Ramipril increases the protein level of skeletal muscle IRS-1 and alters protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats

To investigate mechanisms by which angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibition increases insulin sensitivity, spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats were treated with or without ramipril (1 mg/kg per day) for 12 weeks. Insulin binding and protein levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), p85-subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (p85) and Src homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2 (SHP2) were then determined in hindlimb muscle and liver. Additionally, protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) activities towards immobilized phosphorylated insulin receptor or phosphorylated IRS-1 of membrane (MF) and cytosolic fractions (CF) of these tissues were measured. Ramipril treatment increased IRS-1-protein content in muscle by 31+/-9% (P<0.05). No effects were observed on IRS-1 content in liver or on insulin binding or protein expression of p85 or SHP2 in both tissues. Ramipril treatment also increased dephosphorylation of insulin receptor by muscle CF (22.0+/-1.0%/60 min compared to 16.8+/-1.5%/60 min; P<0.05), and of IRS-1 by liver MF (37.2+/-1.7%/7.5 min compared to 33.8+/-1.7%/7.5 min; P<0.05) and CF (36.8+/-1.0%/7.5 min compared to 33.2+/-1.0%/7.5 min; P<0.05). We conclude that the observed effects of ACE-inhibition by ramipril on the protein expression of IRS-1 and on PTPase activity might contribute to its effect on insulin sensitivity.

Iowa State Daily (March 1, 2012)

ContentsBiden to discuss economics on campusChasing her dreamRhoads to make $1.6 million for 2012 seasonISU sophomore races for cure in Death ValleyUniform design unites fansCricket Club qualifies for tournamentKaleidoquiz: 26 hours of craziness

Lake surface water temperatures of European Alpine lakes (1989–2013) based on the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) 1 km data set

Lake water temperature (LWT) is an important driver of lake ecosystems and it has been identified as an indicator of climate change. Consequently, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) lists LWT as an essential climate variable. Although for some European lakes long in situ time series of LWT do exist, many lakes are not observed or only on a non-regular basis making these observations insufficient for climate monitoring. Satellite data can provide the information needed. However, only few satellite sensors offer the possibility to analyse time series which cover 25 years or more. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) is among these and has been flown as a heritage instrument for almost 35 years. It will be carried on for at least ten more years, offering a unique opportunity for satellite-based climate studies. Herein we present a satellite-based lake surface water temperature (LSWT) data set for European water bodies in or near the Alps based on the extensive AVHRR 1 km data record (1989–2013) of the Remote Sensing Research Group at the University of Bern. It has been compiled out of AVHRR/2 (NOAA-07, -09, -11, -14) and AVHRR/3 (NOAA-16, -17, -18, -19 and MetOp-A) data. The high accuracy needed for climate related studies requires careful pre-processing and consideration of the atmospheric state. The LSWT retrieval is based on a simulation-based scheme making use of the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) Version 10 together with ERA-interim reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts. The resulting LSWTs were extensively compared with in situ measurements from lakes with various sizes between 14 and 580 km2 and the resulting biases and RMSEs were found to be within the range of −0.5 to 0.6 K and 1.0 to 1.6 K, respectively. The upper limits of the reported errors could be rather attributed to uncertainties in the data comparison between in situ and satellite observations than inaccuracies of the satellite retrieval. An inter-comparison with the standard Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land Surface Temperature product exhibits RMSEs and biases in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 and −0.5 to 0.2 K, respectively. The cross-platform consistency of the retrieval was found to be within ~ 0.3 K. For one lake, the satellite-derived trend was compared with the trend of in situ measurements and both were found to be similar. Thus, orbital drift is not causing artificial temperature trends in the data set. A comparison with LSWT derived through global sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms shows lower RMSEs and biases for the simulation-based approach. A running project will apply the developed method to retrieve LSWT for all of Europe to derive the climate signal of the last 30 years. The data are available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.831007.

Nickel(II)-, cobalt(II)-, copper(II)-, and zinc(II)-phthalate and 1-methylimidazole coordination compounds: synthesis, crystal structures and magnetic properties

Three new coordination polymers [M(Pht)(1-MeIm)2]n (where M=Cu (1), Zn (2), Co (3); Pht2−=dianion of o-phthalic acid; 1-MeIm=1-methylimidazole) and two compounds [M(1-MeIm)6](HPht)2 · 2H2O (M=Co (4), Ni (5)) have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structures of 1–3 (2 is isostructural to 3) consist of [M(1-MeIm)2] building units connected by 1,6-bridging phthalate ions to form infinite chains. In complex 1, each copper(II) center adopts a square coordination mode of N2O2 type by two O atoms from different phthalate ions and two N atoms of 1-MeIm, whereas in 3 two independent metal atoms are tetrahedrally (N2O2) coordinated to a pair of Pht ligands and a pair of 1-MeIm molecules. There are only van der Waals interactions between the chains in 1, while the three-dimensional network in 3 is assembled by C–H⋯O contacts. In contrast to polymers 1–3 the structures of 4 and 5 (complexes are also isostructural) are made up of the [M(1-MeIm)6]2+ cation, two hydrogen phthalate anions (HPht−) and two H2O solvate molecules. The coordination around each metal(II) atom is octahedral with six nitrogen atoms of 1-MeIm. Extended hydrogen bonding networks embracing the solvate water molecules and a phthalate residue as well as the weak C–H⋯O interactions stabilize the three-dimensional structures. Magnetic studies clearly show that the magnetic ions do not interact with each other. Furthermore, in compound 4 we have another example of a highly anisotropic Co2+ ion with a rhombic g-tensor and large zero-field-splitting. The complexes were also characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and all data are discussed in the terms of known structures.

Light-independent degradation of stromal proteins in intact chloroplasts isolated from Pisum sativum L. leaves: requirement for divalent cations

Intact chloroplasts were isolated from mature pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves in order to study the degradation of several stromal proteins in organello. Changes in the abundances of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC 4.1.1.39), phosphoribulokinase (EC 2.7.1.19), glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) and ferredoxin-dependent glutamine:α-ketoglutarate aminotransferase (glutamate synthase; EC 1.4.7.1) were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Coomassie-staining of the gels or immunoblotting using specific antibodies for the different enzymes. Degradation of several stromal proteins was strongly stimulated when intact chloroplasts were incubated in the light in the presence of dithiothreitol. Since free radicals may artificially accumulate in the chloroplast under such conditions and interfere with the stability of stromal proteins, the general relevance of these processes remains questionable. In the absence of light, proteolysis proceeded slowly in isolated chloroplasts and was not stimulated by dithiothreitol. Inhibition by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 1,10-phenanthroline or excess zinc ions as well as the requirement for divalent cations suggested that a zinc-containing metalloprotease participated in this process. Furthermore, light-independent degradation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and phosphoribulokinase was enhanced in chloroplasts isolated from leaves in which senescence was accelerated by nitrogen starvation. Our results indicate that light-independent stromal protein degradation in intact chloroplasts may be analogous to proteolysis that occurs in intact leaves during senescence.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 704 - Gruppenexperiment (p. IX 175.1-50)

Materialien zum Studienbericht "Gruppenexperiment" teilweise veröffentlicht als Frankfurter Beiträge zur Soziologie, Band 2, Frankfurt am Main, 1955; 1.-6.a Allgemeines zum und aus den Gruppenexperiment; 1. "Idee und Technik des Gruppenexperiments. Ausbau der Methode.". Typoskript, 8 Blatt; 2. Einführungstext des Gruppenleiters und Text des 'Grundreizes': "Brief von Colburn"; a) Typoskript, 5 Blatt; b) Zweite Fassung, Typoskript, 3 Blatt; c) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 3 Blatt; 3. "Entwurf von Äußerungen des 'planted observer' zur Schallplatte". Typoskript, 3 Blatt; 4. "Entwurf einer Liste von Kernargumenten für das gelenkte Gruppeninterview". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 12 Blatt; 5. Institut für Sozialforschung: "Texte aus den Diskussionen einer im Winter 1950/51 durchgeführten Studie über 'Verhalten und Meinungen charakteristischer Gruppen der westdeutschen Bevölkerung zu weltanschaulichen und politischen Fragen'". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 39 Blatt; 6. "Entwurf. Bemerkungen zu drei weiteren Gruppenexperimenten mit zwei nicht homogenen und einer zweiten homogenen Gruppe". Typoskript, 8 Blatt; 6.a Böhm, Franz: "Geleitwort", [veröffentlicht in: "Gruppenexperiment"]. Typoskript, 9 Blatt; 7.-40. Monographien zur qualitativen nd quantitativen Analyse der Gruppendiskussion; 7. "Monographs on the Group Study of the Frankfurter Institut für Sozialforschung", 31.03.1952. Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 2 Blatt; 8. Osmer, Diedrich: "Das Gruppenexperiment des Instituts für Sozialforschung". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 2 Blatt; 9.-11. Beiträge von Gerhard Schmidtchen; 9. "Ergebnisse der Studie über die quantitative Erfassung des Diskussionsmaterials". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 2 Blatt; 10. "Die quantitative Verarbeitung des Diskussionsmaterials und deren Ergebnisse", a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 11 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 11 Blatt; 11. "Quotes", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 12. Helmut Beyer und Volker von Hagen: "Einige Ergebnisse der Studie über die Struktur der Diskussion", a) Typoskript, 3 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 13. Volker von Hagen: "Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über die Struktur der Diskussion", 2.5.1953. Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 14.-16. Beiträge von Heinz Maus.; 14. "Einstellung zur Demokratie", a) Typoskript, 13 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 13 Blatt; 15. "Thesen über Einstellung zur Demokratie". Typoskript, 1 Blatt; 16. "Quotes". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 17. "Thesen zum Thema: 'Stellungnahme zur Remilitarisierung'", a) Typoskript, 5 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 18. "Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über Äußerungen zur Remilitarisierung". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 19. "Zur Remilitarisierung", a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 9 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 9 Blatt; 20. Auszug aus Emnid-Informationen vom 5.1.1951 "Westdeutsche Öffentlichkeit zeigt wenig Neigung zur Wiederbewaffnung". Typoskript, 6 Blatt; 21. Formulierungsvorschläge des Parlamentarischen Ausschusses für eine Wiederbewaffnungsumfrage, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 1 Blatt; 22. Peter von Haselberg: "Bemerkungen zu der Monographie 'Schuld und Abwehr'", a) Typoskript, 7 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 7 Blatt; 23. Peter von Haselberg: "Ergebnisse der Untersuchung über 'Schuld und Abwehr'", Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 24.-28. Beiträge von Rainer Köhne; 24. "Erkenntnistheoretisches Bewußtsein bei den Versuchspersonen". Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 40 Blatt; 25. "Intention und Ausdruck". Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 29 Blatt; 26. "Einige Thesen und Beispiele aus der Sprachstudie". Typoskript, 17 Blatt; 27. "Thesen aus der Sprachstudie" (teilweise identisch mit 26.). Typoskript, 17 Blatt; 28. "Quotes". Typoskript, 2 Blatt; 29.-36. Beiträge von Hermann Schweppenhäuser; 29. "Ursprungssphähren. Notizen zur Einleitung". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 8 Blatt; 30. "Militarismus". Typoskript, 23 Blatt; 31. "Nazipropaganda". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 75 Blatt; 32. "Technik", a) Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 11 Blatt, b) "Technik, Kommerz, Jargon, Presse, Rundfunk, Halbbildung", Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 36 Blatt; 33. "Sprachliche Verhaltensweisen". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 40 Blatt; 34. "Einige Thesen und Beispiele aus der Sprachstudie". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 9 Blatt; 35. "Einige Thesen und Beispiele aus der Sprachstudie". Typoskript, 7 Blatt; 36. "Zitate aus der Gruppenstudie über Demokratie". Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen und Ergänzungen, 2 Blatt; 37. - 39. Beiträge von Hans Sittenfeld; 37. "Quantitative Ergebnisse". Typoskript, 10 Blatt; 38. "Ergebnisse der Auszählung nach Gruppen als statistischen Einheiten". Typoskript, 17 Blatt; 39. "Quantitative Ergebnisse", Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 4 Blatt, b) Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 40. Jutta Thomae: "Erfahrungen bei der Zusammenstellung von Diskussionsgruppen". Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 41. - 42. Memoranden; 41. "Memorandum re: Stand der Gruppenstudie", 6.10.1952. Typoskript, 4 Blatt; 42. Hans Sittenfeld: "Memorandum re: Comments on the Group Studies of the Institute for Social Research at the University of Frankfurt, Germany", 26.3.1952. Typoskript, 5 Blatt; 43. - 50. Sonstige Unterlagen; 43. Über das 'Menschliche', Trauer, Narzißmus, eigenhändige Notizen von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; 44. Über amerikanische Forschung und deutsche (Juden- ?)Verfolgungen, eigenhändige Notiz von Max Horkheimer, 1 Blatt; 45. Fragebogen einer amerikanischen Meinungsumfrage, als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 7 Blatt; 46. Fragebogen einer amerikanischen Meinungsumfrage, als Typoskript vervielfältigt mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen, 6 Blatt; 47. Friedrich Pollock: handschriftliche Liste der Empfänger von Rezensionsexemplaren der "Gruppenstudie", 1 Blatt; 48. N.N.: handschriftliche Abschrift von Zitaten zur Umfragetechnik, 2 Blatt; 49. "Das Meßbare und das Unmeßbare an Herrn X", Zeitungsbericht über die Umfragen des Instituts für Sozialforschung, 27. 1. 1953, 1 Blatt; 50. Franz Böhm: "Eine deutsche Aufgabe. Offener Brief an die Antisemiten unter uns", Zeitungsdruck aus: Die Gegenwart, 1.11.1950, 1 Blatt;

The association of HSV 1 and 2 with atherosclerosis defined by CRP level

A study of the association of Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 exposure to early atherosclerosis using high C-reactive protein level as a marker was carried out in US born, non-pregnant, 20-49 year olds participating in a national survey between 1999 and 2004. Participants were required to have valid results for Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 and C-Reactive Protein for inclusion. Cases were those found to have a high C-reactive protein level of 0.3-1 mg/dL, while controls had low to normal values (0.01-0.29 mg/dL). Overall, there were 1211 cases and 2870 controls. Mexican American and non-Hispanic black women were much more likely to fall into the high cardiac risk group than the other sex race groups with proportions of 44% and 39%, respectively. ^ Herpesvirus exposure was categorized such that Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 exposure could be studied simultaneously within the same individual and models. The HSV 1+, HSV 2- category included the highest percentage (45.63%) of participants, followed by HSV 1-, HSV 2- (30.16%); HSV 1+, HSV 2+ (15.09%); and HSV 1-, HSV 2+ (9.12%) respectively. The proportion of participants in the HSV 1+, HSV 2- category was substantially higher in Mexican Americans (63%-66%). Further, the proportion in the HSV 1+, HSV 2+ category was notably higher in the non-Hispanic black participants (23%-44%). Non-Hispanic black women also had the highest percentage of HSV 1-, HSV 2+ exposure of all the sex race groups at 17%. ^ Overall, the unadjusted odds ratios for atherosclerotic disease defined by C-reactive protein with HSV 1-, HSV 2- as the referent group was 1.62 (95% CI 1.23-2.14) for HSV 1 +, HSV 2+; 1.3 (95% CI 1.10-1.69 for HSV 1+, HSV 2-; and 1.52 (95% CI 1.14-2.01). When the study was stratified into sex-race groups, only HSV 1+, HSV 2- in the Non-Hispanic white men remained significant (OR=1.6; 95% CI 1.06-2.43). Adjustment for selected covariates was made in the multivariate model for both the overall and sex-race stratified studies. High C-reactive protein values were not associated with any of the Herpesvirus exposure levels in either the overall or stratified analyses. ^

(Table 1) Sulphur concentration and isotopic composition of ODP Leg 126 igneous rocks

Sulfur isotope ratios have been determined in 19 selected igneous rocks from Leg 126. The d34S of the analyzed rocks ranges from -0.1 â to +19.60 â. The overall variation in sulfur isotope composition of the rocks is caused by varying degrees of seawater alteration. Most of the samples are altered by seawater and only five of them are considered to have maintained their magmatic sulfur isotope composition. These samples are all from the backarc sites and have d34S values varying from +0.2 â to +1.6 â, of which the high d34S values suggest that the earliest magmas in the rift are more arc-like in their sulfur isotope composition than the later magmas. The d34S values from the forearc sites are similar to or heavier than the sulfur isotope composition of the present arc.

Tab. 1 Mole % CO2 and 13C values of CO2 at baseline and at the final monitoring event for the eight observation wells

During CO2 storage operations in mature oilfields or saline aquifers it is desirable to trace the movement of injected CO2 for verification and safety purposes. We demonstrate the successful use of carbon isotope abundance ratios for tracing the movement of CO2 injected at the Cardium CO2 Storage Monitoring project in Alberta between 2005 and 2007. Injected CO2 had a d13C value of -4.6±1.1 per mil that was more than 10 per mil higher than the carbon isotope ratios of casing gas CO2 prior to CO2 injection with average d13C values ranging from -15.9 to -23.5 per mil. After commencement of CO2 injection, d13C values of casing gas CO2 increased in all observation wells towards those of the injected CO2 consistent with a two-source end-member mixing model. At four wells located in a NE-SW trend with respect to the injection wells, breakthrough of injected CO2 was registered chemically (>50 mol % CO2) and isotopically 1-6 months after commencement of CO2 injection resulting in cumulative CO2 fluxes exceeding 100000 m**3 during the observation period. At four other wells, casing gas CO2 contents remained below 5 mol % resulting in low cumulative CO2 fluxes (<2000 m**3) throughout the entire observation period, but carbon isotope ratios indicated contributions between <30 and 80% of injected CO2. Therefore, we conclude that monitoring the movement of CO2 in the injection reservoir with geochemical and isotopic techniques is an effective approach to determine plume expansion and to identify potential preferential flow paths provided that the isotopic composition of injected CO2 is constant and distinct from that of baseline CO2.

(Table 1) Attenuation coefficient of lateral propagating light in sea ice, southern Beaufort Sea

The attenuation property of a lateral propagating light (LPL) in sea ice was measured using an artificial lamp in the Canadian Arctic during the 2007/2008 winter. A measurement method is proposed and applied whereby a recording instrument is buried in the sea ice and an artificial lamp is moved across the instrument. The apparent attenuation coefficient µ(lamda) for the lateral propagating light is obtained from the measured logarithmic relative variation rate. With the exception of blue and red lights, the attenuation coefficient changed little with wavelength, but changed considerably with depth. The vertical decrease of the attenuation coefficient was found to be correlated with salinity: the greater the salinity, the greater the attenuation coefficient. A clear linear relation of salinity and the lateral attenuation coefficient with R2 = 0.939 exists to address the close correlation of the attenuation of LPL with the scattering from the brine. The observed attenuation coefficient of LPL is much larger than that of the vertical propagation light, which we speculate to be caused by scattering. Part of this scattered component is transmitted out of the sea ice from the upper and lower surfaces.

Contents of organic compounds in sediments from DSDP Legs 1 and 4

Fifteen sediment samples were studied from five drill sites recovered by the Glomar Challenger on Legs I and IV in the Gulf of Mexico and western Atlantic. This study concentrated on compounds derived from biogenic precursors, namely: (1) hydrocarbons, (2) fatty acids, (3) pigments and (4) amino acids. Carbon isotope (dC13) data [values <(-26)?, relative to PDB], long-chain n-alkyl hydrocarbons (>>C27) with odd carbon numbered molecules dominating even carbon numbered species, and presence of perylene proved useful as possible indicators for terrigenous contributions to the organic matter in some samples. Apparently land-derived organic matter can be transported for distances over 1000 km into the ocean and their source still recognized. The study was primarily designed to investigate: (i) the sources of the organic matter present in the sediment, (ii) their stability with time of accumulation and (iii) the conditions necessary for in situ formation of new compounds.

A time-slice study in Heinrich Stadial 1 and Mid Holocene sediment cores off northern Senegal

Sediment dynamics in limnic, fluvial and marine environments can be assessed by granulometric and rock-magnetic methodologies. While classical grain-size analysis by sieving or settling mainly bears information on composition and transport, the magnetic mineral assemblages reflect to a larger extent the petrology and weathering conditions in the sediment source areas. Here, we combine both methods to investigate Late Quaternary marine sediments from five cores along a transect across the continental slope off Senegal. This region near the modern summer Intertropical Convergence Zone is particularly sensitive to climate change and receives sediments from several aeolian, fluvial and marine sources. From each of the investigated five GeoB sediment cores (494-2956 m water depth) two time slices were processed which represent contrasting climatic conditions: the arid Heinrich Stadial 1 (~ 15 kyr BP) and the humid Mid Holocene (~ 6 kyr BP). Each sediment sample was split into 16 grain-size fractions ranging from 1.6 to 500 µm. Concentration and grain-size indicative magnetic parameters (susceptibility, SIRM, HIRM, ARM and ARM/IRM) were determined at room temperature for each of these fractions. The joint consideration of whole sediment and magnetic mineral grain-size distributions allows to address several important issues: (i) distinction of two aeolian sediment fractions, one carried by the north-easterly trade winds (40-63 µm) and the other by the overlying easterly Harmattan wind (10-20 µm) as well as a fluvial fraction assigned to the Senegal River (< 10 µm); (ii) identification of three terrigenous sediment source areas: southern Sahara and Sahel dust (low fine-grained magnetite amounts and a comparatively high haematite content), dust from Senegalese coastal dunes (intermediate fine-grained magnetite and haematite contents) and soils from the upper reaches of the Senegal River (high fine-grained magnetite content); (iii) detection of partial diagenetic dissolution of fine magnetite particles as a function of organic input and shore distance; (iv) analysis of magnetic properties of marine carbonates dominating the grain-size fractions 63-500 µm.