Kahdeksan luku- ja kirjoitustaidottoman aikuisen maahanmuuttajan suomen kielen luku- ja kirjoitustaito kuuden kuukauden intensiivisen opiskelun päätteeksi

Pro gradu -tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää luku- ja kirjoitustaidottomien aikuisten maahanmuuttajien kirjallisia taitoja puolen vuoden intensiivisen suomen kielen opiskelun päätteeksi. Tutkittavat aikuiset eivät ole elämänsä aikana saaneet mahdollisuutta osallistua koulutukseen tai ovat joistakin muista syistä jääneet koulutuksen ulkopuolelle. Tutkimus selvittää, mitä aikuinen oppija osaa kuuden kuukauden luku- ja kirjoitustaidon opetuksen jälkeen L2-kielellä. Tutkimuksen informantteina on kahdeksan luku- ja kirjoitustaidotonta aikuista maahanmuuttajaa, jotka osallistuivat kuusi kuukautta kestäneen kurssinsa viimeisellä viikolla järjestettyyn tilaisuuteen, jossa he tekivät tutkimusta varten laaditun testin. Testi mittaa kielitaidon eri osa-alueita; kuullun ymmärtämistä, luetun ymmärtämistä, kirjoittamista ja sanaston hallintaa. Puhetaito on rajattu tämän tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle. Vertailuryhmässä on puoli vuotta suomen kieltä opiskelleita luku- ja kirjoitustaitoisia maahanmuuttajia. Informanttiryhmässä puhutaan viittä ja vertailuryhmässä kahdeksaa eri äidinkieltä. Informantit ovat iältään 23–43 vuotta ja verrokit 19–48 vuotta. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen analyysi, jonka on tarkoitus mitata informanttien kielitaitoa ja luku- ja kirjoitustaidon osaamista tiettynä ajankohtana. Tutkimus kuuluu suomi toisena kielenä -tutkimusalaan ja kohdistuu alkeistason opiskelijoihin. Tutkimus perustuu sitä varten laadittuun testiin, joka sisältää seitsemän eri osiota. Eri osiot mittaavat kielen eri osa-alueita, ja niiden analyysi antaa kuvan informanttien kielitaidosta. Tuloksista käy ilmi informanttiryhmän heterogeenisuus. Heikoimman ja parhaimman testisuorituksen välillä on suuria eroja. Tulos osoittaa, kuinka jokainen oppija oppii yksilöllisten voimavarojensa mukaan omalla vauhdillaan. Kolme informanteista ei kykene vielä lukemaan mekaanisella tasolla, kun taas neljä informanttia osoittaa oppineensa funktionaalisen lukutaidon alkeet. Yksi informanteista osoittaa ymmärtävänsä mekaanisen lukutaidon periaatteen mutta ei vielä kykene lukemaan itsenäisesti. Tasoeroja kuvaa seuraava esimerkki: Tehtävässä 5 tuli jatkaa annettuja lauseita, joista ensimmäinen täydennettävä alkoi sanalla Puhelin. Paras oppija täydensi lauseen Puhelin SOITA ja heikoin oppija Puhelin PUNEATE TUAIEN. Suurin ongelma L2-kielellä lukemaan ja kirjoittamaan oppivilla aikuisilla näyttäisi tämän testin perusteella olevan riittämätön kielitaito, ei se, että opiskelijat eivät kykenisi oppimaan lukemista ja kirjoittamista. Kaikki tutkimukseen osallistuneet informantit vaikuttivat erittäin motivoituneilta oppimaan luku- ja kirjoitustaidon suomen kielellä. Verrokeille testi oli odotetusti helppo, ja he suoriutuivat siitä ongelmitta.

Valor preditivo da distensão de alças intestinais em radiografias no prognóstico de enterocolite necrosante

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor prognóstico da distensão de alças intestinais observada em radiografias na evolução e mortalidade de neonatos com enterocolite necrosante. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Nas radiografias de abdome de 53 pacientes obtidas no momento da suspeita diagnóstica de enterocolite necrosante, foi realizada a medida do diâmetro da alça mais distendida (AD), assim como a distância entre a borda superior da primeira vértebra lombar e a borda inferior da segunda (L1-L2), a distância entre as bordas laterais dos pedículos da primeira vértebra lombar (L1), e foram estabelecidas as associações entre AD/L1-L2 e AD/L1. Esta medida foi considerada como possível determinante de potenciais complicações, intervenção cirúrgica e mortalidade. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes que necessitaram de tratamento cirúrgico, aqueles que tiveram complicações durante a evolução e aqueles que morreram da doença tiveram a relação entre AD e AD/L1-L2 maiores (p < 0,05). Os valores de AD/L1 e a localização da alça mais distendida não foram diferentes nos grupos com evolução desfavorável. CONCLUSÃO: Distensão de alça intestinal detectada em radiografias de abdome realizadas na admissão sugerem pior prognóstico em enterocolite necrosante. Outrossim, medidas do diâmetro da alça mais distendida nessas radiografias são um método simples e reprodutível que oferece informações diagnósticas e prognósticas.

Platform pricing and consumer foresight: The case of airports

Airports have become platforms that derive revenues from both aeronautical and commercial activities. The demand for these services is characterized by a one-way complementarity in that only air travelers can purchase retail goods at the airport terminals. We analyze a model of optimal airport behavior in which this one-way complementarity is subject to consumer foresight, i.e., consumers may not anticipate in full the ex post retail surplus when purchasing a flight ticket. An airport sets landing fees, and, in addition, also chooses the retail market structure by selecting the number of retail concessions to be awarded. We find that, with perfectly myopic consumers, the airport chooses to attract more passengers via low landing fees, and also sets the minimum possible number of retailers in order to increase the concessions’ revenues, from which it obtains the largest share of profits. However, even a very small amount of anticipation of the consumer surplus from retail activities changes significantly the airport’s choices: the optimal airport policy is dependent on the degree of differentiation in the retail market. When consumers instead have perfect foresight, the airport establishes a very competitive retail market, where consumers enjoy a large surplus. This attracts passengers and it is exploited by the airport by charging higher landing fees, which then constitute the largest share of its profits. Overall, the airport’s profits are maximal when consumers have perfect foresight. Keywords: two-sided markets, platform pricing, one-way demand complementarity, consumer foresight. JEL classification: L1, L2, L93.

Entrevista a Mar Cruz Piñol

Mar Cruz Piñol es profesora titular de Lengua Española en la Facultad de Filología de la Universidad de Barcelona, donde desde 1995 ha impartido, entre otras, las asignaturas"Cuestiones del español como L2","Lingüística de corpus","Bases de datos para el estudio de la lengua española" y"Metodología de la investigación filológi- ca".

Profiles of Second Language Learners in Bilingual Education: A Comparative Study of the Characteristics of Finnish and American Students

The purpose of this comparative study is to profile second language learners by exploring the factors which have an impact on their learning. The subjects come from two different countries: one group comes from Milwaukee, US, and the other from Turku, Finland. The subjects have attended bilingual classes from elementary school to senior high school in their respective countries. In the United States, the subjects (N = 57) started in one elementary school from where they moved on to two high schools in the district. The Finnish subjects (N = 39) attended the same school from elementary to high school. The longitudinal study was conducted during 1994-2004 and combines both qualitative and quantitative research methods. A Pilot Study carried out in 1990-1991 preceded the two subsequent studies that form the core material of this research. The theoretical part of the study focuses first on language policies in the United States and Finland: special emphasis is given to the history, development and current state of bilingual education, and the factors that have affected policy-making in the provision of language instruction. Current language learning theories and models form the theoretical foundation of the research, and underpin the empirical studies. Cognitively-labeled theories are at the forefront, but sociocultural theory and the ecological approach are also accounted for. The research methods consist of questionnaires, compositions and interviews. A combination of statistical methods as well as content analysis were used in the analysis. The attitude of the bilingual learners toward L1 and L2 was generally positive: the subjects enjoyed learning through two languages and were motivated to learn both. The knowledge of L1 and parental support, along with early literacy in L1, facilitated the learning of L2. This was particularly evident in the American subject group. The American subjects’ L2 learning was affected by the attitudes of the learners to the L1 culture and its speakers. Furthermore, the negative attitudes taken by L1 speakers toward L2 speakers and the lack of opportunities to engage in activities in the L1 culture affected the American subjects’ learning of L2, English. The research showed that many American L2 learners were isolated from the L1 culture and were even afraid to use English in everyday communication situations. In light of the research results, a politically neutral linguistic environment, which the Finnish subjects inhabited, was seen to be more favorable for learning. The Finnish subjects were learning L2, English, in a neutral zone where their own attitudes and motivation dictated their learning. The role of L2 as a means of international communication in Finland, as opposed to a means of exercising linguistic power, provided a neutral atmosphere for learning English. In both the American and Finnish groups, the learning of other languages was facilitated when the learner had a good foundation in their L1, and the learning of L1 and L2 were in balance. Learning was also fostered when the learners drew positive experiences from their surroundings and were provided with opportunities to engage in activities where L2 was used.

L'entonació del pallarès i les preguntes absolutes dels Erasmus: dues investigacions en curs

Hem realitzat dues investigacions d'anàlisi melòdica: una sobre els trets melòdics bàsics del parlar del pallarès, formada per 96 enunciats de parla espontània emesos per 21 informants de diferents zones del Pallars. S'han obtingut contorns dels 6 primers patrons entonatius descrits en el català, i també diversos trets d'èmfasi bàsics. I, una altra, sobre les preguntes absolutes que fan els estudiants Erasmus. Es basa en 31 preguntes emeses per 15 aprenents de català com a l2. Es constata que aquests gairebé mai no segueixen l'estructura pròpia de les preguntes absolutes del català, la qual cosa explica els malentesos que tenen lloc entre un parlant, que fa una pregunta, i un interlocutor, que la percep com una afirmació i, per consegüent, no respon.

Is there a relationship between bilingual language switching and executive functions in bilingualism? Introducing a within-group analysis approach

Several studies have suggested a bilingual advantage in executive functions, presumably due to bilinguals' massive practice with language switching that requires executive resources, but the results are still somewhat controversial. Previous studies are also plagued by the inherent limitations of a natural groups design where the participant groups are bound to differ in many ways in addition to the variable used to classify them. In an attempt to introduce a complementary analysis approach, we employed multiple regression to study whether the performance of 30- to 75-year-old FinnishSwedish bilinguals (N = 38) on tasks measuring different executive functions (inhibition, updating, and set shifting) could be predicted by the frequency of language switches in everyday life (as measured by a language switching questionnaire), L2 age of acquisition, or by the self-estimated degree of use of both languages in everyday life. Most consistent effects were found for the set shifting task where a higher rate of everyday language switches was related to a smaller mixing cost in errors. Mixing cost is thought to reflect top-down management of competing task sets, thus resembling the bilingual situation where decisions of which language to use has to be made in each conversation. These findings provide additional support to the idea that some executive functions in bilinguals are affected by a lifelong experience in language switching and, perhaps even more importantly, suggest a complementary approach to the study of this issue.

Self-assessment of individual differences in language switching

Language switching is omnipresent in bilingual individuals. In fact, the ability to switch languages (code switching) is a very fast, efficient, and flexible process that seems to be a fundamental aspect of bilingual language processing. In this study, we aimed to characterize psychometrically self-perceived individual differences in language switching and to create a reliable measure of this behavioral pattern by introducing a bilingual switching questionnaire. As a working hypothesis based on the previous literature about code switching, we decomposed language switching into four constructs: (i) L1 switching tendencies (the tendency to switch to L1; L1-switch); (ii) L2 switching tendencies (L2-switch); (iii) contextual switch, which indexes the frequency of switches usually triggered by a particular situation, topic, or environment; and (iv) unintended switch, which measures the lack of intention and awareness of the language switches. A total of 582 SpanishCatalan bilingual university students were studied. Twelve items were selected (three for each construct). The correlation matrix was factor-analyzed using minimum rank factor analysis followed by oblique direct oblimin rotation. The overall proportion of common variance explained by the four extracted factors was 0.86. Finally, to assess the external validity of the individual differences scored with the new questionnaire, we evaluated the correlations between these measures and several psychometric (language proficiency) and behavioral measures related to cognitive and attentional control. The present study highlights the importance of evaluating individual differences in language switching using self-assessment instruments when studying the interface between cognitive control and bilingualism.

Osteolytic metastasis detected in a patient with lung carcinoma by F18-FDG PET

We present a 53-year-old man with a vocal cord paralysis observed as a primary manifestation of lung carcinoma. Tc-99m MDP whole body bone scan was performed and resulted in a normal scintiscan. The bone scan did not reveal any suspicious foci of uptake. The possibility of bone metastasis was taken into consideration. A whole body F18-FDG-PET scan showed intense uptake in the left upper lung corresponding to the primary tumor. A bronchial biopsy confirmed infiltration by small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). SCLC is composed of poorly differentiated, rapidly growing cells with diseases usually occurring centrally rather than peripherally. It metastasizes early. The whole-body F18-FDG-PET scan clearly demonstrated a focus of increased uptake in the second lumbar vertebral body suspicious for osteolytic metastasis. A lytic bone metastasis was confirmed by MRI. The patient then received therapy and underwent follow up abdominal CT. The scan showed blastic changes in the L2 vertebra suggesting response to treatment.

Coneixement lingüístic i matemàtic d'escolars de nivel sociocultural baix en programes d'immersió = Linguistic and mathematic knowledge in pupils of low sociocultural level in immersiom programmes

This piece of research compares knowledge of Catalan, Castilian and mathematics, as well as the attitudes to these two languages, of a sample of non-Catalan speaking pupils of low sociocultural level in their fourth year of primary school. Some of the pupils had followed an immersion programme in Catalan, whereas others had approached Catalan through their habitual language (Castilian). The findings show that not only did the immersion pupils obtain significantly better results in L2 (Catalan), but their mother tongue (Castilian) competence was undiminished and their performance on the mathematics test was superior to that of the other group. Moreover, the findings indicate that in pupils starting out from less favourable conditions (a low sociocultural level and a low I.Q.) the effect of the educational approach variable is greater than in other cases

De cupro albo Sinensi

Arkit: 1 arkintunnukseton lehti, I-K4 L2.

De hypotheca

Invocatio: D.D.

Interferência da lignina na quantificação de radicais livres no processo de compostagem

In this work was studied composts and their humic acids (HA) to evaluate the use of EPR in the monitoring of the humification. It was observed increase in the concentration of organic free radical (OFR) in all the composts, but in L1 the increase was more significant than L2 and L3. Research more detailed of L1 showed that the lignin is main source of OFR. Then determination of these radicals in material in nature that contains high amount of lignin isn't a good indicator to monitor the humification process in the composting and yes the fraction HA of the composts.

De principiis primis

Osa nimekkeestä ladottu kreikkalaisin kirjaimin.

Historia Regiae Academiae Aboensis

Invocatio: I.N.J.