Energy-nitrogen balances and protein turnover in small and appropriate for gestational age low birthweight infants.

The aim of the present study was to compare, under the same nursing conditions, the energy-nitrogen balance and the protein turnover in small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) low birthweight infants. We compared 8 SGA's (mean +/- s.d.: gestational age 35 +/- 2 weeks, birthweight 1520 +/- 330 g) to 11 AGA premature infants (32 +/- 2 weeks, birthweight 1560 +/- 240 g). When their rate of weight gain was above 15 g/kg/d (17.6 +/- 3.0 and 18.2 +/- 2.6 g/kg/d, mean postnatal age 18 +/- 10 and 20 +/- 9 d respectively) they were studied with respect to their metabolizable energy intake, their energy expenditure, their energy and protein gain and their protein turnover. Energy balance was assessed by the difference between metabolizable energy and energy expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry. Protein gain was calculated from the amount of retained nitrogen. Protein turnover was estimated by a stable isotope enrichment technique using repeated nasogastric administration of 15N-glycine for 72 h. Although there was no difference in their metabolizable energy intakes (110 +/- 12 versus 108 +/- 11 kcal/kg/d), SGA's had a higher rate of resting energy expenditure (64 +/- 8 versus 57 +/- 8 kcal/kg/d, P less than 0.05). Protein gain and composition of weight gain was very similar in both groups (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 2.1 +/- 0.4 g protein/kg/d; 3.5 +/- 1.1 versus 3.3 +/- 1.4 g fat/kg/d in SGA's and AGA's respectively). However, the rate of protein synthesis was significantly lower in SGA's (7.7 +/- 1.6 g/kg/d) as compared to AGA's (9.7 +/- 2.8 g/kg/d; P less than 0.05). It is concluded that SGA's have a more efficient protein gain/protein synthesis ratio since for the same weight and protein gains, SGA's show a 20 per cent slower protein turnover. They might therefore tolerate slightly higher protein intakes. Postconceptional age seems to be an important factor in the regulation of protein turnover.

Immunocytochemical and pharmacological characterization of metabotropic glutamate receptors of the vestibular end organs in the frog.

Using immunocytochemistry and multiunit recording of afferent activity of the whole vestibular nerve, we investigated the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) in the afferent neurotransmission in the frog semicircular canals (SCC). Group I (mGluR1alpha) and group II (mGluR2/3) mGluR immunoreactivities were distributed to the vestibular ganglion neurons, and this can be attributed to a postsynaptic locus of metabotropic regulation of rapid excitatory transmission. The effects of group I/II mGluR agonist (1S,3R)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) and antagonist (R,S)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) on resting and chemically induced afferent activity were studied. ACPD (10-100 microM) enhanced the resting discharge frequency. MCPG (5-100 microM) led to a concentration-dependent decrease of both resting activity and ACPD-induced responses. If the discharge frequency had previously been restored by L-glutamate (L-Glu) in high-Mg2+ solution, ACPD elicited a transient increase in the firing rate in the afferent nerve suggesting that ACPD acts on postsynaptic receptors. The L-Glu agonists, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), were tested during application of ACPD. AMPA- and NMDA-induced responses were higher in the presence than absence of ACPD, implicating mGluR in the modulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors. These results indicate that activation of mGluR potentiates AMPA and NMDA responses through a postsynaptic interaction. We conclude that ACPD may exert modulating postsynaptic effects on vestibular afferents and that this process is activity-dependent.

Whole-body protein turnover and resting energy expenditure in obese, prepubertal children.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is becoming more frequent in children; understanding the extent to which this condition affects not only carbohydrate and lipid metabolism but also protein metabolism is of paramount importance. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the kinetics of protein metabolism in obese, prepubertal children in the static phase of obesity. DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, 9 obese children (x +/- SE: 44+/-4 kg, 30.9+/-1.5% body fat) were compared with 8 lean (28+/-2 kg ,16.8+/-1.2% body fat), age-matched (8.5+/-0.2 y) control children. Whole-body nitrogen flux, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown were calculated postprandially over 9 h from 15N abundance in urinary ammonia by using a single oral dose of [15N]glycine; resting energy expenditure (REE) was assessed by indirect calorimetry (canopy) and body composition by multiple skinfold-thickness measurements. RESULTS: Absolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown were significantly greater in obese children than in control children (x +/- SE: 208+/-24 compared with 137+/-14 g/d, P < 0.05, and 149+/-20 compared with 89+/-13 g/d, P < 0.05, respectively). When these variables were adjusted for fat-free mass by analysis of covariance, however, the differences between groups disappeared. There was a significant relation between protein synthesis and fat-free mass (r = 0.83, P < 0.001) as well as between protein synthesis and REE (r = 0.79, P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity in prepubertal children is associated with an absolute increase in whole-body protein turnover that is consistent with an absolute increase in fat-free mass, both of which contribute to explaining the greater absolute REE in obese children than in control children.

Ammonium alters creatine transport and synthesis in a 3D culture of developing brain cells, resulting in secondary cerebral creatine deficiency.

Hyperammonemic disorders in pediatric patients lead to poorly understood irreversible effects on the developing brain that may be life-threatening. We showed previously that some of these NH4+-induced irreversible effects might be due to impairment of axonal growth that can be protected under ammonium exposure by creatine co-treatment. The aim of the present work was thus to analyse how the genes of arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT), allowing creatine synthesis, as well as of the creatine transporter SLC6A8, allowing creatine uptake into cells, are regulated in rat brain cells under NH4+ exposure. Reaggregated brain cell three-dimensional cultures exposed to NH4Cl were used as an experimental model of hyperammonemia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). We show here that NH4+ exposure differentially alters AGAT, GAMT and SLC6A8 regulation, in terms of both gene expression and protein activity, in a cell type-specific manner. In particular, we demonstrate that NH4+ exposure decreases both creatine and its synthesis intermediate, guanidinoacetate, in brain cells, probably through the inhibition of AGAT enzymatic activity. Our work also suggests that oligodendrocytes are major actors in the brain in terms of creatine synthesis, trafficking and uptake, which might be affected by hyperammonemia. Finally, we show that NH4+ exposure induces SLC6A8 in astrocytes. This suggests that hyperammonemia increases blood-brain barrier permeability for creatine. This is normally limited due to the absence of SLC6A8 from the astrocyte feet lining microcapillary endothelial cells, and thus creatine supplementation may protect the developing CNS of hyperammonemic patients.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa toxin L-2-amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid inhibits growth and induces encystment in Acanthamoeba castellanii.

L-2-Amino-4-methoxy-trans-3-butenoic acid (AMB) is a toxic antimetabolite produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. To evaluate its importance as a potential virulence factor, we tested the host response towards AMB using an Acanthamoeba castellanii cell model. We found that AMB (at concentrations ≥ 0.5 mM) caused amoebal encystment in salt buffer, while inhibiting amoebal growth in rich medium in a dose-dependent manner. However, no difference in amoebal plaque formation was observed on bacterial lawns of wild type and AMB-negative P. aeruginosa strains. We thereby conclude that AMB may eventually act as a virulence factor, but only at relatively high concentrations.

Nymphal development of Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) preying on larvae of Anticarsia gemmatalis (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) fed with resistant and susceptible soybeans

Nymphal development of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) fed with a susceptible (UFV 16) or an insect resistant soybean genotype (IAC 17) and with larvae of the prey Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) reared on these genotypes, was evaluated. Survival and duration of each instar and of total nymphal stage, besides weight of nymphs at the beginning of each instar and of adults of P. nigrispinus soon after emergence, were also evaluated. Nymphal survival of this predator was similar with both genotypes (64.41% for the UFV 16 and 72.88% for the IAC 17). Duration of second and fourth instars for nymphs that originated females, of fourth instar for those that originated males, of the nymphal period for males (20.21 and 17.94 days) and females (19.76 and 18.19 days) was longer on the IAC 17 than on the UFV 16. Weight of third instar nymphs (3.12 mg and 2.42 mg) for those that originated males and of fifth instar (26.20 mg and 23.86 mg) for those that originated females and female weight after emergence (65.76 mg and 58.68 mg) was lower with the IAC 17 than with the UFV 16. Sex ratio of P. nigrispinus was not affected by the resistant soybean IAC 17.

Nymph developmental time and survivorship, adult longevity, reproduction and body weight of Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas) feeding on natural and artificial diets

The biology of nymphs and adults of the neotropical pentatomid, Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), feeding on the natural foods, soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill immature pods, and corn, Zea mays L. immature seeds, and on an artificial dry diet, was studied in the laboratory. Nymph developmental time was shorter on the natural foods (ca. 21-22 days) than on the artificial diet (28 days), and most nymphs reached adulthood on the food plants (55% on soybean and 73% on corn) than on the artificial diet (40%). Fresh body weight at adult emergence was similar and higher for females raised as nymphs on the natural foods, compared to females from nymphs raised on the artificial diet; for males, weights were similar on all foods. Mean (female and male) survivorship up to day 20, decreased from 55% on soybean to 40% on corn, down to 0% on the artificial diet. Total longevity for females was higher on soybean, while for males was similar on all foods. About three times more females oviposited on soybean than on corn, but fecundity/female was similar on both foods. On the artificial diet, only one out of 30 females oviposited. Fresh body weight of adults increased significantly during the first week of adult life, and at the end of the 3rd week, weight gain was similar on all foods.

Avaliação de substratos de oviposição para Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae)

Avaliação de substratos de oviposição para Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae). Fêmeas do predador O. insidiosus usam tecidos de plantas para colocação de seus ovos, o que caracteriza a oviposição endofítica. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes substratos de oviposição para este predador. O estudo foi conduzido em sala climatizada a 25 ± 2ºC, UR de 70 ± 10% e fotofase de 12 horas. Os substratos de oviposição utilizados foram brotos de feijão (Phaselus vulgaris L.), brotos de soja [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], brotos de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.), vagem de feijão (Phaselus vulgaris L.) e inflorescências de picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.). Foram avaliados os números médio diário e total de ovos por um período de 15 dias, o número de adultos vivos em cada recipiente e a viabilidade na produção dos adultos. Todos os substratos testados foram aceitos pelas fêmeas. Entretanto, foi observado um número significativamente maior de ovos de O. insidiosus em brotos de feijão (4,3 ovos por dia) e brotos de soja (3,9 ovos por dia), comparado aos demais substratos avaliados. As menores (p< 0,05) viabilidades na produção de adultos de O. insidiosus (75,1 e 71,7%) foram verificadas a partir dos ovos colocados em brotos de batata e vagem de feijão, respectivamente. Brotos de feijão e brotos de soja foram adequados para a utilização na criação de O. insidiosus em laboratório, com vantagens de poderem ser produzidos durante todo o ano sem necessitar de grandes áreas para isso, reduzindo assim os custos e o trabalho com a sua obtenção e preparo para uso no sistema de criação do predador. Esses resultados poderão auxiliar na criação massal de O. insidiosus em laboratório, visando à liberação do mesmo em programas de controle biológico de tripes.

Biology and reproductive capacity of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in different soybean cultivars

This study aimed to evaluate the development, survival and reproductive capacity of Spodoptera eridania in four soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory, in a climatic chamber at 25 °C ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and 12 h photophase. The cultivars used were: FMT Tabarana, BRS/MT Pintado, FMT Tucunaré and Monsoy 8757, all conventional cultivars with medium cycles. All cultivars tested allowed the development of S. eridania. However, Monsoy 8757 was the cultivar that most affected the prolonged in the duration larval, pupal and total cycle, showed lower pupal weight as well as reduction in the intrinsic rate increase. These results contribute to the management of this species in regions of outbreaks in soybean areas.

Alterações de características químicas do solo e resposta da soja ao calcário e gesso aplicados na superfície em sistema de cultivo sem preparo do solo

O experimento foi desenvolvido em um Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro distrófico, em Ponta Grossa (PR), com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de calcário e gesso na superfície sobre as características químicas do solo e resposta da soja cultivada em sistema de cultivo sem preparo do solo. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcela subdividida, com três repetições. Foram utilizadas quatro doses de calcário dolomítico, com 84% de PRNT: 0, 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1, e quatro doses de gesso agrícola: 0, 4, 8 e 12 t ha-1. A calagem foi realizada em julho, e a aplicação de gesso em novembro de 1993. A cultura da soja foi avaliada nos anos agrícolas de 1993/94 e 1995/96. A soja não respondeu à aplicação de calcário e gesso na superfície, em solo com pH (CaCl2 0,01 mol L-1) 4,5 e 32% de saturação por bases na camada de 0-20 cm. A calagem proporcionou correção da acidez do solo, revelada pela elevação do pH e redução do alumínio trocável, até a profundidade de 10 cm e em camadas subsuperficiais, mostrando que a ação do calcário aplicado na superfície, em áreas com cultivos já estabelecidos, não preparadas convencionalmente, pode atingir camadas mais profundas de solo. Esse efeito foi observado doze meses após a aplicação do corretivo, tendo sido mais pronunciado após vinte e oito meses. A aplicação de gesso causou redução do alumínio trocável, elevou os teores de cálcio em todo o perfil do solo e provocou lixiviação de bases, principalmente de magnésio, tendo sido esta mais acentuada na presença de maiores teores de magnésio trocável no solo. Após vinte e quatro meses, foram recuperados cerca de 40% do S-SO4 e 60% do cálcio aplicados pelo gesso na dose de 12 t ha-1, até a profundidade de 80 cm. Desse total recuperado, apenas 10% do S-SO4 e 25% do cálcio foram encontrados na camada de 0-20 cm de solo.

Resposta da soja à adubação potássica em latossolo húmico distrófico num período de doze anos

A capacidade de suprimento de potássio do solo, a resposta da soja à adubação potássica e o efeito residual do adubo foram determinados em um experimento no campo, conduzido, por doze anos consecutivos, em um Latossolo Húmico de Santa Catarina. Os tratamentos constaram de quatro doses de K2O (0, 80, 160 e 320 kg ha-1), distribuídas a lanço e incorporadas ao solo, nas parcelas, somente no primeiro ano de cultivo; três doses de K2O (0, 40 e 80 kg ha-1), aplicadas a lanço, anualmente, nas subparcelas, a partir do quinto ano de cultivo, e um tratamento adicional, com aplicação anual de 40 kg ha-1 de K2O, no sulco. Avaliações de K no solo e de rendimento de grãos foram feitas anualmente. Nos primeiros quatro anos, não houve resposta da cultura à aplicação de K. A partir do quinto ano, as respostas à adubação potássica anual foram crescentes. Na média das doze colheitas, cada quilograma de K2O, aplicado ao solo no primeiro ano, resultou num acréscimo médio de 18 kg ha-1 de grãos de soja. Uma aplicação anual de 60 kg ha-1 de K2O foi suficiente para manter a produtividade da cultura acima de 90% da produção máxima.

Níveis críticos de potássio para a soja em latossolo húmico de Santa Catarina

Visando avaliar a resposta da soja à adubação potássica e estabelecer níveis críticos do nutriente no solo e na planta, foi desenvolvido um experimento de campo, por doze anos consecutivos, em um Latossolo Húmico distrófico, no município de Campos Novos (SC). Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de adubo potássico, aplicadas antes do primeiro cultivo, em combinação com três doses de K, aplicadas anualmente, a partir do quinto ano. Definiu-se o nível crítico do nutriente no solo e na planta, tomando como base a produção relativa de 90%. Os teores de K do solo correlacionaram-se, significativamente, com a concentração de K na folha e com o rendimento de grãos, revelando-se adequados na predição da disponibilidade de K para as plantas. Os níveis críticos de K no solo e na folha foram de 63 mg dm-3 e 14 g kg-1, respectivamente. Foram estabelecidas quatro classes de teores de K no solo e no tecido foliar: muito baixo, quando menor que 38 mg dm-3, no solo, e 9 g kg-1, na folha; baixo, quando entre 39 e 49 mg dm-3, no solo, e 9 e 12 g kg-1, na folha; médio, quando entre 50 e 63 mg dm-3, no solo, e 12 e 14 g kg-1, na folha, e alto, quando acima de 63 mg dm-3, no solo, e acima de 14 g kg-1, na folha. A redução na disponibilidade do K, no solo e na concentração na folha, acarretou maior absorção de Mg pelas plantas com conseqüente redução na relação K/Mg na folha.

Sistemas de cultivo e características do solo afetando a estabilidade de agregados

Em um Latossolo Roxo de Santo Ângelo (RS), e em um Podzólico Vermelho-Escuro de Eldorado do Sul (RS), ambos com textura argilosa, submetidos o primeiro à exploração com cultivo convencional de trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e soja (Glycine max L.) e sob setária (Setaria anceps L.), e o segundo à exploração com capim-pangola (Digitaria decumbens L.), siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum L.), plantio direto com aveia (Avena bizantina L.)/milho (Zea mays L.) e área sem vegetação, foi realizado o presente trabalho durante a safra de verão (1990/1991), com o objetivo de avaliar a estabilidade e a agregação do solo sob diferentes sistemas de cultivo. Constatou-se, nessa avaliação, que as gramíneas perenes por meio do seu sistema radicular tiveram grande efeito na agregação e estabilidade dos agregados do solo e que os teores de carbono orgânico, de ferro e alumínio-oxalato, argila e grau de dispersão tiveram também efeitos na agregação do solo, porém insuficientes para explicar as variações entre o diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados sob os diferentes sistemas de cultivo.

The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review).

During the last 2 years, several novel genes that encode glucose transporter-like proteins have been identified and characterized. Because of their sequence similarity with GLUT1, these genes appear to belong to the family of solute carriers 2A (SLC2A, protein symbol GLUT). Sequence comparisons of all 13 family members allow the definition of characteristic sugar/polyol transporter signatures: (1) the presence of 12 membrane-spanning helices, (2) seven conserved glycine residues in the helices, (3) several basic and acidic residues at the intracellular surface of the proteins, (4) two conserved tryptophan residues, and (5) two conserved tyrosine residues. On the basis of sequence similarities and characteristic elements, the extended GLUT family can be divided into three subfamilies, namely class I (the previously known glucose transporters GLUT1-4), class II (the previously known fructose transporter GLUT5, the GLUT7, GLUT9 and GLUT11), and class III (GLUT6, 8, 10, 12, and the myo-inositol transporter HMIT1). Functional characteristics have been reported for some of the novel GLUTs. Like GLUT1-4, they exhibit a tissue/cell-specific expression (GLUT6, leukocytes, brain; GLUT8, testis, blastocysts, brain, muscle, adipocytes; GLUT9, liver, kidney; GLUT10, liver, pancreas; GLUT11, heart, skeletal muscle). GLUT6 and GLUT8 appear to be regulated by sub-cellular redistribution, because they are targeted to intra-cellular compartments by dileucine motifs in a dynamin dependent manner. Sugar transport has been reported for GLUT6, 8, and 11; HMIT1 has been shown to be a H+/myo-inositol co-transporter. Thus, the members of the extended GLUT family exhibit a surprisingly diverse substrate specificity, and the definition of sequence elements determining this substrate specificity will require a full functional characterization of all members.

Métodos de aplicação de cobre e avaliação da disponibilidade para a soja num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo franco-argilo-arenoso fase Cerrado

Realizou-se, em Planaltina (DF), nos anos agrícolas 1995/96, 1996/97 e 1997/98, um experimento num Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo franco-argilo-arenoso, para comparar o efeito de três métodos de aplicação de cobre (ao solo, em pulverização foliar e à semente) sobre a produção de soja (cv. Doko RC) e estabelecer níveis críticos para os teores de cobre no solo e na folha. No primeiro cultivo, não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos provavelmente pela ocorrência de déficit hídrico (veranico) na fase de enchimento de grãos. No segundo e no terceiro cultivo, as doses de 1,2 e 2,4 kg ha-1 de cobre aplicadas a lanço apenas por ocasião do primeiro cultivo ou no sulco de semeadura parceladamente, ou seja, 0,4 e 0,8 kg ha-1 de cobre por cultivo, respectivamente, propiciaram rendimentos máximos de grãos. A dose de 2,4 kg ha-1 de cobre misturada às sementes e a dose de 0,6 kg ha-1 de cobre aplicada nas folhas vinte dias após a emergência também tiveram rendimentos máximos de grãos no segundo e no terceiro cultivo. Os níveis críticos de cobre no solo para os extratores HCl 0,1 mol L-1, Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3 e DTPA pH 7,3, foram de 0,6, 0,5, 0,5 e 0,6 mg dm-3 de cobre, respectivamente. O nível crítico de cobre na folha foi de 3,9 mg kg-1.