As blusas verdes e as marchadeiras. Movimentos de mulheres e participação politica nos anos 30 e 60

Understanding the women’s political manifest at the present national scenario through analyzing the historicity and complexity of women’s movement and their contradictions regarding females / feminists actions in public and political areas. Thus, I give emphasis to the 30s and its “green blouses” and 60’s with “the marchadeiras” showing how those conservatives movements and their facist trend took on organized actions. And, also acting on the opposite way of democratic areas and the struggles for increasing the rights and advocating the maintenance of a status quo, keeping female traditional practices. Those women, who were living in the most visible female conjunctures and resistance to authoritarian governments, have taken positions that were holding back the progress in the game, contributing to reflux before the conquest of rights and gender equity.

Estudo do potencial de associações de ZnO com os produtos naturais ácido cafeico e ferúlico como filtros solares híbridos: [recurso eletrônico]

In this work were studied associations of ZnO with the natural products caffeic and feluric acids. Two preparation methods were used, that is, the sol-gel and a reflux procedure. In the sol-gel method, ZnO is produced by the basics hydrolysis of precursors in the presence of the organic filters (caffeic and feluric acids), which results in 30 nm (or less) ZnO particles with the organic filters (in dissociated form) bonded to the surface of ZnO. In the reflux method, a dispersion of ZnO in a water/ethanol mixture was kept under reflux (50oC/4h) in the presence of the organic acids. The ZnO particles used in the reflux method have a higher diameter than sol-gel ZnO particles, but the prepared associated product ZnO/Organic acids were similar. Despite of the difference in relation to crystallinity between the products, the preparation methods resulted in analogous associations with respect to the interaction of the organic filters with the ZnO surface. The caffeic/ZnO associations presented low photostability, which lead to the degradation of the organic filter. The other associations (feluric acid/ZnO) presented satisfactory results. The FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the formation of the association, and the nature of the bond formed compared with the Zn-O bond in Zn2+/Felutic acid complexes. The isolated organic and inorganic filters, along with the associations were analyzed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and Uv-vis spectroscopy. The absorption edges and the critical wavelengths were analyzed and the effects of Zn-O bonds in feluric acid/ZnO associations described as a function of the relative position of the π/π* system of the organic filter. Finally the performance of the hybrid filters were investigated in terms of the absorption of UVA and UVB radiations, with the UVA/UVB ratio, an efficiency parameter largely used in the description of solar filters, sunscreen and suncare products

Propriedades térnicas de géis e xerogéis híbridos de sílica/orgânico à base de GPTS-TEOS com diferentes concentrações de GPTS

In the present work the thermal characteristics of gels and xerogels of Silica/organic hybrids derived from different concentrations of GPTS-TEOS were investigated by thermal analysis (TG, DTA, and DSC). The preparation of gels of the Silica/organic hybrid matrix was held through the sol-gel process, consisting by the hydrolysis of alkoxides GPTS and TEOS in proportion (1:1) and (1:2) that was promoted in acidic conditions under reflux and stirring at 80oC/2h, producing the matrix in the colloidal state (sol). Gels were prepared by addition of NH4OH to the sol, promoting gelation of sol in sealed plastics containers. Part of the gels samples was analyzed by TG, DTS and DSC techniques in order to characterize water loss and degradation of the polymeric “epoxy” groups present in the structure of the silica derived from the GPTS alkoxide. Another set of samples was dried at 80oC/48h to obtain xerogels (dried gels) and analyzed by the same techniques. We obtained the characteristics temperatures of the matrix by the techniques DTA, DSC and TG, under measurements of thermal analysis until 800oC and 600oC in case of DSC. By thermal analysis (TG, DTA, and DSC) the main endothermic events (loss of water, melting, pyrolysis) and exothermic events (burning of the polymer) of the GPTS-TEOS matrix were determined

Antidepressivo modula o comportamento e a expressão gênica das cadeias de miosina, serca2 e fosfolambam em ratos com insuficiência aórtica?

Introduction: Aortic insufficiency (AoI), a volume overload, is characterized by the diastolic reflux of blood from the regurgitating aorta to the left ventricle. This effect results from malfunctioning aortic cusps. The main cause of AoI in developing countries is rheumatic fever, including Brazil, and valvar degeneration in developed countries. There is a strong association between cardiovascular diseases and depression. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are one of the most prescribed antidepressants in the world. Previous studies of our laboratory showed that the utilization of a SSRI, paroxetine, improved cardiac function in rats with sub-chronic AoI and reduced the daily ingestion of hypertonic sodium (NaCl 0,3M). Cardiovascular diseases can determine behavior changes like increase of anxiety, and it is yet unknown if AoI would determine anxiety or anhedonia, incapacity of obtaining pleasure through physical or sensorial experiences. A possible target for SSRI action could be a change in the expression of enzyme isoforms that collaborate in the contractile function of the heart muscle, like the heavy chains of myosine, the sarcoplasmatic reticulum Ca2+/ATPase (SERCA) and its regulator protein, phospholamban (PLB). Objectives: Evaluation of behavior parameters for anxiety and anhedonia state and genic expression of a-myosine, b-myosine, SERCA2a and PLB in the heart tissue of rats with subchronic AoI that received treatment with an SSRI (paroxetine) for 4 weeks. Methods: Surgery to induce AoI was performed on male Wistar rats, anxiety was evaluated by the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and state of anhedonia was tested by ingestion of 2% sucrose solution. After euthanasia the heart tissue was collected and total RNA was extracted to be analyzed by the RT-qPCR method. Results: Heart fractional shortening was preserved in rats with AoI that were treated compared to rats with AoI that were not treated. There was no statistically ...

Effect of metoclopramide, ranitidine, and droperidol on the lower sphincter of the esophagus. Experimental study on the opossum (Didelphis albiventris)

Electromanometric measures of the gastroesophageal junction were performed in 20 adult, male and female, anesthetised opossums. The electromanometric examinations were performed according the intermitent pull through technique. The research was divided in four groups, according to the drug to be analysed: group 1 (20 animals) IM injection of physiological solution (control group); group 2 (20 animals) IM injection of metoclopramide; group 3 (20 animals) IM injection of ranitidine; group 4 (20 animals) IM injection of droperidol. Electromanometry was done 15 minutes before the drug injection, just after the injection and 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after the injection. In each one of the moments the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES-mmHg) was analysed. Considering LES pressure the results observed were: in group 1 it was not observed any significative alteration after IM injection of physiologic solution; in group 2 it was observed significative pressure increase, 15 minutes after metoclopramide IM injection; in group 3 it was observed pressure increase, being significative at 15 and 30 minutes after IM injection; in group 4 it was observed significative increase in LES pressure in every moment, 15 minutes after droperidol IM injection.

Gastric and small intestinal lesions after partial stomach resection with Billroth II or Roux-en-Y reconstruction in the rat

The evolution and phenotypic expression of mucosal lesions of the gastric stump were investigated in male rats submitted to gastric resection with reconstruction by the Billroth II technique (BII with biliopancreatic reflux, BPR) or by the Roux-en-Y procedure (without BPR). Animals were studied at 24, 36, 54 and 64 weeks after surgery and the phenotypic expression of lesions analysed using routine hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining for pepsinogen isoenzyme 1 and histochemical procedures for mucins (paradoxical concanavalin A, galactose oxidase Schiff (GOS) and sialidase GOS reactions). BPR was found to be responsible for the formation of adenomatous hyperplasia (AH), increasing in incidence and size with time, since the Roux-en-Y procedure failed to induce the gastric stump lesions observed after BII reconstruction. AHs always occurred in the transition of the gastrojejunal junction, a site offering special conditions for BPR influence, and were classified as gastric (G), intestinal (I) and G+I types according to their phenotypic expression. No pure I type AH was diagnosed at any time point. The G and G+I types developed at approximately equal incidences (i.e., G type 7/17, G+I type 10/17 at the 64th week). It was suggested that both gastric and intestinal mucosal elements were stimulated to proliferate by BPR, with the gastric mucosa tending to demonstrate AH. Intestinal type components of AH were found adjacent to the jejunum and not at the stomach margin, indicating an origin from intestinal mucosa. No metaplasia of the gastric mucosa was observed in any animal after partial gastric resection. In 101 rats submitted to the BII procedure, 5 mucinous adenocarcinomas were eventually diagnosed, mostly located in the subserosa of the gastrojejunal junction. All carcinomas expressed the phenotype of cells of the small intestine. Evidence of malignant transformation within the gastric components of AH was not observed even at the 64th week. In conclusion, all lesions induced by BPR in the rat remnant stomach are benign, and the few true cancers that arise in association are derived from the small intestine.

Propriedades ópticas de nanopartículas de halogenetos de cobre preparadas in situ em filmes híbridos de sílica

The sol-gel process is a technique based on the hydrolysis and polycondensation of metal alkoxides have been investigated as an alternative for the preparation of vitreous or glassceramic materials, for allowing the obtaining of high-purity materials at low temperatures, and to obtain hybrid materials with different compositions. When ORMOSILs are doped with nanoparticles, are called nanocomposites, and its functionality arises when electrons confined in scale three-dimensional structures near zero are excited. In principle, such materials exhibit discrete energy level, with peaks in the absorption spectrum. Therefore, the glasses doped semiconductor nanocrystals are important candidates for the preparation of optical filters with sharp cut-off, and are being exploited commercially for coloring glasses. This study evaluates the optical properties presented by hybrid films of silica doped with copper nanoparticles. The matrix was prepared using the alkoxides 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTS) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) doped with Cu2O and hydrolyzed under reflux conditions in two different acidic conditions (HCl and HBr). After thermal treatment at temperatures between 100 °C and 170 °C and/or under the action of commercial black light radiation, CuCl and CuBr present in the hybrid film are transformed into nanoparticles of CuCl or CuBr. The UV-VIS absorption identified the absorption bands, and its variation

Stability study of fluconazole applying validated bioassay and stability-indicating LC methods

Chemical degradation of drugs may result in altered therapeutic efficacy and even toxic effects. Therefore, understanding the factors that change the stability of pharmaceuticals and identifying ways to guarantee their stability are important. In this work stability-indicating Liquid Chromatographic (LC) and bioassay methods were validated and employed in the fluconazole stability studies. The correlation of sample results from both methods was evaluated. Fluconazole raw material stability was investigated in aqueous, acid (0.1 M HCl), alkaline (0.1 M NaOH) and oxidative (3% v/v H2O2) reflux for 6 hours, by LC method. Fluconazole capsules were exposed to UVC (254 nm, 66 and 180 days), climatic chamber (40°C, 75% RH, 90 days) and oven (60°C, 60 days), these samples were analyzed by LC and bioassay methods It was found that the drug is degraded (10% decrease) with arising of a possible degradation product in an oxidative medium and UVC exposure, in all the others conditions fluconazole remained chemically stable (higher than 98%) when analyzed by LC. However when the capsules stressed samples were evaluated through bioassay very low antifungal activity was found (about 30%). Fluconazole showed to be an unstable drug and it indicates that special care must be taken during the handling, storage and quality control using appropriated methods to analyze this therapeutic agent. This work suggests monitoring the fluconazole stability by bioassay and the stability-indicating LC methods.

Severe distal cytomegalovirus esophagitis with aerodigestive symptoms in an immunocompetent infant

We report a case of an immunocompetent infant, with no evidence of neurological disorders, which developed clinical manifestation of recurrent crisis of choking, dysphagia, laryngeal stridor and sub costal retractions since the first day of life. Direct laryngoscopy was unremarkable. Upper gastrointestinal series showed a dilated tortuous esophagus with severe peristalsis impairment and reflux episodes till the proximal third of the esophagus. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a moderately dilated esophagus with erosive lesions in the distal esophagus. Esophageal biopsy specimens revealed CMV inclusion bodies associated to moderate inflammation and immunohistochemistry was positive for CMV early antigen. Prolonged 24 h esophageal pH metry was within normal limits. Antiviral therapy with intravenous ganciclovir was introduced and was associated with rapid improvement of the symptoms. Child gradually increased oral intake and weight gain, and there were no side effects related to therapy. Thus, the respiratory symptoms could have been a supra esophageal manifestation of a non-acid reflux disease related to the CMV esophagitis.

Influence of biliary anastomosis on recovery from secondary biliary cirrhosis

Objective The influence of choledochoduodenostomy and choledochojejunostomy on the repair of hepatic lesions secondary to biliary obstruction is not well known. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of choledochoduodenostomy and choledochojejunostomy on the recovery of these lesions in rats with biliary obstruction. Methods Rats subjected to 4 weeks of biliary obstruction underwent choledochoduodenostomy (n=10) or choledochojejunostomy (n=10). The following variables were measured: total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aminotransferases, and albumin. Hepatic mitochondrial energy metabolism was evaluated by calculating the respiratory control ratio and the oxidative phosphorylation index. Hepatic morphometry was used to estimate the mass of the hepatocytes, bile ducts, and fibrosis, as well as the hepatic stellate cell count. Results After choledochoduodenostomy and choledochojejunostomy, there was a regression in cholestasis and a reduction in the oxidative phosphorylation index. However, the total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, and respiratory control ratio values improved only after choledochojejunostomy. The mass of the liver, spleen, and fibrosis was reduced after both choledochoduodenostomy and choledochojejunostomy, but the number of hepatic stellate cells increased. After choledochojejunostomy, the hepatic mass recovered completely, and the spleen mass was significantly reduced compared with that after choledochoduodenostomy. After both choledochoduodenostomy and choledochojejunostomy, enterobiliary reflux, biliary contamination, and an exacerbation in hepatic inflammation developed. Conclusion Choledochojejunostomy was more effective than choledochoduodenostomy, but both techniques induced enterobiliary reflux and biliary contamination, which may explain the maintenance of hepatic alterations, especially after choledochoduodenostomy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 24: 1039-1050 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Clinical and nutritional status in the late postoperative of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Influence of pylorus preservation procedure

PURPOSE: To evaluate the nutritional status of patients in the late postoperative period of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and compare the long-term outcome according to pylorus-preserving (PPPD) or the standard technique (SPD) in which the pylorus is resected. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted twelve months prior or more in patients who had underwent PD (PD Group, n=15) and health volunteers (Control Group, n=15). At a post hoc analysis, the PD Group was divided in PPPD Subgroup (n=9) and SPD Subgroup (n=6), according to the PD techniques. Gastrointestinal complaints and nutritional status were evaluated, apart from a biochemical assessment; Student t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used. RESULTS: The patients recovered their body weight and the gastrointestinal complaints were uncommon. The PD Group showed higher energy and protein intake even though BMI was lower than in Control Group. There were no differences in laboratorial data, except for higher glycemia, serum alkaline phosfatase and C-reactive protein in PD Group. There was no difference in the various parameters evaluated when the Subgroups (PPPD and SPD) were compared. CONCLUSION: For long-term pancreaticoduodenectomy, the gastrointestinal symptoms are minimal and the patients had the clinical and nutritional status preserved, regardless of pylorus preservation.

Postnatal longitudinal evaluation of children diagnosed with prenatal hydronephrosis: insights in natural history and referral pattern

Objectives Clinical significance and management of prenatal hydronephrosis (PNH) are sources of debate. Existing studies are flawed with biased cohorts or inconsistent follow-up. We aimed to evaluate the incidence of pathology in a large cohort of PNH and assess the biases and outcomes of this population. Methods We reviewed 1034 charts of fetuses with PNH. Records of delivered offspring were reviewed at a pediatric center and analyzed with respect to prenatal and postnatal pathology and management. Results Prenatal resolution of hydronephrosis occurred in 24.7% of pregnancies. On first postnatal ultrasound, some degree of dilatation was present in 80%, 88% and 95% of mild, moderate and severe PNH cases, respectively. At the end of follow-up, hydronephrosis persisted in 10%, 25% and 72% of children, respectively. Incidence of vesicoureteral reflux did not correlate with severity of PNH. Children with postnatal workup had more severe PNH than those without. Conclusions Despite prenatal resolution totalizing 25%, pelvic dilatation persisted on first postnatal imaging in most cases, thus justifying postnatal ultrasound evaluation. Whereas most mild cases resolved spontaneously, a quarter of moderate and more than half of severe cases required surgery. Patients with postnatal imaging and referral had more severe PNH, which could result in overestimation of pathology. (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Using Mitrofanoff's principle and Monti's technique as a surgical option for bladder augmentation with a continent stoma: a case report

Abstract Introduction Hydronephrosis, reflux and renal failure are serious complications that occur in patients with neurogenic bladder associated with myelomeningocele. When the bladder compliance is lost, it is imperative to carry out surgery aimed at reducing bladder storage pressure. An ileocystoplasty, and for patients not suitable for intermittent catheterization, using the Mitrofanoff principle to form a continent stoma and the subsequent closure of the bladder neck, can be used. We report here, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, an association between two previously described techniques (the Mitrofanoff principle and the technique of Monti), that can solve the problem of a short appendix in obese patients. Case presentation A 33-year-old male Caucasian patient with myelomeningocele and neurogenic bladder developed low bladder compliance (4.0 mL/cm H2O) while still maintaining normal renal function. A bladder augmentation (ileocystoplasty) with continent derivation principle (Mitrofanoff) was performed. During surgery, we found that the patient's appendix was too short and was insufficient to reach the skin. We decided to make an association between the Mitrofanoff conduit and the ileal technique of Monti, through which we performed an anastomosis of the distal stump of the appendix to the bladder (with an antireflux valve). Later, the proximal stump of the appendix was anastomosed to an ileal segment of 2.0 cm that was open longitudinally and reconfigured transversally (Monti technique), modeled by a 12-Fr urethral catheter, and finally, the distal stump was sutured at the patient's navel. After the procedure, a suprapubic cystostomy (22 Fr) and a Foley catheter (10 Fr) through the continent conduit were left in place. The patient had recovered well and was discharged on the tenth day after surgery. He remained with the Foley catheter (through the conduit) for 21 days and cystostomy for 30 days. Six months after surgery he was continent with good bladder compliance without reflux and fully adapted to catheterization through the navel. Conclusion The unpublished association between the Mitrofanoff and Monti techniques is feasible and a very useful alternative in urologic cases of derivation continent in which the ileocecal appendix is too short to reach the skin (i.e., in obese patients).

Comparison of low-strength compression stockings with bandages for the treatment of recalcitrant venous ulcers

OBJECTIVE: To compare the proportion and rate of healing, pain, and quality of life of low-strength medical compression stockings (MCS) with traditional bandages applied for the treatment of recalcitrant venous leg ulcers. METHODS: A single-center, randomized, open-label study was performed with consecutive patients. Sigvaris prototype MCS providing 15 mm Hg-25 mm Hg at the ankle were compared with multi-layer short-stretch bandages. In both groups, pads were placed above incompetent perforating veins in the ulcer area. The initial static pressure between the dressing-covered ulcer and the pad was 29 mm Hg and 49 mm Hg with MCS and bandages, respectively. Dynamic pressure measurements showed no difference. Compression was maintained day and night and changed every week. The primary endpoint was healing within 90 days. Secondary endpoints were healing within 180 days, time to healing, pain (weekly Likert scales), and monthly quality of life (ChronIc Venous Insufficiency Quality of Life [CIVIQ] questionnaire). RESULTS: Of 74 patients screened, 60 fulfilled the selection criteria and 55 completed the study; 28 in the MCS and 27 in the bandage group. Ulcers were recurrent (48%), long lasting (mean, 27 months), and large (mean, 13 cm2). All but one patient had deep venous reflux and/or incompetent perforating veins in addition to trunk varices. Characteristics of patients and ulcers were evenly distributed (exception: more edema in the MCS group; P = .019). Healing within 90 days was observed in 36% with MCS and in 48% with bandages (P = .350). Healing within 180 days was documented in 50% with MCS and in 67% with bandages (P = .210). Time to healing was identical. Pain scored 44 and 46 initially (on a scale in which 100 referred to maximum and 0 to no pain) and decreased within the first week to 20 and 28 in the MCS and bandage groups, respectively (P < .001 vs .010). Quality of life showed no difference between the treatment groups. In both groups, pain at 90 days had decreased by half, independent of completion of healing. Physical, social, and psychic impairment improved significantly in patients with healed ulcers only. CONCLUSION: Our study illustrates the difficulty of bringing large and long-standing venous ulcers to heal. The effect of compression with MCS was not different from that of compression with bandages. Both treatments alleviated pain promptly. Quality of life was improved only in patients whose ulcers had healed.

[Surgical options in the treatment of chronic venous ulcers]

Surgery offers several options in prevention of chronic venous insufficiency and its sequelae. Both the operation on veins with valve dysfunction to reduce reflux and the elimination of obstruction in thrombosed veins aim for the reduction of venous hypertension. Elevated venous pressure, impairment of cutaneous capillaries and a chronic inflammatory process result in sclerosis of skin and subcutaneous tissue and might proceed to the fascia resulting in a chronic compartment syndrome. Non- healing chronic venous ulcers under conservative therapy for more than three months may be treated by vein-surgery, local wound care therapy like shaving and negative pressure treatment and if necessary by lowering of elevated intracompartimental pressure by fasciotomy or even fasciectomy.