The direct investments in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s of multinational enterprises headquartered in Spain

This thesis explains why multinational enterprises (MNEs) headquartered in Spain made significant investments in Latin America in the 1990s. Two independent variables are considered: structural reforms in Latin America, and liberalization in Spain. The first independent variable concerns the ways in which Latin American governments adopted a series of reforms that made their economies attractive to foreign investors. The second variable explains how the prospects of liberalization and foreign competition led Spanish firms to invest abroad in order to expand their businesses. The study will also show the competitive advantage of Spanish MNEs, vis-a-vis other foreign and local competitors in Latin America. This thesis takes an international political economy approach. The core of the thesis shows the development of Spanish direct investment in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1990s. The theoretical perspectives on MNEs are provided by theory of the firm, industrial organizations theory and alliance theory. ^

The advantage of Spanish multinational enterprises in Latin America

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) from Spain made large foreign direct investments (FDIs) in Latin America between 1990 and 2002, making Spain the second largest direct investor in this region since 1998, behind the United States. This dissertation explains the reasons that led Spanish firms to make these FDIs, as well as their operations in Latin America. Seven Spanish MNEs were included in this study, BBVA and SCH (banking), Telefónica (telecommunications), Endesa, Iberdrola and Unión Fenosa (public utilities), and Repsol-YPF (oil and natural gas). Quantitative and qualitative data were used. Data were collected from the firms' annual reports, from their archives and from personal interviews with senior executives, as well as from academic and specialized publications. ^ Results indicate that the large Spanish FDIs in Latin America were highly concentrated in a few firms from five sectors. The FDIs of these firms alone accounted for 70 percent of total Spanish FDI in Latin America in this period. The reasons for these investments were firm-specific and sector specific. A series of institutional conditions existed in Spain between the 1970s and the 1990s that allowed the employees of the firms to develop the knowledge and devise strategies to adjust to that set of conditions. First, the policies of the Spanish state favored the creation of large firms in these sectors, operating under conditions of monopoly sometimes. Secondly, the consumers put pressure on the firms to provide better and cheaper products as the Spanish economy grew and modernized. Thirdly, the employees of the firms had to adjust their services and products to the demands of the consumers and to the constraints of the state and the market. They adjusted the internal organization of the firm to be able to produce the goods and services that the market demanded. Externally, they also adopted patterns of interaction with outside agents and institutions. This patterned behavior was the “corporate culture” of each firm and the “normative framework” in which their employees operated. When the managers of the firms perceived that there were similar conditions in Latin America, they decided to operate there as well by making FDIs. ^

Why and how multinational corporations influence the trade negotiation process in Latin America

This thesis examines two research questions: (1) Why do Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) try to influence trade negotiations in the Latin American context? and (2) How do MNEs influence the trade negotiation process in Latin America? The results show that the MNE's main reasons for participation are: (1) to gain market access and, specifically, to reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers; (2) to create a beneficial regulatory environment for the MNE; and (3) to set the rules of the game by influencing the business environment in which its industry or its specific company is required to operate. The main approaches reported by the interviewees as to how MNEs participate are: (1) the MNE directly lobbies domestic government officials, principally the United States Trade Representative office; (2) a business, trade or industry association lobbies domestic government officials on the MNE's behalf; and (3) the MNE lobbies Congress.

Secondary stakeholders as agents of influence: Three essays on political risk, reputation, and multinational performance

Organizational researchers have recently taken an interest in the ways in which social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other secondary stakeholders attempt to influence corporate behavior. Scholars, however, have yet to carefully probe the link between secondary stakeholder legal action and target firm stock market performance. This is puzzling given the sharp rise in NGO-initiated civil lawsuits against corporations in recent years for alleged overseas human rights abuses and environmental misconduct. Furthermore, few studies have considered how such lawsuits impact a target firm’s intangible assets, namely its image and reputation. Structured in the form of three essays, this dissertation examined the antecedents and consequences of secondary stakeholder legal activism in both conceptual and empirical settings. ^ Essay One argued that conventional approaches to understanding political risk fail to account for the reputational risks to multinational enterprises (MNEs) posed by transnational networks of human rights NGOs employing litigation-based strategies. It offered a new framework for understanding this emerging challenge to multinational corporate activity. Essay Two empirically tested the relationship between the filing of human rights-related civil lawsuits and corporate stock market performance using an event study methodology and regression analysis. The statistical analysis performed showed that target firms experience a significant decline in share price upon filing and that both industry and nature of the lawsuit are significantly and negatively related to shareholder wealth. Essay Three drew upon social movement and social identity theories to develop and test a set of hypotheses on how secondary stakeholder groups select their targets for human rights-related civil lawsuits. The results of a logistic regression model offered support for the proposition that MNE targets are chosen based on both interest and identity factors. The results of these essays suggest that legal action initiated by secondary stakeholder groups is a new and salient threat to multinational business and that firms doing business in countries with weak political institutions should factor this into corporate planning and take steps to mitigate their exposure to such risks.^

Essays of strategic alliance portfolio configuration—Its performance properties, strategic antecedents and consequential effects on multinational firms' continuing foreign expansion

This dissertation focused on an increasingly prevalent phenomenon in today's global business environment—strategic alliance portfolio. Building on resource-based view, resource dependency theory and real options theory, this dissertation adopted a multi-dimensional perspective to examine the performance implications, strategic antecedents of alliance portfolio configuration, and its strategic effects on firms' decision-making on their continuing foreign expansion. The dissertation consisted of three interrelated essays, each of which dealt with a specific research question. In the first essay I applied a two-dimensional construct that embraces both alliance relations' and alliance partners' attributes to illustrate alliance portfolio configuration. Based on this framework, a longitudinal study was conducted attempting to explore the performance properties of alliance portfolio configuration. The results revealed that alliance diversity and partner diversity have different relative contributions to firms' economic performance. The relationship between alliance portfolio configuration and firm performance was shaped by degree of multinationality in a curvilinear pattern. The second essay attempted to identify the firm level driving forces of alliance portfolio configuration and how these forces interacting with firms' internationalization influence firms' strategic choices on alliance portfolio configuration. The empirical results indicated that past alliance experience, slack resource and firms' brand images are three critical determinants shaping alliance portfolios, but those shaping relationships are conditioned by firms' multinationality. The third essay primarily employed real options theory to build a conceptual framework, revealing how country-, alliance portfolio-, firm-, and industry level factors and their interactions influence firms' strategic decision-making on post-entry continuing expansion in foreign markets. The two empirical studies were resided in global hospitality and travel industries and use panel data to test the relevant theoretical models. Overall, the dissertation advanced and enriched the theoretical domain of alliance portfolio. It particularly shed valuable insights on three fundamental questions in the domain of alliance portfolio research, namely "if and how alliance portfolios contribute to firms' economic performance"; "what determines the appearance of alliance portfolios”; and "how alliance portfolios affect firms' strategic decision-making". This dissertation also extended the international business and strategic management research on service multinationals' foreign expansion and performance.

Agency Costs, Bankruptcy Costs and the Use of Debt in Multinational Restaurant Firms

The purpose of this paper is to understand whether multinational restaurant firms (MNRF’s) have higher agency and expected bankruptcy costs. Given this expectation, this may have an impact on the amount of debt incurred by MNRF’s. Overall, the findings are consistent with the existing literatue in terms of the positive relationship between MNRF’s and agency and bankruptcy cost. However, it was found that MNRF’s also have more total debt. This is surprising given the higher agency and bankruptcy costs. The importance of this research is that there may be considerations other than agency and bacnkruptcy costs affecting the capital structure decisions of MNRF’s.

L'influence des caractéristiques liées à l'entreprise et aux travailleurs sur l'usage prédominant du français dans les petites manufactures de la région de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

L'influence des caractéristiques liées à l'entreprise et aux travailleurs sur l'usage prédominant du français dans les petites manufactures de la région de Montréal

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

DESCRIBING SLEEP AND SEDATION PRACTICES IN THE ICU: A MULTINATIONAL SURVEY

Introduction Sleep disturbances are common in critically ill patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) with the potential for serious consequences and long-term effects on health outcomes and patient morbidity.
Objectives Our aim was to describe sleep management and sedation practices of adult ICUs in ten countries and to evaluate roles and responsibilities of the ICU staff in relation to key sleep and sedation decisions.
Methods A multicenter, self-administered survey sent to nurse managers of adult ICUs across 10 countries. The questionnaire comprised four domains: sleep characteristics of the critically ill; sleep and sedation practices; non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions used to improve sleep; and the autonomy and influence of nurses on sleeping practices in the ICU.
Results Overall response rate was 66% (range 32% UK to 100% Cyprus), providing data from 522 ICUs. In all countries, the most frequent patient characteristic perceived to identify sleep was lying quietly with closed eyes (N=409, 78%) (range 92% Denmark to 36% Italy). The most commonly used sedation scale was the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Score (RASS) (N=220, 42%) (range 81% UK to 0% Denmark, Cyprus where most ICUs used the Ramsay score). In most ICUs, selection of sleep medication (N=265, 51%) and assessment of effect (N=309, 59%) was performed by physicians and nurses based on collaborative discussion. In a minority of ICUs (N=161, 31%), decisions and assessments were made by physicians alone. The most commonly used (in all countries) non-pharmacological intervention to promote sleep was reducing ICU staff noise (N=473, 91%) (range 100% Denmark, Norway to 78% Canada). Only 95 ICUs (18%) used earplugs on a frequent basis (range 0% Greece, Cyprus, Denmark to 57% Sweden). Propofol was the drug used most commonly for sedation (N=359, 69%) (range 96% Sweden to 29% Canada). Chloral hydrate was used by only 63 (12%) ICUs (range 0% Greece, Cyprus, Denmark, Italy to 56% Germany). Sedation scales were used on a routine basis by 77% of the 522 ICUs. Participants scored nursing autonomy for sleep and sedation management as moderate; median score of 5 (scale of 0 to 10), range 7 (Canada, Greece, Sweden) to 4 (Norway, Poland). Nursing influence on sleep and sedation decisions was perceived considerable; median score 8, range 9 (Denmark) to 5 (Poland).
Conclusions We found considerable across country variation in sleep promotion and sedation management practices though most have adopted a sedation scale as recommended in professional society guidelines. Most ICUs in all countries used a range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to promote sleep. Most units reported inter-professional decision-making with nurses perceived to have substantial influence on sleep/sedation decisions.

L'émergence du paradigme de l’ “entreprise transfrontalière” dans le volet économique du discours eurorégional

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Étude d'impact des effets d'un programme de formation sur des étudiantes et étudiants universitaires intéressés à développer leur esprit d'entreprise

[…] Notre recherche aura pour principal intérêt ce second mode d'insertion professionnelle, soit; la création de son travail, communément appelée: l'entrepreneurship. Avant de vous présenter la problématique spécifique de notre étude, il faut voir ce que nous entendons par le terme entrepreneurship. La définition la plus souvent rattachée à celle d'entrepreneur fait état de l'aspect d'entreprise, de risque et d'investissement financier. Le Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961) définit l'entrepreneur comme: "an organizer of an economy venture, especially one who organizes, owns, manages, and assumes risk of a business". Funk and Wagnall's standard Dictionnary (1958) offre une définition similaire: "one who undertakes to start and conduct an entreprise or business, assuming full control and risk." Le dictionnaire Robert (1982) relie l'entrepreneur à "toute personne qui dirige une entreprise pour son propre compte et qui met en oeuvre les divers facteurs de la production en vue de vendre des produits ou des services..." Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous traiterons de l'insertion professionnelle par la création de son travail dans un sens beaucoup moins restrictif. La création de son travail englobe évidemment l'entrepreneurship mais également l'artisanship, le bénévolat, le travail contractuel, le travail à la pige, le travail en coopération, le travail subventionné, le travail à temps partiel ou régulier (Dodier, 1987). L'on peut même y rattacher le travail permanent en lien avec le concept d'intrapreneurship. […]

Un modèle organisationnel pour la formation sur mesure à l'entreprise au service de l'éducation des adultes du cégep de Rimouski

Dans le cadre de mes travaux d'un essai pour l'obtention de la maîtrise en administration scolaire, j'ai voulu réfléchir sur un problème auquel j'étais confronté comme coordonnateur du Service de l'éducation des adultes du cégep de Rimouski. Ce problème est le suivant: Quel est le modèle organisationnel qu'il faudrait mettre en place pour répondre le mieux possible en formation sur mesure auprès des entreprises? Les pages qui suivent tentent d'apporter une réponse à cette question.

Élaboration, expérimentation et évaluation d'un modèle de formation destiné aux formateurs en entreprise dans le cadre de l'alternance travail-études au niveau secondaire

Depuis 1988, le ministère de l'Emploi et de l'Immigration du Canada a mis à la disposition des commissions scolaires un programme d'aide à l'implantation de l'alternance travail-études. Comme le mentionne le Conseil supérieur de l'éducation (1992), seul un nombre restreint de projets expérimentaux a été réalisé dans le cadre de ce programme. La principale raison de la faible quantité de ces projets réside dans le manque d'outils d'application de ce programme. Dans le même sens, depuis septembre 1989, le ministère de l'Éducation du Québec (MEQ) a rendu obligatoire pour les commissions scolaires, la mise en place du programme des cheminements particuliers de formation au deuxième cycle du secondaire. Ce programme comporte trois catégories de cheminements, l'un d'entre eux visant à favoriser l'insertion sociale et professionnelle de jeunes de 16 ans et plus en difficulté d'apprentissage (ISPJ). À cette fin, le MEQ a prévu l'application d'un système d'alternance travail-études. Certaines commissions scolaires sont allées chercher une contribution supplémentaire, dans le programme d'intégration professionnelle du fédéral, joignant ainsi les deux programmes. L'implantation d'un système d'alternance, indépendamment des clientèles visées, exige une étroite collaboration entre le monde scolaire et le monde du travail. La contribution de ce dernier pourrait être améliorée si certains aspects étaient précisés, tels une meilleure définition des rôles des parties impliquées, une plus grande reconnaissance de part et d'autre des types de contributions originales des deux milieux ainsi qu'une meilleure compréhension des cultures de deux milieux. Afin de préciser le rôle de formation de l'entreprise, cette recherche se propose d'élaborer et d'expérimenter un modèle de formation propre à l'entreprise dans le cadre du programme d'alternance travail-études, donc de la formation en entreprise. Dans cette perspective, notre recherche se préoccupera plus particulièrement du processus de formation dans l'action.

Le secteur informel, micro-entreprise et philosophie coopérative

Le présent document constitue une réflexion sur de nouvelles avenues d'une philosophie coopérative, tablant sur le potentiel du secteur informel par le biais du développement des micro-entreprises. La connaissance des lois de fonctionnement du secteur informel jettera une compréhension plus nuancée sur le rôle de la micro-entreprise dans les pays en voie de développement et son aptitude à s'articuler autour du mode coopératif comme agent socio-économique. Cette réflexion se veut le prolongement de la réorientation de politique du Ministère des relations extérieures que Mme Monique Vézina annonça le 13 juin '86. "On ne peut pas faire de l'aide au développement international sans passer par la base." et "...Le maître d'œuvre de tout projet de développement sur le terrain, c'est le conseil du village, le paysan, ou le petit entrepreneur. Notre philosophie s'appuie sur le dynamisme des populations

La démocratie en entreprise et propriété financière

Cet article se veut une exploration du concept de propriété dans la pensée républicaine. Il sera question d’aborder notre réflexion avec la définition de la propriété de John Christmann, ce qui nous permettra de faire ressortir des nuances importantes dans le concept d'autonomie, notamment la nécessité, pour son existence, d'un certain contrôle. Nous verrons que le républicanisme, en insistant sur l'importance du contrôle comme élément fondamental à la liberté, offre un outil important pour le design des institutions économiques.