instationären Trocknungsprozesses eine hohe Genauigkeit und war außerdem in der Lage, den Trocknungsverlauf im industriellen Maßstab zuverlässig voraus zu berechnen.

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The paper deals with some relevant and contradictory aspects of urban and peri-urban agriculture in Italy: the traditional exclusion of agricultural areas from the goals of territorial planning; the separation between top-down policies and bottom-up practices; the lack of agricultural policies at local scale. In the first part the paper summarises the weak relation between urban planning and agriculture, showing how in Italy this gap has been only partially overcome by new laws and plans. Moreover the paper focuses on how, due to the lack of suitable solutions coming from regional and local planning, a large number of vibrant initiatives were started by local stakeholders. In order to show the limitations and the potentialities of these various approaches, three peculiar experiences based on Milan, Turin and Pisa are presented. They give a cross-section of the variegated Italian situation, demonstrating that a major challenge in Italian context affects the fields of governance and inclusiveness.

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Urban authorities in Europe are confronted with increasing demands by urban dwellers for allotment gardens, but vacant urban soil tends to be scarce and/or polluted by past industrial activities. A possible solution for local authorities could therefore be to promote rooftop gardening. However little technical information exists on certain forms of rooftop urban agriculture, called Z-Farming. In 2012, a pilot experiment was run in Paris (France). Simple and cheap systems of rooftop gardening were tested on a rooftop using as crop substrates only local urban organic waste so as to contribute to the urban metabolism. Production levels and heavy metal contents in cropping substrates and edible vegetables were measured. Available results show (i) high levels of crop production with limited inputs compared to land professional gardening, (ii) low levels of heavy metal pollutants in the edible parts of the crops, especially for Cd and Pb with respect to EU norms for vegetables and (iii) positive influence on yields on organizing the substrate in layers and enhancing the biological activity through earthworm inoculation. These encouraging results allow us to consider that rooftop gardening is feasible and seem to have a great potential to improve urban resiliency. It will nevertheless be necessary to identify more precisely the types of roof that can be used and to assess more fully the generic result of the low level of pollution, as well as the global sustainability of these cropping systems.

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This report is intended to shed more light on the ongoing water struggle in Caimanes, a small urban area in the central northern area of Chile, neighbouring Latin America’s biggest tailings dam. Undoubtedly, the water in Caimanes is running out and the conflict between the opponents of the dam and its owner, a multinational copper enterprise, is getting more and more attention by the national and also international media. In the discussion a judgment of the Chilean Supreme Court from last October plays a central role, because it is said to have granted the people from Caimanes their right to water. After a short introduction with some details about Camaines and the tailings from the dam El Mauro, the key points of this judgment shall be outlined. The final part of the report is dedicated to various institutional problems of the Chilean resources law and policy that can become virulent for the water supply and the environmental well-being of many other urban areas in the industrialized north of Chile.

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If cities are to become more sustainable and resilient to change it is likely that they will have to engage with food at increasingly localised levels, in order to reduce their dependency on global systems. With 87 percent of people in developed regions estimated to be living in cities by 2050 it can be assumed that the majority of this localised production will occur in and around cities. As part of a 12 month engagement, Queen’s University Belfast designed and implemented an elevated aquaponic food system spanning the top internal floor and exterior roof space of a disused mill in Manchester, England. The experimental aquaponic system was developed to explore the possibilities and difficulties associated with integrating food production with existing buildings. This paper utilises empirical research regarding crop growth from the elevated aquaponic system and extrapolates the findings across a whole city. The resulting research enables the agricultural productive capacity of today’s cities to be estimated and a framework of implementation to be proposed.

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Sweden’s recent report on Urban Sustainable Development calls out a missing link between the urban design process and citizens. This paper investigates if engaging citizens as design agents by providing a platform for alternate participation can bridge this gap, through the transfer of spatial agency and new modes of critical cartography. To assess whether this is the case, the approaches are applied to Stockholm’s urban agriculture movement in a staged intervention. The aim of the intervention was to engage citizens in locating existing and potential places for growing food and in gathering information from these sites to inform design in urban agriculture. The design-based methodologies incorporated digital and bodily interfaces for this cartography to take place. The Urban CoMapper, a smartphone digital app, captured real-time perspectives through crowd-sourced mapping. In the bodily cartography, participant’s used their bodies to trace the site and reveal their sensorial perceptions. The data gathered from these approaches gave way to a mode of artistic research for exploring urban agriculture, along with inviting artists to be engaged in the dialogues. In sum, results showed that a combination of digital and bodily approaches was necessary for a critical cartography if we want to engage citizens holistically into the urban design process as spatial agents informing urban policy. Such methodologies formed a reflective interrogation and encouraged a new intimacy with nature, in this instance, one that can transform our urban conduct by questioning our eating habits: where we get our food from and how we eat it seasonally.

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During the 6th International Sustainable Food Planning Conference, the so-called Design LABs partly replaced the regular parallel sessions. The reason for this change was twofold. On the one hand it aims to break through an endless series of parallel presentations, and on the other hand the LAB’s aim was to produce innovative design solutions for increasing the amount of food production in the city. This article describes this experiment to enhance the delivery of urban design concepts, which could substantially produce more food than current models. During the conference each of the parallel sessions half of the time consisted of a design-LAB, in which participants were brought together around a map with the task to design a substantial amount of food productive spaces in the case study site. The results of this experiment were dual: 1. a very committed attitude of delegates to this part of the conference and 2. the design tasks resulted in innovative design results. These results not only emphasise the potential design measures onsite but also pledged for a strong and more intensive connectivity with the city and the landscape around it. This makes it possible to link the supply and use of resources with the typology of the region, hence determining an effective and productive urban agriculture system.

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Using the case of an economically declined neighbourhood in the post-industrial German Ruhr Area (sometimes characterized as Germany’s “Rust Belt”), we analyse, describe and conclude how urban agriculture can be used as a catalyst to stimulate and support urban renewal and regeneration, especially from a socio-cultural perspective. Using the methodological framework of participatory action research, and linking bottom-up and top-down planning approaches, a project path was developed to include the population affected and foster individual responsibility for their district, as well as to strengthen inhabitants and stakeholder groups in a permanent collective stewardship for the individual forms of urban agriculture developed and implemented. On a more abstract level, the research carried out can be characterized as a form of action research with an intended transgression of the boundaries between research, planning, design, and implementation. We conclude that by synchronously combining those four domains with intense feedback loops, synergies for the academic knowledge on the potential performance of urban agriculture in terms of sustainable development, as well as the benefits for the case-study area and the interests of individual urban gardeners can be achieved.

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Urban agriculture, if it is to become integrated into the city, needs landscape architectural thinking in order to be woven into the larger urban fabric. Thinking at the scale of ecosystems running through a city creates a framework for spatial change; thinking in assemblages of stakeholders and actors creates a framework for social investment and development. These overlapping frameworks are informed and perhaps even defined by the emergent field of landscape democracy. Cultivating the City is a prospective design project seeking to embody landscape democratic principles. The intention is to reclaim the meaning of landscape as the relationship between people and place, both shaping each other. The design in question is a proposed network of urban agriculture typologies in Porto Alegre, Brazil. These hypothetical designs, emphasizing agroforestry with native species, serve as a basis for dialogue between potential stakeholders and as catalysts for future projects. This landscape architecture project sets out to be a mediator in processes of spatial evolution in order to envision just and sustainable urban landscapes.