1000 resultados para Infants -- Protecció, assistència, etc.


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The aim of the present study was to compare, under the same nursing conditions, the energy-nitrogen balance and the protein turnover in small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) low birthweight infants. We compared 8 SGA's (mean +/- s.d.: gestational age 35 +/- 2 weeks, birthweight 1520 +/- 330 g) to 11 AGA premature infants (32 +/- 2 weeks, birthweight 1560 +/- 240 g). When their rate of weight gain was above 15 g/kg/d (17.6 +/- 3.0 and 18.2 +/- 2.6 g/kg/d, mean postnatal age 18 +/- 10 and 20 +/- 9 d respectively) they were studied with respect to their metabolizable energy intake, their energy expenditure, their energy and protein gain and their protein turnover. Energy balance was assessed by the difference between metabolizable energy and energy expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry. Protein gain was calculated from the amount of retained nitrogen. Protein turnover was estimated by a stable isotope enrichment technique using repeated nasogastric administration of 15N-glycine for 72 h. Although there was no difference in their metabolizable energy intakes (110 +/- 12 versus 108 +/- 11 kcal/kg/d), SGA's had a higher rate of resting energy expenditure (64 +/- 8 versus 57 +/- 8 kcal/kg/d, P less than 0.05). Protein gain and composition of weight gain was very similar in both groups (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 2.1 +/- 0.4 g protein/kg/d; 3.5 +/- 1.1 versus 3.3 +/- 1.4 g fat/kg/d in SGA's and AGA's respectively). However, the rate of protein synthesis was significantly lower in SGA's (7.7 +/- 1.6 g/kg/d) as compared to AGA's (9.7 +/- 2.8 g/kg/d; P less than 0.05). It is concluded that SGA's have a more efficient protein gain/protein synthesis ratio since for the same weight and protein gains, SGA's show a 20 per cent slower protein turnover. They might therefore tolerate slightly higher protein intakes. Postconceptional age seems to be an important factor in the regulation of protein turnover.

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The nutrition of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants is aimed at promoting a similar growth to that occurring in the uterus. However, in practice this is difficult to achieve and extrauterine growth restriction is frequent. The current tendency is to avoid this restriction by means of early parenteral and enteral nutrition. Nonetheless, uncertainty about many of the practices related with nutrition has resulted in a great variation in the way it is undertaken. In 2009 and 2011 in our hospital there was an unexpected increase in necrotizing enterocolitis. To check to see whether our nutrition policy was involved, we undertook a systematic review and drew up clinical practice guidelines (CPG) about enteral feeding in VLBW infants. New considerations about the duration of the fortification and the use of probiotics have led to an update of these CPG. METHODS: A total of 21 clinical questions were designed dealing with the type of milk, starting age, mode of administration, rate and volume of the increments, fortification, use of probiotics and protocol. After conducting a systematic search of the available evidence, the information was contrasted and summarized in order to draw up the recommendations. The quality of the evidence and the strength of the recommendations were determined from the SIGN scale. COMMENT: These CPG aim to help physicians in their decision making. The protocolized application of well-proven measurements reduces the variation in clinical practice and improves results.

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Desde finales de los 80 se produce un aumento significativo y rápido de los programas de asistencia financiados por la Unión y que incluyen medidas destinadas a la protección y promoción de los derechos humanos. Sin embargo, este aspecto positivo de promoción encuentra su anverso en una serie de medidas que la UE introduce en sus acuerdos con terceros y que permiten, en caso de que se produzcan violaciones en este campo que la Unión pueda dar por terminado, o bien suspender, el acuerdo en cuestión. Este tipo de medidas son las llamadas cláusulas de condicionalidad democrática o de condicionalidad negativa, objeto de estudio del presente working paper. Dichas cláusulas establecen que los derechos humanos y los principios democráticos se consideren elementos esenciales en la relación con la Unión, lo que permite que en caso de incumplimiento se pueda llegar a la terminación del acuerdo. Si bien inicialmente los criterios que se tenían en cuenta para condicionar créditos o ayudas eran los económicos, con el tiempo vemos como crece la importancia que van adquiriendo los derechos humanos y la democracia como requisitos indispensables en base a los cuales se condicionan las ayudas económicas o la celebración de acuerdos internacionales, y un medio en manos de la UE para mostrar su disconformidad ante determinadas situaciones, y para presionar a los gobiernos infractores y que deseen establecer relaciones con la comunidad. En el presente working paper se analizará el origen y la posterior consolidación como práctica habitual en las relaciones con la UE. Asimismo, se dará un repaso a la tipología utilizada en el clausulado de los Tratados con países terceros

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Catalogue de l'abbaye de Corbie (éd. d'E. Coyecque, Cat des mss des bibliothèques de France, XIX, p.XI-XLVIII) XIIIe s.: n°246; 1621: n°420 Ex-libris : f.1 : « Sti Germani a Pratis »

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We describe 5 preterm and 3 term infants who presented with seizures during rotavirus infection within 6 weeks after birth. Six of these infants developed late-onset cystic periventricular leukomalacia. Four of the preterm infants had neurodevelopmental delay, and 4 (near) term infants had normal early outcome.