Accurate velocity reconstruction for Discontinuous Galerkin approximations of two-phase porous media flows

We consider Discontinuous Galerkin approximations of two-phase, immiscible porous media flows in the global pressure/fractional flow formulation with capillary pressure. A sequential approach is used with a backward Euler step for the saturation equation, equal-order interpolation for the pressure and the saturation, and without any limiters. An accurate total velocity field is recovered from the global pressure equation to be used in the saturation equation. Numerical experiments show the advantages of the proposed reconstruction. To cite this article: A. Ern et al., C R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. 1347 (2009). (C) 2009 Academie des sciences. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Characterization of residential chimney conditions for flue gas flow measurements

A literature survey and a theoretical study were performed to characterize residential chimney conditions for flue gas flow measurements. The focus is on Pitot-static probes to give sufficient basis for the development and calibration of a velocity pressure averaging probe suitable for the continuous dynamic (i.e. non steady state) measurement of the low flow velocities present in residential chimneys. The flow conditions do not meet the requirements set in ISO 10780 and ISO 3966 for Pitot-static probe measurements, and the methods and their uncertainties are not valid. The flow velocities in residential chimneys from a heating boiler under normal operating condi-tions are shown to be so low that they in some conditions result in voiding the assumptions of non-viscous fluid justifying the use of the quadratic Bernoulli equation. A non-linear Reynolds number dependent calibration coefficient that is correcting for the viscous effects is needed to avoid significant measurement errors. The wide range of flow velocity during normal boiler operation also results in the flow type changing from laminar, across the laminar to turbulent transition region, to fully turbulent flow, resulting in significant changes of the velocity profile during dynamic measurements. In addition, the short duct lengths (and changes of flow direction and duct shape) used in practice are shown to result in that the measurements are done in the hydrodynamic entrance region where the flow velocity profiles most likely are neither symmetrical nor fully developed. A measurement method insensitive to velocity profile changes is thus needed, if the flow velocity profile cannot otherwise be determined or predicted with reasonable accuracy for the whole measurement range. Because of particulate matter and condensing fluids in the flue gas it is beneficial if the probe can be constructed so that it can easily be taken out for cleaning, and equipped with a locking mechanism to always ensure the same alignment in the duct without affecting the calibration. The literature implies that there may be a significant time lag in the measurements of low flow rates due to viscous effects in the internal impact pressure passages of Pitot probes, and the significance in the discussed application should be studied experimentally. The measured differential pressures from Pitot-static probes in residential chimney flows are so low that the calibration and given uncertainties of commercially available pressure transducers are not adequate. The pressure transducers should be calibrated specifically for the application, preferably in combination with the probe, and the significance of all different error sources should be investigated carefully. Care should be taken also with the temperature measurement, e.g. with averaging of several sensors, as significant temperature gradients may be present in flue gas ducts.

A computational comparison of different algorithms for very large p-median problems

In this paper, we propose a new method for solving large scale p-median problem instances based on real data. We compare different approaches in terms of runtime, memory footprint and quality of solutions obtained. In order to test the different methods on real data, we introduce a new benchmark for the p-median problem based on real Swedish data. Because of the size of the problem addressed, up to 1938 candidate nodes, a number of algorithms, both exact and heuristic, are considered. We also propose an improved hybrid version of a genetic algorithm called impGA. Experiments show that impGA behaves as well as other methods for the standard set of medium-size problems taken from Beasley’s benchmark, but produces comparatively good results in terms of quality, runtime and memory footprint on our specific benchmark based on real Swedish data.

Teoria da decisão sob incerteza e a hipótese da utilidade esperada : conceitos analíticos e paradoxos

A teoria da utilidade esperada (EU) é a teoria da decisão mais influente já desenvolvida. A EU é o core da teoria econômica sob incerteza, presente na maior parte dos modelos econômicos que modelam situações de incerteza. Porém, nas últimas três décadas, as evidências experimentais têm levantado sérias dúvidas quanto à capacidade preditiva da EU – gerando grandes controvérsias e uma vasta literatura dedicada a analisar e testar suas propriedades e implicações. Além disso, várias teorias alternativas (teorias não-EU, geralmente, generalizações da EU) têm sido propostas. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e avaliar a teoria da utilidade esperada (objetiva) através de uma revisão da literatura, incorporando os principais conceitos desenvolvidos ao longo do tempo. Além disso, este trabalho desenvolve algumas análises originais sobre representação gráfica e propriedades da teoria da utilidade esperada. O trabalho adota uma perspectiva histórica como fio condutor e utiliza uma representação da incerteza em termos de loterias (distribuições de probabilidade discretas). Em linhas gerais, o roteiro de análise do trabalho é o seguinte: princípio da expectância matemática; Bernoulli e a origem da EU; teoria da utilidade sem incerteza; axiomatização da EU; representação gráfica e propriedades da EU; comportamento frente ao risco; medidas de aversão ao risco; dominância estocástica; paradoxos da EU e a reação dos especialistas frente aos paradoxos A conclusão é que existem fortes evidências experimentais de que a EU é sistematicamente violada. Porém, a existência de violações não foi ainda suficientemente testada em experimentos que permitam o aprendizado (tal como pode ocorrer em situações de mercado), onde existe a possibilidade de que as preferências evoluam e que haja uma convergência de comportamento para a EU (ainda que esta possibilidade não se aplique a situações singulares ou que ocorram com pouca freqüência). É possível que testes deste tipo venham a confirmar, em maior ou menor grau, as violações da EU. Mas mesmo que isto ocorra, não significa que a EU não seja útil ou que deva ser abandonada. Em primeiro lugar, porque a EU representou um grande avanço em relação ao princípio da expectância matemática, seu antecessor. Em segundo lugar, porque a EU implica em uma série de propriedades analiticamente convenientes, gerando instrumentos de análise bastante simples (de fato, permitiu a explicação de numerosos fenômenos econômicos), contrastando com a maior complexidade envolvida com o uso das teorias não-EU. Neste cenário, faz mais sentido pensar na EU sendo eventualmente complementada por teorias não-EU do que, sendo abandonada.

Otimização de geometrias aerodinâmicas utilizando métodos inversos

O objetivo deste trabalho é a obtenção de uma técnica para a modelagem otimizada de corpos submetidos a fluxos de alta velocidade, como aerofólios em escoamentos transônicos e outras geometrias aerodinâmicas. A técnica é desenvolvida através de expansões em séries de Fourier para um conjunto de equações diferenciais com interrelação com as condições de contorno, sendo uma equação para a parte superior e outra para a parte inferior do aerofólio. O método de integração temporal empregado baseia-se no esquema explícito de Runge-Kutta de 5 estágios para as equações da quantidade de movimento e na relação de estado para a pressão. Para a aproximação espacial adota-se um esquema em volumes finitos no arranjo co-localizado em diferenças centrais. Utiliza-se dissipação artificial para amortecer as frequências de alta ordem do erro na solução das equações linearizadas. A obra apresenta a solução de escoamentos bi e tridimensionais de fluidos compressíveis transônicos em torno de perfis aerodinâmicos. Os testes num´ericos são realizados para as geometrias do NACA 0012 e 0009 e asas tridimensionais usando as equações de Euler, para número de Mach igual a 0.8 e ® = 0o. Os resultados encontrados comparam favoravelmente com os dados experimentais e numéricos disponíveis na literatura.

A search-theoretic explanation for the negative correlation between labor income and impatience

Lawrance (1991) has shown, through the estimation of consumption Euler equations, that subjective rates of impatience (time preference) in the U.S. are three to Öve percentage points higher for households with lower average labor incomes than for those with higher labor income. From a theoretical perspective, the sign of this correlation in a job-search model seems at Örst to be undetermined, since more impatient workers tend to accept wage o§ers that less impatient workers would not, thereby remaining less time unemployed. The main result of this paper is showing that, regardless of the existence of e§ects of opposite sign, and independently of the particular speciÖcations of the givens of the model, less impatient workers always end up, in the long run, with a higher average income. The result is based on the (unique) invariant Markov distribution of wages associated with the dynamic optimization problem solved by the consumers. An example is provided to illustrate the method.

On the statistical estimation of diffusion processes: a survey

Data available on continuos-time diffusions are always sampled discretely in time. In most cases, the likelihood function of the observations is not directly computable. This survey covers a sample of the statistical methods that have been developed to solve this problem. We concentrate on some recent contributions to the literature based on three di§erent approaches to the problem: an improvement of the Euler-Maruyama discretization scheme, the use of Martingale Estimating Functions and the application of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

On the statistical estimation of diffusion processes - a partial survey

Data available on continuous-time diffusions are always sampled discretely in time. In most cases, the likelihood function of the observations is not directly computable. This survey covers a sample of the statistical methods that have been developed to solve this problem. We concentrate on some recent contributions to the literature based on three di§erent approaches to the problem: an improvement of the Euler-Maruyama discretization scheme, the employment of Martingale Estimating Functions, and the application of Generalized Method of Moments (GMM).

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

In this paper we revisit the relationship between the equity and the forward premium puzzles. We construct return-based stochastic discount factors under very mild assumptions and check whether they price correctly the equity and the foreign currency risk premia. We avoid log-linearizations by using moments restrictions associated with euler equations to test the capacity of our return-based stochastic discount factors to price returns on the relevant assets. Our main finding is that a pricing kernel constructed only using information on American domestic assets accounts for both domestic and international stylized facts that escape consumption based models. In particular, we fail to reject the null hypothesis that the foreign currency risk premium has zero price when the instrument is the own current value of the forward premium.

Economia de Lucas e consumidores heterogêneos

Esta dissertação descreve três abordagens utilizadas para incorporar heterogeneidade numa economia de Lucas. Em mercados incompletos, essa hipótese oferece uma oportunidade de enriquecimento dos resultados de apreçamento obtidos de um modelo de agente representativo. Métodos recursivos são explorados como poderosa ferramenta para se modelar economias, encontrar equilíbrios, bem como desenvolver algoritmos computacionais. Na primeira abordagem, é mostrada a existência de uma função transição, que pode ser arbitrariamente complicada, mapeando o estado hoje nos possíveis estados amanhã. Na segunda abordagem, insere-se a possibilidade de default com colateral. Agora também é possível se construir uma função política que mapeia choques exógenos e distribuição de riqueza em preços e decisões de carteira. Finalmente, na terceira abordagem, que difere completamente das outras, uma equação de Euler modi cada é obtida convenientemente modelando-se choques idiossincráticos e persistentes.

O papel da punição disciplinar no controle da tropa da polícia militar do Amazonas

The work is to undertake a review of the control system's internal disciplinary Military Police of Amazonas (PMAM) as a way to identify factors that deserve to be modified or improved before the current social situation that is presented to our Public Military Force. For this purpose discussing the elements motivating and purpose of disciplinary punishment to the question 'Why punish?'. Then were the legal aspects of legal and disciplinary reprimand the legislation in force. It was subsequently approached the concept of police activity in Brazil and its peculiarities, moving then to examine the main figures of our state correctional compared with other states of the country. Before closing, we analyze the data Search Field watching the view of commanders and commanded the respect of the disciplinary system now in military force.

Testing the optimality of aggregate consumption decisions: is there rule-of-thumb behavior?

Consumption is an important macroeconomic aggregate, being about 70% of GNP. Finding sub-optimal behavior in consumption decisions casts a serious doubt on whether optimizing behavior is applicable on an economy-wide scale, which, in turn, challenge whether it is applicable at all. This paper has several contributions to the literature on consumption optimality. First, we provide a new result on the basic rule-of-thumb regression, showing that it is observational equivalent to the one obtained in a well known optimizing real-business-cycle model. Second, for rule-of-thumb tests based on the Asset-Pricing Equation, we show that the omission of the higher-order term in the log-linear approximation yields inconsistent estimates when lagged observables are used as instruments. However, these are exactly the instruments that have been traditionally used in this literature. Third, we show that nonlinear estimation of a system of N Asset-Pricing Equations can be done efficiently even if the number of asset returns (N) is high vis-a-vis the number of time-series observations (T). We argue that efficiency can be restored by aggregating returns into a single measure that fully captures intertemporal substitution. Indeed, we show that there is no reason why return aggregation cannot be performed in the nonlinear setting of the Pricing Equation, since the latter is a linear function of individual returns. This forms the basis of a new test of rule-of-thumb behavior, which can be viewed as testing for the importance of rule-of-thumb consumers when the optimizing agent holds an equally-weighted portfolio or a weighted portfolio of traded assets. Using our setup, we find no signs of either rule-of-thumb behavior for U.S. consumers or of habit-formation in consumption decisions in econometric tests. Indeed, we show that the simple representative agent model with a CRRA utility is able to explain the time series data on consumption and aggregate returns. There, the intertemporal discount factor is significant and ranges from 0.956 to 0.969 while the relative risk-aversion coefficient is precisely estimated ranging from 0.829 to 1.126. There is no evidence of rejection in over-identifying-restriction tests.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

We build a pricing kernel using only US domestic assets data and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our stochastic discount factor as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)'s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

The forward- and the equity-premium puzzles: two symptoms of the same illness?

Using information on US domestic financial data only, we build a stochastic discount factor—SDF— and check whether it accounts for foreign markets stylized facts that escape consumption based models. By interpreting our SDF as the projection of a pricing kernel from a fully specified model in the space of returns, our results indicate that a model that accounts for the behavior of domestic assets goes a long way toward accounting for the behavior of foreign assets prices. We address predictability issues associated with the forward premium puzzle by: i) using instruments that are known to forecast excess returns in the moments restrictions associated with Euler equations, and; ii) by pricing Lustig and Verdelhan (2007)’s foreign currency portfolios. Our results indicate that the relevant state variables that explain foreign-currency market asset prices are also the driving forces behind U.S. domestic assets behavior.

Aerodinâmica de automóveis baseado no método dos contornos virtuais

Este trabalho desenvolve um método numérico para a solução de escoamentos bidimensionais em torno de geometrias automobilísticas utilizando o método de diferenças finitas. O código computacional resolve as equações de Navier-Stokes e de Euler para uma distribuição adequada dos pontos discretos na malha. O método de integração empregado baseia-se no esquema explícito de Runge-Kutta de 3 estágios para as equações da quantidade de movimento e no de sub-relaxações sucessivas para a pressão na base Gauss-Seidel. Utilizou-se a técnica dos contornos virtuais em coordenadas cartesianas para resolver o escoamento sobre uma geometria simplificada, com a superfície coincidente com a malha computacional, e uma geometria automobilística mais complexa (BMW). Para a certificação da técnica empregada, optou-se pela utilização da teoria do escoamento potencial e pela comparação com dados experimentais encontrados na literatura e outros coletados em túnel de vento em escala reduzida. Houve dificuldade nesta comparação devido à falta de artigos relativos às simulações numéricas de escoamentos sobre automóveis e na aplicação da técnica dos contornos virtuais em geometrias complexas. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, com boas perspectivas para trabalhos futuros, contribuindo assim para o desenvolvimento da área.