Runup variability due to time dependence and stochasticity in the beach profiles: two extreme cases of the Spanish coast

Equations for extreme runup worked out from several experimental studies are compared. Infragraviatory oscillations dominate the swash in a dissipative state but not in intermediate - reflective states. Therefore two kinds of equation depending on either significant wave height, H-0, or the Iribarren number, xi(0), should be used. Through a sand bed physical model with a uniform sand bed slope, equations are proposed for both beach states, and results are compared with precedent field and physical model experiments. Once the equations are chosen, the time-longshore variability in a medium - long term time scale of the foreshore slope is evaluated in two extreme cases relating to the Spanish coast. The Salinas beach on the North coast (Bay of Biscay) displayed a permanent dissipative beach state with small variations in the beach foreshore slope both along the shore and in time, so foreshore slope deviations in a medium-long term period were irrelevant and extreme runup is predicted with the wave height worked out from the design return period. Peniscola beach on the East coast (Mediterranean sea) displayed an intermediate state. If only time variations are analysed, variations in determining extreme runup are irrelevant. In contrast, significant differences were found when the longshore variations were studied in this Mediterranean beach.

A methodology to calibrate structural finite element models for reinforced concrete structures subject to blast loads

Civil buildings are not specifically designed to support blast loads, but it is important to take into account these potential scenarios because of their catastrophic effects, on persons and structures. A practical way to consider explosions on reinforced concrete structures is necessary. With this objective we propose a methodology to evaluate blast loads on large concrete buildings, using LS-DYNA code for calculation, with Lagrangian finite elements and explicit time integration. The methodology has three steps. First, individual structural elements of the building like columns and slabs are studied, using continuum 3D elements models subjected to blast loads. In these models reinforced concrete is represented with high precision, using advanced material models such as CSCM_CONCRETE model, and segregated rebars constrained within the continuum mesh. Regrettably this approach cannot be used for large structures because of its excessive computational cost. Second, models based on structural elements are developed, using shells and beam elements. In these models concrete is represented using CONCRETE_EC2 model and segregated rebars with offset formulation, being calibrated with continuum elements models from step one to obtain the same structural response: displacement, velocity, acceleration, damage and erosion. Third, models basedon structural elements are used to develop large models of complete buildings. They are used to study the global response of buildings subjected to blast loads and progressive collapse. This article carries out different techniques needed to calibrate properly the models based on structural elements, using shells and beam elements, in order to provide results of sufficient accuracy that can be used with moderate computational cost.

Consolidación estructural a la espera de nuevas cargas = Structural reinforcement awainting new loads

Artículo en base a extractos de la memoria del proyecto de rehabilitación de las naves 18 y 19 de Matadero Madrid.

Evolution of extreme temperature events in short term climate projection for Iberian Peninsula

Extreme events of maximum and minimum temperatures are a main hazard for agricultural production in Iberian Peninsula. For this purpose, in this study we analyze projections of their evolution that could be valid for the next decade, represented in this study by the 30-year period 2004-2034 (target period). For this purpose two kinds of data were used in this study: 1) observations from the station network of AEMET (Spanish National Meteorological Agency) for five Spanish locations, and 2) simulated data at a resolution of 50 50 km horizontal grid derived from the outputs of twelve Regional Climate Models (RCMs) taken from project ENSEMBLES (van der Linden and Mitchell, 2009), with a bias correction (Dosio and Paruolo, 2011; Dosio et al., 2012) regarding the observational dataset Spain02 (Herrera et al., 2012). To validate the simulated climate, the available period of observations was compared to a baseline period (1964-1994) of simulated climate for all locations. Then, to analyze the changes for the present/very next future, probability of extreme temperature events for 2004-2034 were compared to that of the baseline period. Although only minor changes are expected, small variations in variability may have a significant impact in crop performance.

Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change for summer crops on Andalusia: evaluation for extreme maximum temperatures

Evaluate a set of agricultural adaptation strategies to cope with climate change impacts, with focus on the consequences of extreme events on the adaptations proposed in the semi-arid environment of Andalusia (Southern Spain).

Differences brick facade design to horizontal loads between the Spanish and European standards

Brick facades are a construction type, strongly linked to local construction characteristics and methods. In Spain, particularly in Castilla, the facades have been built since the '80s with Castilian half foot (11.5 cm), resting on the edge of slabs. The design of these facades, to horizontal loads from wind, depending on the codes used, can lead to completely different valid solutions. Applying same loads, the facades studied with current European standard (Eurocode 6), have a maximum length of 7.1 m between supports, while the Spanish code, Technical Building Code - Structural Safety Masonry, (CTE SE-F), 8.4 m can be achieved. This represents an increase of flexural strength, depending on the calculation model used, which can reach until 8 times. This is due to the difference of the calculation method and the structural model in one and another standard, depending on if this facade is analyzed as a vertical or horizontal beam or by formation of a vertical or horizontal archh. This paper analyzes the constructive solution of the brick facades that results from applying Spanish or European standards and how it affects the model applied in the safety of the resulting facade.

Flight loads analysis of a maneuvering transport aircraft

The paper provides a method applicable for the determination of flight loads for maneuvering aircraft, in which aerodynamic loads are calculated based on doublet lattice method, which contains three primary steps. Firstly, non-dimensional stability and control derivative coefficients are obtained through solving unsteady aerodynamics in subsonic flow based on a doublet lattice technical. These stability and control derivative coefficients are used in second step. Secondly, the simulation of aircraft dynamic maneuvers is completed utilizing fourth order Runge-Kutta method to solve motion equations in different maneuvers to gain response parameters of aircraft due to the motion of control surfaces. Finally, the response results calculated in the second step are introduced to the calculation of aerodynamic loads. Thus, total loads and loads distribution on different components of aircraft are obtained. According to the above method, abrupt pitching maneuvers, rolling maneuvers and yawing maneuvers are investigated respectively.

On the effects of windbreaks on the aerodynamic loads over parabolic solar troughs

Parabolic reflectors, also known as parabolic troughs, are widely used in solar thermal power plants. This kind of power plants is usually located on desert climates, where the combined action of wind and dust can be of paramount importance. In some cases it becomes necessary to protect these devices from the joined wind and sand action, which is normally accomplished through solid windbreaks. In this paper the results of a wind tunnel test campaign, of a scale parabolic trough row having different windward windbreaks, are reported. The windbreaks herein considered consist of a solid wall with an upper porous fence. Different geometrical configurations, varying the solid wall height and the separation between the parabolic trough row and the windbreak have been considered. From the measured time series, both the mean and peak values of the aerodynamic loads were determined. As it would be expected, mean aerodynamic drag, as well as peak values, decrease as the distance between the windbreak and the parabolic increases, and after a threshold value, such drag loads increase with the distance.

Extreme overirradiance events in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Phenomena of overirradiance have been pointed all over the World. This note presents the most extreme enhancement event reported in Brazil, which contains an irradiance reading of 1590 W/m2 measured in São Paulo (latitude 23°32′S) at relatively low altitude (760 m a.s.l.).

Aerodynamic external pressure loads on a semi-circular bluff body under wind gusts

This brief communication concerns the unsteady aerodynamic external pressure loads acting on a semi-circular bluff body lying on a floor under wind gusts and describes the theoretical model, experimental setup, and experimental results obtained. The experimental setup is based on an open circuit, closed test section, low speed wind tunnel, which includes a sinusoidal gust generating mechanism, designed and built at the Instituto de Microgravedad “Ignacio Da Riva” of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (IDR/UPM). Based on the potential flow theory, a theoretical model has been proposed to analyse the problem, and experimental tests have been performed to study the unsteady aerodynamic loads on a semi-circular bluff body. By fitting the theoretical model predictions with the experimental results, influencing parameters of the unsteady aerodynamic loads are ascertained. The values of these parameters can help in clarifying the phenomenon of the external pressure loads on semi-circular bluff body under various gust frequencies. The theoretical model proposed allows the pressure variation to be split into two contributions, a quasi-steady term and an unsteady term with a simple physical meaning

Fatiga en CFRP: Caracterización y Método Óptico para la Estimación del Daño

El desarrollo de nuevas estructuras aeroespaciales optimizadas, utilizan materiales compuestos, para los componentes críticos y subsistemas, principalmente polímeros reforzados con fibra de carbono (CFRP). Un conocimiento profundo del estado de daño por fatiga de estructuras de CFRP avanzado, es esencial para predecir la vida residual y optimizar los intervalos de inspección estructural, reparaciones y/o sustitución de componentes. Las técnicas actuales se basan principalmente en la medición de cargas estructurales a lo largo de la vida útil de la estructura mediante galgas extensométricas eléctricas. Con esos datos, se estima la vida a fatiga utilizando modelos de acumulación de daño. En la presente tesis, se evalúa la metodología convencional para la estimación de la vida a fatiga de un CFRP aeronáutico. Esta metodología está basada en la regla de acumulación de daño lineal de Palmgren-Miner, y es aplicada para determinar la vida a fatiga de estructuras sometidas a cargas de amplitud variable. Se ha realizado una campaña de ensayos con cargas de amplitud constante para caracterizar un CFRP aeronáutico a fatiga, obteniendo las curvas clásicas S-N, en diferentes relaciones de esfuerzo. Se determinaron los diagramas de vida constante, (CLD), también conocidos como diagramas de Goodman, utilizando redes neuronales artificiales debido a la ausencia de modelos coherentes para materiales compuestos. Se ha caracterizado la degradación de la rigidez debido al daño por fatiga. Se ha ensayado un segundo grupo de probetas con secuencias estandarizadas de cargas de amplitud variable, para obtener la vida a fatiga y la degradación de rigidez en condiciones realistas. Las cargas aplicadas son representativas de misiones de aviones de combate (Falstaff), y de aviones de transporte (Twist). La vida a fatiga de las probetas cicladas con cargas de amplitud variable, se comparó con el índice de daño teórico calculado en base a la regla de acumulación de daño lineal convencional. Los resultados obtenidos muestran predicciones no conservativas. Esta tesis también presenta el estudio y desarrollo, de una nueva técnica de no contacto para evaluar el estado de daño por fatiga de estructuras de CFRP por medio de cambios de los parámetros de rugosidad. La rugosidad superficial se puede medir fácilmente en campo con métodos sin contacto, mediante técnicas ópticas tales como speckle y perfilómetros ópticos. En el presente estudio, se han medido parámetros de rugosidad superficial, y el factor de irregularidad de la superficie, a lo largo de la vida de las probetas cicladas con cargas de amplitud constante y variable, Se ha obtenido una buena tendencia de ajuste al correlacionar la magnitud de la rugosidad y el factor de irregularidad de la superficie con la degradación de la rigidez de las probetas fatigadas. Estos resultados sugieren que los cambios en la rugosidad superficial medida en zonas estratégicas de componentes y estructuras hechas de CFRP, podrían ser indicativas del nivel de daño interno debido a cargas de fatiga. Los resultados también sugieren que el método es independiente del tipo de carga de fatiga que ha causado el daño. Esto último hace que esta técnica de medición sea aplicable como inspección para una amplia gama de estructuras de materiales compuestos, desde tanques presurizados con cargas de amplitud constante, estructuras aeronáuticas como alas y colas de aeronaves cicladas con cargas de amplitud variable, hasta aplicaciones industriales como automoción, entre otros. ABSTRACT New optimized aerospace structures use composite materials, mainly carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite (CFRP), for critical components and subsystems. A strong knowledge of the fatigue state of highly advanced (CFRP) structures is essential to predict the residual life and optimize intervals of structural inspection, repairs, and/or replacements. Current techniques are based mostly on measurement of structural loads throughout the service life by electric strain gauge sensors. These sensors are affected by extreme environmental conditions and by fatigue loads in such a way that the sensors and their systems require exhaustive maintenance throughout system life. In the present thesis, the conventional methodology based on linear damage accumulation rules, applied to determine the fatigue life of structures subjected to variable amplitude loads was evaluated for an aeronautical CFRP. A test program with constant amplitude loads has been performed to obtain the classical S-N curves at different stress ratios. Constant life diagrams, CLDs, where determined by means of Artificial Neural Networks due to the absence of consistent models for composites. The stiffness degradation due to fatigue damage has been characterized for coupons under cyclic tensile loads. A second group of coupons have been tested until failure with a standardized sequence of variable amplitude loads, representative of missions for combat aircraft (Falstaff), and representative of commercial flights (Twist), to obtain the fatigue life and the stiffness degradation under realistic conditions. The fatigue life of the coupons cycled with variable amplitude loads were compared to the theoretical damage index calculated based on the conventional linear damage accumulation rule. The obtained results show non-conservative predictions. This thesis also presents the evaluation of a new non-contact technique to evaluate the fatigue damage state of CFRP structures by means of measuring roughness parameters to evaluate changes in the surface topography. Surface roughness can be measured easily on field with non-contact methods by optical techniques such as speckle and optical perfilometers. In the present study, surface roughness parameters, and the surface irregularity factor, have been measured along the life of the coupons cycled with constant and variable amplitude loads of different magnitude. A good agreement has been obtained when correlating the magnitude of the roughness and the surface irregularity factor with the stiffness degradation. These results suggest that the changes on the surface roughness measured in strategic zones of components and structures made of CFRP, could be indicative of the level of internal damage due to fatigue loads. The results also suggest that the method is independent of the type of fatigue load that have caused the damage. It makes this measurement technique applicable for a wide range of inspections of composite materials structures, from pressurized tanks with constant amplitude loads, to variable amplitude loaded aeronautical structures like wings and empennages, up to automotive and other industrial applications.

Vehicle induced loads on pedestrian barriers

This paper is a continuation of a previous one, Sanz-Andrés, Santiago-Prowald, Baker and Quinn (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 91 (2003) 925) concerning the loads generated on a structural panel (traffic sign) by vehicle running along the road, although obviously, the results are also applicable to the effects of other moving vehicles such as trains. The structural panel was modelized as a large plate whose largest dimension is perpendicular to the vehicle motion direction. In this paper a similar approach is used to develop a mathematical model for the vehicle-induced load on pedestrian barriers, modelized as a large plate whose largest dimension is parallel to the vehicle motion direction. The purpose of the work is to develop a model simple enough to give analytical results, although with the physical phenomena correctly accounted for, such as to be able to explain, at least qualitatively, the main characteristics of the phenomenon, as observed in the experiments performed by Quinn et al. (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 89 (2001) 831). Actually, in spite of the model simplicity, results of the theoretical model show a reasonable good quantitative agreement with the experimental results. The aim of this and previous publications is to provide to the transport infrastructure community with some simple tools that can help to explain, and in some cases also to compute, the unsteady loading produced by moving vehicles on persons and installations placed close to the roads or tracks.

Vehicle-induced loads on traffic sign panels

The determination of the loads on traffic sign panels in the current standards does not, in general, take into account the vehicle-induced loads, as explained by Quinn, Baker and Wright (QBW in what follows) (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 89 (2001) 831). On the other hand, a report from Cali and Covert (CC) (J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 84 (2000) 87) indicates that in highway sign support structures, vehicle-induced loads have led to premature failures in some cases. The aim of this paper is to present a mathematical model for the vehicle-induced load on a flat sign panel, simple enough to give analytical results, but able to explain the main characteristics of the phenomenon. The results of the theoretical model help to explain the behaviour observed in the experiments performed in previous studies.

Spacecraft launch depressurization loads

The pressure variation inside the launch vehicle fairing during climb through the atmosphere induces structural loads on the walls of closed-type spacecrafts or equipment boxes. If the evacuation of the air is not fast enough, excessive pressure loading can result in damage of elements exposed to the rising pressure jump, which depends mainly on the geometry of venting holes, the effective volume of air to be evacuated, and the characteristic time of pressure variation under the fairing. A theoretical study of the reservoir discharge forced by the fairing time-dependent pressure variation is presented. The basic mathematical model developed can yield both a numerical solution for the pressure jump and an asymptotic solution for the most relevant case, the small-prcssurc-jump limit, showing the dependence on a single nondimensional parameter: the ratio of the reservoir discharge to the fairing pressure profile characteristic times. The asymptotic solution validity range upper limit, obtained by comparison with the numerical solution, is determined by the starting of choked operation. Very high sensitivity of the maximum pressure jump to the ratio of characteristic times has been observed. Another relevant finding is that the pressure profiles for different launchers can be considered similar when rewritten in appropriate form and only their characteristic times are required for the analysis. The simple expressions of the asymptotic solution are a useful tool for preliminarily sizing the reservoir discharge geometry and estimating depressurization loads

Strategies for adapting maize to climate change and extreme temperatures in Andalusia, Spain

Climate projections indicate that rising temperatures will affect summer crops in the southern Iberian Peninsula. The aim of this study was to obtain projections of the impacts of rising temperatures, and of higher frequency of extreme events on irrigated maize, and to evaluate some adaptation strategies. The study was conducted at several locations in Andalusia using the CERES-Maize crop model, previously calibrated/validated with local experimental datasets. The simulated climate consisted of projections from regional climate models from the ENSEMBLES project; these were corrected for daily temperature and precipitation with regard to the E-OBS observational dataset. These bias-corrected projections were used with the CERES-Maize model to generate future impacts. Crop model results showed a decrease in maize yield by the end of the 21st century from 6 to 20%, a decrease of up to 25% in irrigation water requirements, and an increase in irrigation water productivity of up to 22%, due to earlier maturity dates and stomatal closure caused by CO2 increase. When adaptation strategies combining earlier sowing dates and cultivar changes were considered, impacts were compensated, and maize yield increased up to 14%, compared with the baseline period (1981-2010), with similar reductions in crop irrigation water requirements. Effects of extreme maximum temperatures rose to 40% at the end of the 21st century, compared with the baseline. Adaptation resulted in an overall reduction in extreme Tmax damages in all locations, with the exception of Granada, where losses were limited to 8%.