Development of the HIV/AIDS stress scale

Development of a self-report measure of stress specific to HIV/AIDS is needed to advance our understanding of the role of stress in adaptation to HIV/AIDS: hence, the aim of this study was the development of the HIV/AIDS Stress Scale. A total of 132 homosexual/bisexual men with HIV/AIDS v ere interviewed and completed the HIV/AIDS Stress Scale and measures of coping strategies, appraisal, social support and adjustment (global distress, depression, social adjustment, number of HIV symptoms, and subjective health status) at three time points. Thirty-nine primary caregivers were interviewed and completed measures of stress and adjustment. Exploratory factor analyses of the HIV/AIDS Stress Scale items revealed three factors: Social, Instrumental and Emotional/Existential Stress. Factors had adequate internal reliabilities and were stable over 12 months. Construct validation data are consistent with recent stress/coping research that links higher levels of stress with more HIV symptoms. reliance on emotion-focused coping, lower social support, poorer levels of adjustment and higher levels of caregiver stress. Results extend this research by revealing new differential relations between various stress dimensions and stress/coping variables. Convergent validation data suggest that the HIV/AIDS Stress Scale shares conceptual similarity with threat appraisal. and differs from control liability and challenge appraisals. The HIV/AIDS Stress Scale shows potential for the elucidation of the role of stress in coping and adaptation to HIV/AIDS and disease progression in both research and clinical applications.

Adjustment of homeless adolescents to a crisis shelter: Application of a stress and coping model

The present study examined the utility of a stress and coping model of adaptation to a homeless shelter among homeless adolescents. Seventy-eight homeless adolescents were interviewed and completed self-administered scales at Time 1 (day of shelter entry) and Time 2 (day of discharge). The mean duration of stay at the shelter was 7.23 days (SD = 7.01). Predictors included appraisal (threat and self-efficacy), coping resources, and coping strategies (productive, nonproductive, and reference to others coping). Adjustment outcomes were Time I measures of global distress, physical health, clinician-and youthworker- rated social adjustment, and externalizing behavior and Time 2 youthworker-rated social adjustment and goal achievement. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that after controlling for the effects of relevant background variables (number of other shelters visited, sexual, emotional, and physical abuse), measures of coping resources, appraisal, and coping strategies evidenced distinct relations with measures of adjustment in ways consistent with the model's predictions with few exceptions. In cross-sectional analyses better Time I adjustment was related to reports of higher levels of coping resources, self-efficacy beliefs, and productive coping strategies, and reports of lower levels of threat appraisal and nonproductive coping strategies. Prospective analyses showed a link between reports of higher levels of reference to others coping strategies and greater goal achievement and, unexpectedly, an association between lower self-efficacy beliefs and better Time 2 youthworker-rated social adjustment. Hence, whereas prospective analyses provide only limited support for the use of a stress and coping model in explaining the adjustment of homeless adolescents to a crisis shelter, cross-sectional findings provide stronger support.

Drawing insight from pictures: The development of concepts of false drawing and false belief in children with deafness, normal hearing, and autism

Theory-of-mind concepts in children with deafness, autism, and normal development (N = 154) were examined in three experiments using a set of standard inferential false-belief tasks and matched sets of tasks involving false drawings. Results of all three experiments replicated previously published findings by showing that primary school children with deafness or autism, aged 6 to 13 years, scored significantly lower than normal-developing 4-year-old preschoolers on standard misleading-container and unseen-change tests of false-belief understanding. Furthermore, deaf and autistic children generally scored higher on drawing-based tests than on corresponding standard tests and, on the most challenging of the false-drawing tests in Experiment 2, they significantly outperformed the normal-developing preschoolers by clearly understanding their own false intentions and another person's false beliefs about an actively misleading drawing. In Experiment 3, preschoolers; outperformed older deaf and autistic children on standard tasks, but did less well on a task that required the drawing of a false belief. Methodological factors could not fully explain the findings, but early social and conversational experiences in the family were deemed likely contributors.

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy: When to call it quits

Abstract: Background: Patients diagnosed with cancer are often treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy with curative intent. The transition from curative to palliative intent involves re-evaluation of treatment, and has to take into account the attitudes, beliefs and life aims of the patient. Objective: To discuss the difficulties in determining when to cease chemotherapy and radiotherapy in patients with advanced cancer. Discussion: The concept of treatment evaluation using a ‘burden versus benefit’ paradigm is discussed. Treatment aims must be in concordance with those of the patient, which are often couched in functional terms or linked to future significant life events. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can offer patients in the palliative phase of cancer illness, benefits in terms of relief of symptoms and meaningful prolongation of life, and should be considered in appropriate circumstances. (author abstract)

Conceptions of health and illness held by Australian Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Papua New Guinea Health Science students

Health is considered to be a fundamental human right and developing a better understanding of health is assumed to be a global social goal (Bloom, 1987). Yet many third-world countries and some subpopulations within developed countries do not enjoy a healthy existence. The research reported in this paper examined the conceptions of health and conceptions of illness for a group of Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Papua New Guinea university students studying health science courses. Results found three conceptions of health and three conceptions of illness that indicated these students held a mix of traditional cultural and Western beliefs. These findings may contribute to overcoming the dissonance between traditional and Western beliefs about health and the development of health care courses that are more specific to how these students understand health. This may also serve to improve the educational status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and potentially improve the health status within these communities.

Terminally ill cancer patients' wish to hasten death

This exploratory study investigated factors associated with the wish to hasten death among a sample of terminally ill cancer patients. Semi-structured interviews conducted on a total of 72 hospice and home palliative care patients were subjected to qualitative analysis using QSR-NUDIST. The main themes to emerge suggested that patients with a high wish to hasten death had greater concerns with physical symptoms and psychological suffering, perceived themselves to be more of a burden to others, and experienced higher levels of demoralization, while also reporting less confidence in symptom control, fewer social supports, less satisfaction with life experiences and fewer religious beliefs when compared with patients who had a moderate or no wish to hasten death. The implications of these findings will be discussed.

Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury

Dysfunction in the motor system is a feature of persistent whiplash associated disorders. Little is known about motor dysfunction in the early stages following injury and of its progress in those persons who recover and those who develop persistent symptoms. This study measured prospectively, motor system function (cervical range of movement (ROM), joint position error (JPE) and activity of the superficial neck flexors (EMG) during a test of cranio-cervical flexion) as well as a measure of fear of re-injury (TAMPA) in 66 whiplash subjects within 1 month of injury and then 2 and 3 months post injury. Subjects were classified at 3 months post injury using scores on the neck disability index: recovered (30). Motor system function was also measured in 20 control subjects. All whiplash groups demonstrated decreased ROM and increased EMG (compared to controls) at 1 month post injury. This deficit persisted in the group with moderate/severe symptoms but returned to within normal limits in those who had recovered or reported persistent mild pain at 3 months. Increased EMG persisted for 3 months in all whiplash groups. Only the moderate/severe group showed greater JPE, within 1 month of injury, which remained unchanged at 3 months. TAMPA scores of the moderate/severe group were higher than those of the other two groups. The differences in TAMPA did not impact on ROM, EMG or JPE. This study identifies, for the first time, deficits in the motor system, as early as 1 month post whiplash injury, that persisted not only in those reporting moderate/severe symptoms at 3 months but also in subjects who recovered and those with persistent mild symptoms. (C) 2002 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Cervicogenic headache: Locus of control and success of treatment

Background.-A number of extraneous factors have been implicated in the effectiveness of treatment of headache, including patient beliefs about aspects of the treatment or persons delivering the treatment. Objective.-The concept of external locus of control for headaches refers to patients with a high level of belief that headache and relief are influenced primarily by health care professionals. The aim of this study was to examine whether external locus of control is associated with a reduction in frequency of cervicogenic headaches among patients treated by a physiotherapist. Design.-A recent randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of physiotherapy among 200 patients with headache enabled a test of this relationship. Treatment consisted of manipulative therapy, therapeutic exercise, or a combination of the 2. Analysis of relative change in headache frequency was conducted after 6 weeks of treatment and at 3- and 12-month follow-up appointments. Results.-Results of the analysis indicated that participants with relatively high external Headache-Specific Locus of Control scores were more likely to achieve a reduction in headache frequency if they received the combined manipulative therapy and exercise therapy, compared with those who received no treatment. This was not determined for the group who received manipulative therapy, which is a treatment received passively by the patient. Conclusions.-The interpretation of these findings is considered in the context of nongeneralization to the other physiotherapy treatment groups and sustained reduction in headache frequency following withdrawal of treatment. The pattern of findings suggests that characteristics of the therapy were more pertinent than characteristics of the therapist.

Democracry and the Individual

The main question informing this paper is whether it is possible to extend democracy beyond its liberal forms. The paper reflects upon this question with regard to its implications for the individual. For the radicalization of democracy implies a need for self-transformation, if the everyday egoism of contemporary citizens is not to thwart reasonable discussion and participation. Theorists such as Richard Rorty argue that the philosophical resources required to guide such self-transformation can be made available only by sacrificing the political freedom and cultural diversity liberalism has been able to precariously establish. Other theorists insist that the thresholds of pluralism and tolerance that existing liberal democracies are struggling to maintain actually require an extension of democracy. The paper evaluates two different theoretical strategies that aim to identify potentials for democratization without falling prey to the dilemma identified by Rorty: a ‘ deliberative’ strategy explicated with reference to Jürgen Habermas and an ‘existential’ approach represented here by William Connolly.

Believing is not enough: Predicting support for the NTEU on an Australian campus

Asurvey-based field study was conducted with 232 members and nonmembers of the National Tertiary Education Union to investigate the psychological processes underpinning union support. Drawing on value-expectancy models and social identity/self-categorisation theory, this study investigated the role that both individual and grouprelated factors play in predicting attitudinal and behavioural support for the union. Variables investigated included instrumental and ideological attitudes, perceptions of a normative climate of union-support, and perceptions of higher education being under threat. Further to support for previous findings for the role of instrumental and ideological attitudes it was found that the perceived workplace norm had the anticipated direct effect on behaviour and evaluation and also moderated the behavioural expression of ideological and instrumental attitudes. The perception of threat to employment and higher education also directly impacted on behaviour and moderated the behavioural expression of ideological beliefs. The implications of these findings for collective action research will he discussed.

Evaluating a model of parental influence on youth physical activity

Objective: To test a conceptual model linking parental physical activity orientations, parental support for physical activity, and children's self-efficacy perceptions with physical activity participation. Participants and Setting: The sample consisted of 380 students in grades 7 through 12 (mean age, 14.0 +/- 1.6 years) and their parents. Data collection took place during the fall of 1996. Main Outcome Measures: Parents completed a questionnaire assessing their physical activity habits, enjoyment of physical activity, beliefs regarding the importance of physical activity, and supportive behaviors for their child's physical activity. Students completed a 46-item inventory assessing physical activity during the previous 7 days and a 5-item physical activity self-efficacy scale. The model was tested via observed variable path analysis using structural equation modeling techniques (AMOS 4.0). Results: An initial model, in which parent physical activity orientations predicted child physical activity via parental support and child self-efficacy, did not provide an acceptable fit to the data. Inclusion of a direct path from parental support to child physical activity and deletion of a nonsignificant path from parental physical activity to child physical activity significantly improved model fit. Standardized path coefficients for the revised model ranged from 0.17 to 0.24, and all were significant at the p < 0.0001 level. Conclusions: Parental support was an important correlate of youth physical activity, acting directly or indirectly through its influence on self-efficacy. Physical activity interventions targeted at youth should include and evaluate the efficacy of individual-level and community-level strategies to increase parents' capacity to provide instrumental and motivational support for their children's physical activity.

O bebê surdo na educação infantil : um olhar sobre inclusão e práticas pedagógicas

Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar como ocorre a inclusão de dois bebês surdos (de 1 ano) na educação infantil de um Centro Municipal de Educação Infantil (CMEI) do município de Vitória/ES. Como aporte teórico foi utilizada a perspectiva Histórico-Cultural do desenvolvimento humano, sob a perspectiva que o sujeito se constitui nas relações sociais, como um ser ativo que transforma e é transformado nessas relações. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento implica a relação com o outro e a mediação da linguagem, meio de comunicação e de constituição do pensamento. Assim, no caso dos bebês surdos, destaca-se a LIBRAS como língua privilegiada que deve ser apropriada por eles e ensinada no cotidiano da educação infantil. Como opção metodológica, desenvolvemos um estudo de caso de inspiração etnográfica, por entendermos que essa metodologia permite atender apropriadamente ao objetivo do estudo. Para a coleta de dados, adotamos recursos como observação participante, registro em diário de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos participantes da pesquisa e análise documental. Na análise dos dados, tomamos como eixos de análise: as concepções dos profissionais a respeito da inclusão, surdez e do trabalho com os bebês surdos; o cuidado e a educação dos bebês surdos e as atividades lúdicas na sala dos bebês. As análises indicam que muitos profissionais têm dúvidas a respeito da inclusão e que a falta do conhecimento da LIBRAS por parte de muitos profissionais, leva à utilização de outros recursos de comunicação, como os gestos. A vivência e interação em LIBRAS entre as crianças e a maior parte dos profissionais da escola com os bebês surdos torna-se um desafio, sobressaindo a necessidade de mais profissionais com o conhecimento da LIBRAS para atender às crianças surdas em diferentes espaços no cotidiano da educação infantil, na perspectiva de potencializar o seu desenvolvimento e a constituição de sua identidade. Todavia, os profissionais da escola são movidos pela preocupação com a inclusão e o aprendizado da LIBRAS, esforçando-se no sentido de buscar novas formas de trabalho para/com as crianças surdas. Além disso, o empenho da equipe bilíngue na estruturação do cotidiano da educação infantil merece destaque, não só pelo trabalho que faz enquanto equipe bilíngue, mas pelo incentivo e auxílio aos outros profissionais.

A educação ambiental nos espaços de convivência : tecendo a cultura da sustentabilidade nas redes cotidianas de uma escola municipal de Vila Velha/ES

Este trabalho tem como objetivo problematizar a ecoformação de professoras e alunos em espaços de convivência, potencializados com as experiências da IV Conferência Nacional Infanto-juvenil de Meio Ambiente (CNIJMA), visitas monitoradas, aulas de campo e saídas. Ancorada na Política Estruturante de Educação Ambiental, entendo que esses espaços de convivência expressam um processo educacional, permanente, continnum e transformador. Tendo como mediadora a COM-Vida (Comissão de Meio Ambiente e Qualidade de Vida) e o Tratado de Educação Ambiental para as Sociedades Sustentáveis e Responsabilidade Global, a Educação Ambiental visa fortalecer a cidadania ambiental em movimento escola-comunidade-escola. Impregnada de sentidos e significados, busquei pesquisar a ecoformação dessa coletividade pelo viés do Paradigma da Complexidade, que me apresentou as incertezas como um processo potencializador da criatividade, da amizade e da solidariedade que tecem a rede de saberes e fazeres que envolvem esses sujeitos investigados, além de evidenciar o cuidado de si com o outro e com o mundo. Ao trilhar os caminhos desta pesquisa, optei por abordagens qualitativas inspiradas na fenomenologia-existencial proposta por Martin Heidegger, Michèle Sato e Paulo Freire e, dessa forma, pude investigar os saberes ambientais que atravessam as redes cotidianas da escola pesquisada, potencializando a cultura da sustentabilidade. Valendo-me da observação participante das práticas pedagógicas, encontrei nas narrativas das professoras e alunos a expressividade de um processo ecoformativo que instiga outras racionalidades comprometidas com a ética, a coletividade, a afetividade, a solidariedade, as transformações sociais, a diversidade e a outridade.

O sentido de ser educadora das/ nas brinquedotecas do hospital infantil de Vitória/ ES: um estudo a partir dos conceitos de experiência, narrativa e cuidado

O ato de brincar tem sido considerado como vital à saúde mental, emocional, física e intelectual do ser humano. Todos esses elementos são vividos no brincar de modo indissociado. A brinquedoteca Hospitalar possibilita melhores condições para a recuperação da criança internada, minimizando situações traumatizantes e tornando a sua estadia no hospital mais alegre. Este trabalho propõe um estudo de inspiração fenomenológico existencial OBJETIVANDO: desvelar - o sentido de ser educadora nas brinquedotecas do Hospital Infantil de Vitória/ ES, focando as experiências delas narradas e cuidadosamente vividas (e ou experienciadas) nos modos subjetivos delas serem no mundo objetivo, vivências que serão narradas por elas nesse espaço-tempo de ludicidade que se presta à Pedagogia Hospitalar nas suas vertentes de atendimentos escolares (Educação Especial numa perspectiva inclusiva) e não-escolares donde a Pedagogia hospitalar compõe um ramo da Pedagogia Social, oferecendo assim atendimentos às crianças e jovens especialmente, mas não só (podendo abarcar adultos e idosos). MARCO TEÓRICO: o termo teórico central do nosso marco teórico é Cuidado (SORGE), como em BOFF (2012) e WALDOW(1993; 1998; 2006) e Experiência em PINEL (2004;2006) de ser (ter sido) de alguma forma criadora desse espaço-tempo de brincar ( e de estudar) no hospital, confabulando tanto uma Educação Não Escolar (Pedagogia Social) e Escolar (Pedagogia Escolar). A angústia de ser educadora das brinquedotecas pareceu-nos que se constituirá em uma característica imprescindível para a compreensão da sua existência do ser no ofício, bem como sua interação consigo mesmo, com o outro e com o mundo das Brinquedotecas Hospitalares. Entendemos os sentidos da alegria, calma e alegria, coragem e profissionalismo, transform(ação), direito e escolaridade e humanização e dor como elementos que compuseram o complexo mosaico de Cuidado (Sorge) – próprios daquele que se propõe cuidar de si, do outro e das coisas do mundo pelo viés de cuidar.

O sentido de ser professor de Educação Física pelos “modos de ser sendo junto ao outro no mundo” perverso- fascista e democrático: a vivência real & no filme “Má Educação”

Quais são os “modos de ser sendo junto ao outro no mundo” professores de Educação Física da Prefeitura Municipal da Serra, ES, situados no que se denomina “real” e do professor de Educação Física padre José no filme “Má Educação” de Pedro Almodóvar situado no que se denomina “ficcional”? Que contribuições reflexivas podem trazer tais dados (analisados hermeneuticamente) para a Formação Continuada de professores de Educação Física [3]? OBJETIVO: Descrever os “modos de ser sendo junto ao outro no mundo” de [1] professores de Educação Física que trabalham em escolas públicas da Prefeitura Municipal da Serra, ES & do [2] padre José, personagem ficcional, professor de Educação Física no filme espanhol de 2004 “Má Educação” fazendo-o primeiramente através de uma pesquisa clássica (descritiva e hermenêutica) e depois uma literaturalizada e artística (hermenêutica). MARCO TEÓRICO: Trata-se de uma proposta discursiva (teórica) fenomenológica existencial de tendência marxista criada por Pinel; METODOLOGIA: Tratou-se de uma pesquisa fenomenológica existencial seguindo recomendações de Forghieri (2001) e Pinel (2006; 2012) - dentre outros. Os 29 professores de Educação Física foram provocados a mostrarem os seus “modos de ser sendo junto ao outro no mundo” do ofício professor de Educação Física. Depois essa mesma provocação foi feita ao personagem do filme. RESULTADOS & DISCUSSÃO: Descreveram-se [1] os “modos de ser sendo junto ao outro no mundo” dos professores de Educação Física na dimensão do real e do ficcional (cinema), e não se objetivou comparação por mais que isso tenha ficado evidente. Esses professores, em 2011/2012, experienciando uma democracia (im)perfeita brasileira [que tem até tendências neofascistas], mais ainda assim democracia - foram compreendidos sempre tomando um norte/ rumo/ direção em subjetivação pelos Guias de Sentido (GS – Pinel) democráticos reconhecimento [demanda do grupo em ser valorizado, reconhecido], em (im) potência [impotência e potencia possível de vir a lume sempre; a força e seu outro lado, a fragilidade de ser], afetando [o que se pratica e pensa/sente afeta a si mesmo, o outro e o mundo; o afetar produz mais subjetivações], sonhando [há demanda sempre de realizar projetos de vida; o projeto de ser sempre devir, em construção sempre; é uma precisão imprecisa], saudavelmente insano [o quão perto pode estar a experienciar a sanidade e a loucura e o quanto uma loucura é sã, pois criativa, inventiva, produtiva, opositora ao estabelecido] – eles mesmos junto ao outro no mundo tornando-se sujeitos. [2] Já o professor de Educação Física padre José da película almodovariana é um professor que de imediato pode ser apreendido como sólido e fixo na sua perversão fascista, ele como parte legitimadora do Estado espanhol de Franco, na década de 60, provavelmente em 1964, que é, na ficção, o espaço-tempo de José e suas ações pedagógicas e psicológicas (e de Educação Física). Mas não é apenas o fascismo que torna o fascista um criador de um cotidiano fascista, pois afinal, paralelamente a ele, no concreto e na ficção, haviam pessoas generosas, resistentes e resilientes que atuavam contra essas pressões quase na maioria das vezes advindas do todo (Estado) – eram pessoas democráticas individualmente e em pequenos e grandes grupos; eram exemplo de resistência contra o estabelecido pela ideologia dominante de então. José numa instituição fascista não conseguiu refletir e agir diferentemente, isto é, com mais saúde mental, escolhendo (na liberdade) ser fascista, ser menor (pouco) – optou não ser-mais. Finalmente os mesmos dados são apresentados em outra estética possível e sempre aberta, inconclusa, devir... As artes e a poesia (bem como a literatura) procuram cuidadosamente desvelar os “modos de ser junto ao outro no mundo” professor de Educação Física do mundo real e do imaginário (fílmico) desvelando muitas vezes indissociados. PÓSCRITO: O autor descreve as possíveis implicações do seu estudo para educação física pautado sempre em uma proposta de criar um discursso insubmisso focando na ideia de que uma pesquisa demanda narrar a vida, e literaturalizar a ciência.