Nocardia infection in solid organ transplant recipients: a multicenter European case-control study.

BACKGROUND  Nocardiosis is a rare, life-threatening opportunistic infection, affecting 0.04% to 3.5% of patients after solid organ transplantation (SOT). The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for Nocardia infection after SOT and to describe the presentation of nocardiosis in these patients. METHODS  We performed a retrospective case-control study of adult patients diagnosed with nocardiosis after SOT between 2000 and 2014 in 36 European (France, Belgium, Switzerland, Netherlands, Spain) centers. Two control subjects per case were matched by institution, transplant date and transplanted organ. A multivariable analysis was performed using conditional logistic regression to identify risk factors for nocardiosis. RESULTS  One hundred and seventeen cases of nocardiosis and 234 control patients were included. Nocardiosis occurred at a median of 17.5 [range 2-244] months after transplantation. In multivariable analysis, high calcineurin inhibitor trough levels in the month before diagnosis (OR=6.11 [2.58-14.51]), use of tacrolimus (OR=2.65 [1.17-6.00]) and corticosteroid dose (OR=1.12 [1.03-1.22]) at the time of diagnosis, patient age (OR=1.04 [1.02-1.07]) and length of stay in intensive care unit after SOT (OR=1.04 [1.00-1.09]) were independently associated with development of nocardiosis; low-dose cotrimoxazole prophylaxis was not found to prevent nocardiosis. Nocardia farcinica was more frequently associated with brain, skin and subcutaneous tissue infections than were other Nocardia species. Among the 30 cases with central nervous system nocardiosis, 13 (43.3%) had no neurological symptoms. CONCLUSIONS  We identified five risk factors for nocardiosis after SOT. Low-dose cotrimoxazole was not found to prevent Nocardia infection. These findings may help improve management of transplant recipients.

Postwar European inflations, World War I. A study of selected cases.

Mode of access: Internet.

European intermodal programs: planning, policy, and technology. FHWA International Technology Scanning Program Study Tour summary report.

Mode of access: Internet.

Credit of the nations ; a study of the European War /

Bibliographical footnotes.

A bibliography for the study of European history, 1815 to 1939.

Photocopy (positive) made by University Microfilms.

Bohemia under Hapsburg misrule; a study of the ideals and aspirations of the Bohemian and Slovak peoples, as they relate to and are affected by the great European war,

Have the Bohemians a place in the sun? By T. Čapek.--The Slovak of Hungary, by T. Čapek.--Why Bohemia deserves freedom, by B. Šimek.--The Bohemian character, by H. A. Miller.--Place of Bohemia in the creative arts, by W. S. Monroe.--The Bohemians and the Slavic regeneration, by L. Wiener.--The Bohemians as immigrants, by Emil G. Balch.

Grimm's law: a study, or hints towards an explanation of the so-called "lautverschiebung"; to which are added some remarks on the primitive Indo-European k and several appendices.

Mode of access: Internet.

Modeling equity market integration using smooth transition analysis:a study of Eastern European stock markets

This paper assesses the extent to which the equity markets of Hungary, Poland the Czech Republic and Russia have become less segmented. Using a variety of tests it is shown there has been a consistent increase in the co-movement of some Eastern European markets and developed markets. Using the variance decompositions from a vector autoregressive representation of returns it is shown that for Poland and Hungary global factors are having an increasing influence on equity returns, suggestive of increased equity market integration. In this paper we model a system of bivariate equity market correlations as a smooth transition logistic trend model in order to establish how rapidly the countries of Eastern Europe are moving away from market segmentation. We find that Hungary is the country which is becoming integrated the most quickly. © 2005 ELsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.