957 resultados para Extracción pesquera


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La firmeza es el atributo más importante en las peras y está determinada en parte, por la estructura de la pared celular (PC) y por su desintegración. No han sido completamente identificadas las modificaciones que ocurren en los polisacáridos de la PC de pulpa y piel ni las anomalías bioquímicas que se asociarían a la aparición de texturas atípicas provocada por una cosecha tardía de peras Bartlett. Tampoco se ha analizado a la fecha la influencia de los factores precosecha sobre la composición de la PC, el ablandamiento de los frutos y la eficacia de tratamientos de poscosecha como los realizados con 1-metilciclopropeno (1- MCP), inhibidor de la acción del etileno. A fin de estudiar estos aspectos se muestrearon peras Bartlett que maduraron en planta para los estudios de ontogenia en pulpa y piel; al mismo tiempo se trabajó con peras que crecieron bajo diferentes condiciones de radiación a campo y luego fueron almacenadas a 20 ºC por 13 y 23 d con y sin tratamiento de 1-MCP. Se determinó la firmeza, el color, los sólidos solubles, la acidez titulable, el porcentaje de almidón, la producción de etileno, el jugo libre, se realizó análisis sensorial y luego se efectuó la extracción y fraccionamiento de la PC. Sobre esta última se determinó la solubilidad, composición y distribución de tamaños moleculares. Los resultados demostraron que los frutos que maduraron en planta presentaron anomalías texturales asociadas a una menor solubilización de pectinas y de arabinosa. Asimismo se determinó que la composición y el metabolismo de PC de peras Bartlett difieren en el tejido de pulpa y piel. Se estableció que la mayor exposición solar resultó en un aumento de la firmeza de los frutos. Esto se relacionó con una mayor proporción de pectinas solubles en álcali y hemicelulosas de mayor tamaño molecular a cosecha. Por último, la eficacia del 1-MCP se vio incrementada por condiciones de mayor radiación-temperatura en precosecha, siendo la radiación UVB poco relevantes.

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El uso continuo de los suelos desde hace décadas con una exportación permanente de nutrientes a través de los granos, y la escasa o nula reposición mineral implicó una disminución en la productividad principalmente en aquellos sitios con prolongada historia agrícola y ausencia de actividad ganadera. En los últimos años, el uso de cultivares de alto potencial de rendimiento y la fertilización con nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y azufre (S) incrementaron los niveles de producción, y con ello la extracción de micronutrientes del suelo, sin que fueran repuestos por fertilización. Varios especialistas observaron deficiencia de algunos micronutrientes en suelos de la región pampeana y diferentes niveles de respuesta al agregado de estos microelementos vía foliar en diversos cultivos. Esta problemática nos movilizó a estudiar a la fertilización foliar como una técnica para proveer micronutrientes a los cultivos, en dosis y estadios fenológicos adecuados. Dada la importancia del cultivo de soja como motor de la economía nacional y teniendo en cuenta el incremento en la superficie sembrada por ser un cultivo rentable y de bajo riesgo empresarial, se ha decidido evaluar la respuesta que esta oleaginosa presenta a la fertilización foliar con micronutrientes en el estadio R3, utilizando dicha tecnología como un complemento de la fertilización de base. El estado R3 fue escogido dada su relevancia fisiológica: el cuajado de vainas se considera la fase inicial del período crítico en soja, y operativa: en los últimos años, se ha sugerido como el estado ideal para la aplicación de fungicidas, permitiendo así la aplicación conjunta con los fertilizantes foliares. El estudio se realizó en 10 lotes de productores del partido de Rojas, sobre suelos serie Rojas, Argiudoles típicos. Se comparó el rendimiento en grano de un tratamiento de 8 litros de fertilizante foliar FERTIDEG con un testigo sin fertilizar. El experimento se diseñó en bloques completos aleatorizados y los datos se analizaron con el método estadístico ANOVA. Se realizó la prueba de Fmáx de Hartley o prueba de homogeneidad de variancia, donde no se descartó ningún sitio experimental. Al analizar cada localidad en forma individual, se rechazó la hipótesis nula en la que los efectos de los tratamientos son todos iguales en el 70 por ciento de los casos y se la aceptó en el 30 por ciento restante. La aplicación de micronutrientes, junto a pequeños aportes de macronutrientes vía foliar mostró ser un complemento efectivo de la fertilización de base en soja, para incrementar los rendimientos de grano en forma significativa, con valores promedios al 10 por ciento en lotes con historia agrícola prolongada y ausencia de actividad ganadera.

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p.133-137

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p.277-280

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Se estudia por dos procedimientos distintos (extracción directa y siembra de tierra) el contenido de semillas del suelo de varias parcelas de la comarca de Villarrobledo (Albacete) pertenecientes a distintas etapas de sucesión y donde se habían realizado inventarios florísticos previos.

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Food is one of the main exogenous sources of genotoxic compounds. In heated food products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a priority group of genotoxic, mutagenic and/or carcinogenic chemical pollutants with adverse long-term health effects. People can be exposed to these compounds through different environments and via various routes: inhalation, ingestion of foods and water and even percutaneously. The presence of these compounds in food may be due to environmental contamination, to industrial handling and processing of foods and to oil processing and refining. The highest levels of these compounds are found in smoked foods, in seafood which is found in polluted waters, in grilled meats and, to a lesser extent, in vegetable fats and oils. Lower levels of PAHs are found in vegetables and in cereals and its products.

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The present paper reports the results of a study aiming to describe the attitudes of teachers in adult continuous education in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia (Spain) towards the use and integration of information and communication technologies (ITC) in the educational centres they work in, while identifying those factors that favour the development of good practice. It is a mixed methods descriptive research, and information collection techniques include a questionnaire and in-depth interviews. A total number of 172 teachers were surveyed, as well as 18 head teachers and coordinators, in adult education. For questionnaire validation the expert judgment technique was used, as they were selected by the «expert competence coefficient» or «K coefficient» procedure. To improve its psychometric properties, construct validity was determined by means of Varimax factor analysis and maximum likelihood extraction (two factors were extracted). Confidence was set by Cronbach's alpha (0.88). The interview guide was also validated by this group of experts. Results point out, on one hand, that teachers hold positive attitudes towards ICT regarding both ICT's role in professional development and their ease of use and access. On the other hand, among the most important factors for ICT-supported good educational practices lies in ICT's capacity to favour personalized work.

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Strong and sometimes extreme responses in runoff and soil erosion following wildfires have been reported worldwide. However, in the case of North-Central Portugal, little research had been carried out regarding the hydrologic and erosive impacts of several land management activities in recently burnt areas (such as ground preparation, post-fire logging or post-fire mitigation treatments). This study aims to assess post-fire runoff and soil erosion response on Eucalypt and Maritime pine plantations during the first, second and third years following wildfires. The effect of several pre-fire ground preparation operations (ploughed down-slope, contour ploughed and inclined terraces), post-fire logging activities (on both the eucalypt and pine plantations), as well as the application of hydromulch (a post-fire emergency treatment) on overland flow and soil erosion were compared to burnt but undisturbed and untreated areas. The intensive monitoring of runoff, soil erosion and selected soil properties served to determine the main factors involved in post-fire runoff and soil erosion and their spatial and temporal variation. Soil water repellency deserved special attention, due to its supposed important role for overland flow generation. Repeated rainfall simulation experiments (RSE’s), micro-scale runoff plots and bounded sediment fences were carried out and/or installed immediately after the wildfire on seven burnt slopes. Micro-scale runoff plots results under natural rainfall conditions were also compared to the RSE’s results, which was useful for assessing the representativeness of the data obtained with artificial rainfall. The results showed comparable runoff coefficient (20-60%) but lower sediment losses (125-1000 g m-2) than prior studies in Portugal, but especially outside Portugal. Lower sediment losses were related with the historic intensive land use in the area. In evaluating these losses, however, the shallowness and stoniness of the soils, as well as the high organic matter fraction of the eroded sediments (50%) must not be overlooked. Sediment limited erosion was measured in all the ploughed sites, probably due to the time since ploughing (several years). The disturbance of the soil surface cover due to post-fire logging and wood extraction substantially increased sediment losses at both the pine and eucalypt sites. Hydromulch effectiveness in reducing the runoff (70%) and sediment losses (83%) was attributed to the protective high coverage provided by hydromulch. The hydromulch significantly affected the soil cover and other soil properties and these changes also reduced the soil erosion risk. The rainfall amount was the main factor explaining the variance in runoff. However, a shift from rainfall amount to rainfall intensity was detected when either the surface cover or the infiltration capacity (hydrophilic conditions) increased. Sediment losses were controlled by rainfall intensity and surface cover. The role of soil water repellency on runoff generation was not consistent; the overall repellency levels alone were not enough to assess its hydrological impact. Soil water repellency explained runoff generation in the specific-sites model better than in the overall model. Additionally, soil moisture content was a better predictor for soil water repellency than antecedent rainfall. The natural rainfall results confirmed that RSE’s were able to capture the specific sediment losses and its organic matter content as well as the differences between the ploughed and unploughed sites. Repeated RSE’s also captured the seasonal variations in runoff and sediment losses attributed to soil water repellency. These results have implications for post-fire soil erosion modelling and soil conservation practices in the region, or areas with the same land use, climate and soil characteristics. The measured sediment loss, as well as the increasing frequency of ploughing in recently burnt and unburnt eucalypt stands, suggests ploughing is not an effective as a soil conservation measure. Logging activities with less impact are recommended in order to maintain the forest litter protecting the soil surface. Due to its high effectiveness in reducing runoff and soil erosion, hydromulch is recommended for highly sensitive and vulnerable areas.