Digoxin serum levels in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy and heart failure

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine digoxin serum concentrations in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy with chronic heart failure, because little is known concerning this laboratory test in patients with this condition. METHODS: This study focuses on 29 (29%) out of 101 patients with chronic heart failure secondary to Chagas' cardiomyopathy receiving digoxin therapy. Digoxin was measured by the immune-enzymatic method. RESULTS: New York Heart Association Functional Class III/IV was noted in 13 (45%) patients. The mean potassium serum level was 4.3± 0.5mEq/L, mean creatinine serum levels 1.4± 0.3dg/100ml, and left ventricular ejection fraction 34.7± 13.8%. The median digoxin serum level was 1.27 (0.55; 1.79)ng/ml. Sixteen (55%) patients had digoxin serum levels higher than 1.0ng/ml. Abnormal digoxin serum levels were verified in 13 (45%) patients. Digoxin serum levels correlated moderately with creatinine serum levels (r = 0.39; p< 0.03) and negatively with sodium serum levels (r= -0.38; p= 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Digoxin serum concentration should be measured in patients with Chagas' cardiomyopathy with chronic heart failure receiving digoxin therapy due to the potential for digoxin toxicity.

Prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies and inflammatory markers in uncompensated heart failure

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) represents the final stage of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CChC). The diagnosis of CChC is based on the demonstration of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies (aTcAg) and clinical and epidemiological data. In Venezuela, there are no data about the prevalence of chagasic HF. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiological, clinical, and inflammatory risk factors associated with seronegative or seropositive HF patients. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study in the Venezuelan central-west states among a healthy rural population and in patients admitted to the emergency room with uncompensated HF. RESULTS: The seroprevalence rates of Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies were 11.2% and 40.1% in the healthy population and in HF patients, respectively. Seropositivity in healthy individuals was associated with age, knowledge on triatomine vectors, and having seen wild reservoirs in the house; in HF patients, with contact with the vector and previous clinical diagnosis of Chagas' disease; and in both groups taken together, with age, knowledge on triatomines, and HF. Seropositive patients had prolonged QRS, decreased ejection fraction, and high serum magnesium, all significant as compared with HF seronegative cases. Left atrium enlargement and ventricular hypertrophy were most frequently observed in HF seronegative patients. CRP, IL6, ILβ1, IL2, and FNTα were elevated in 94.5%, 48%, 17.8%, 13.7%, and 6.9% of HF patients, respectively, but only IL2 levels were associated with chagasic HF. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of aTcAg in HF patients from the central-west region of Venezuela, and their epidemiological, clinical, and inflammatory features are discreetly different as compared with those of seronegative cases.

Is autonomic function associated with left ventricular systolic function in Chagas heart disease patients undergoing treatment for heart failure?

Introduction The association between cardiac autonomic and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in Chagas disease (ChD) is controversial. Methods A standardized protocol that includes the Valsalva maneuver, a respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) test, and an echocardiographic examination was used. Spearman correlation coefficients (rho) were used to investigate associations. Results The study population consisted of 118 ChD patients undergoing current medical treatment, with an average LV ejection fraction of 51.4±2.6%. The LV ejection fraction and diastolic dimension were correlated with the Valsalva index (rho=0.358, p<0.001 and rho=-0.266, p=0.004, respectively) and the RSA (rho=0.391, p<0.001 and rho=-0.311, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusions The impairment of LV function is directly associated with a reduction of cardiac autonomic modulation in ChD.

Causes of hospital admission of AIDS patients in southern Brazil, 2007 to 2012

IntroductionThe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic is a worldwide phenomenon that has been modified with the implementation of effective antiretroviral therapy. The objective of this study was to determine the leading causes of hospitalization among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals.MethodsA cross-sectional study with patients admitted to a general hospital in southern Brazil, between January 2007 and May 2012.ResultsMedical records of 550 hospital admissions (230 patients) were reviewed, with an average of 2.4 hospitalizations per patient. Infectious diseases were the most prevalent causes of hospitalization. Overall, 44.8% patients died and their deaths were associated with longer hospital stays.ConclusionsOpportunistic infections remained the leading causes of hospitalization.

An unusual case of heart failure due to Plasmodium vivax infection with a favorable outcome

Although malaria is one of the oldest types of parasitic infection, we have recently witnessed substantial changes in the outcome of malarial infections. Severe Plasmodium vivax infections have recently become more frequent, and are occasionally associated with fatal outcomes. Cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial failure have also been reported, typically in association with Plasmodium falciparum infections. We report a case of myocarditis and heart failure, due to Plasmodium vivaxinfection, along with the favorable outcome.

Clinical update on scorpion envenoming

Abstract: Scorpion stings are currently the leading cause of venom-related injury to humans in Brazil and are a significant public health problem globally. Only scorpions of the Tityus genus are of medical importance in Brazil, and Tityus serrulatus is responsible for the most serious envenomations and deaths. The toxic effects of scorpion envenomation are due to a massive release of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurotransmitters; the severity is related to cardiac and hemodynamic changes, with cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema contributing to the main causes of death. The pathophysiology of cardiac involvement has been discussed for decades and has been attributed to adrenergic discharge and a possible toxic effect of venom on the myocardium, while acute pulmonary edema may have a cardiogenic and/or non-cardiogenic origin. Currently, the clinical data point to catecholamine excess as the cause for reversible scorpion cardiomyopathy . These data include electrocardiographic changes, profiling of cardiac enzymes and troponin I, echocardiographic data with global or regional left ventricle dysfunction, and myocardial perfusion alterations compatible with spasm in the coronary microcirculation. Furthermore, recent data on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings, which are similar to those observed for stress-induced cardiomyopathy, have also been linked to catecholamine excess. The efficiency of antivenom serum treatment is controversial in the literature. Our experience in Brazil is that the management of patients with systemic manifestations of scorpion stings is based on three approaches, all of which are extremely important. These include symptomatic treatment, antivenom serum, and cardiorespiratory support.

Acute renal failure due to abdominal compartment syndrome: report on four cases and literature review

We report on 4 cases of abdominal compartment syndrome complicated by acute renal failure that were promptly reversed by different abdominal decompression methods. Case 1: A 57-year-old obese woman in the post-operative period after giant incisional hernia correction with an intra-abdominal pressure of 24 mm Hg. She was sedated and curarized, and the intra-abdominal pressure fell to 15 mm Hg. Case 2: A 73-year-old woman with acute inflammatory abdomen was undergoing exploratory laparotomy when a hypertensive pneumoperitoneum was noticed. During the surgery, enhancement of urinary output was observed. Case 3: An 18-year-old man who underwent hepatectomy and developed coagulopathy and hepatic bleeding that required abdominal packing, developed oliguria with a transvesical intra-abdominal pressure of 22 mm Hg. During reoperation, the compresses were removed with a prompt improvement in urinary flow. Case 4: A 46-year-old man with hepatic cirrhosis was admitted after incisional hernia repair with intra-abdominal pressure of 16 mm Hg. After paracentesis, the intra-abdominal pressure fell to 11 mm Hg.

Measuring male infertility: epidemiological aspects

Evidence suggests that human semen quality may have been deteriorating in recent years. Most of the evidence is retrospective, based on analysis of data sets collected for other purposes. Measures of male infertility are needed if we want to monitor the biological capacity for males to reproduce over time or between different populations. We also need these measures in analytical epidemiology if we want to identify risk indicators, risk factors, or even causes of an impaired male fecundity-that is, the male component in the biological ability to reproduce. The most direct evaluation of fecundity is to measure the time it takes to conceive. Since the time of conception may be missed in the case of an early abortion, time to get pregnant is often measured as the time it takes to obtain a conception that survives until a clinically recognized pregnancy or even a pregnancy that ends with a live born child occurs. A prolonged time required to produce pregnancy may therefore be due to a failure to conceive or a failure to maintain a pregnancy until clinical recognition. Studies that focus on quantitative changes in fecundity (that does not cause sterility) should in principle be possible in a pregnancy sample. The most important limitation in fertility studies is that the design requires equal persistency in trying to become pregnant and rather similar fertility desires and family planning methods in the groups to be compared. This design is probably achievable in exposure studies that make comparisons with reasonable comparable groups concerning social conditions and use of contraceptive methods.

Causes of low vision and use of optical aids in the elderly

PURPOSE: To determine the causes of low vision in an elderly population attended by a university visual rehabilitation service and to check for the use of prescribed optical aids. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was carried out on patients aged 60 years or over attending for the first time a university low vision service in 2001. Ophthalmic reevaluation and interview were performed by means of a structured questionnaire in 2002. RESULTS: The sample comprised 50 subjects aged between 60 and 90 years. Severe low vision (<20/200) was present in 68.0% of patients. The main cause of low vision was age-related macular degeneration (44.0%). Regarding literacy, 16.0% were illiterate and 72.0% had completed fundamental schooling. Thirty-one patients (62.0%) had been prescribed optical aids; 54.8% of these patients stated that they use them. A majority (70.6%) held a favorable opinion of these aids. CONCLUSIONS: The main cause of low vision was age-related macular degeneration. Approximately half of those receiving prescriptions reported actually using the aids in their daily activities. Making best use of residual vision in the elderly population with visual impairment is a priority, given the social context, if the independence necessary for enhanced quality of life is to be achieved.

Princípios de terapêutica antibiótica na doença crítica

RESUMO: A infeção é frequente durante a doença crítica, quer como causa da doença crítica quer como complicação da sua evolução. Paradoxalmente, os avanços da medicina moderna aumentaram eles próprios o risco de infeção, ao permitir a sobrevida até idades avançadas, ao criar um novo grupo de doentes imunodeprimidos, nomeadamente doentes tratados com fármacos que interferem com as suas defesas naturais (corticóides, citostáticos), ao aumentar o tempo de vida de hospedeiros com comorbilidades debilitantes. Os antibióticos são um dos elos essenciais no tratamento da infeção. Contudo o seu uso também promove a seleção e crescimento de bactérias resistentes. Para além disso as doses convencionais de antibióticos foram selecionadas numa altura em que a resistência era um fenómeno raro e podem não ser atualmente as mais adequadas. Existe hoje muita evidência acumulada que os doentes críticos sofrem alterações da sua farmacocinética (PK) que podem facilitar a ocorrência de falência terapêutica ou de toxicidade tanto por sub como por sobredosagem de antibióticos. Essas alterações são complexas e difíceis de estudar. Finalmente, também a farmacodinâmica (PD) dos antibióticos pode estar alterada nesta população, podendo haver necessidade de ajustar os alvos terapêuticos de forma individual. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a relação entre a terapêutica antibiótica, as suas características PK e PD, a carga bacteriana e o prognóstico dos doentes críticos. O plano de investigação incluiu: 1. Dados da epidemiologia portuguesa de doentes críticos com infeção; 2. Avaliação da relação entre a carga bacteriana, o tempo até ao início do tratamento antibiótico e o prognóstico dos doentes críticos; 3. Avaliação da evolução da PK durante o tratamento da infeção; 4. Um estudo multicêntrico para avaliação da eficácia da terapêutica com um β- lactâmico doseado de acordo com a relação PK/PD. Na introdução é descrita a importância dos antibióticos, a sua origem e o problema crescente das resistências bacterianas relacionadas com o seu emprego e abuso. É salientada a importância de racionalizar a posologia, de acordo com os conceitos de PK e de PD. No Capítulo 1 são apresentados dados de epidemiologia portuguesa de infeção em doentes críticos, sobretudo retirados de dois estudos prospetivos, observacionais, os quais incluíram mais de 50% da capacidade de internamento em cuidados intensivos existente em Portugal. No Capítulo 2 são descritos os conceitos de PK e as suas alterações nos doentes críticos. De seguida são revistos os conceitos de PD de antibióticos e a sua aplicação a esta população, em particular durante as infeções graves (Capítulo 3). Nos capítulos seguintes são aprofundadas estas alterações da PK nos doentes críticos e as suas causas, de forma a destacar a importância da monitorização da concentração dos antibióticos. São apresentados os dados duma revisão sistemática de PK de antibóticos nesta população (Capítulo 4), pormenorizadas as alterações da PD que comprometem a eficácia da terapêutica antibiótica, facilitam o desenvolvimento de resistências e podem levar a falência terapêutica (Capítulo 5). Consequentemente a compreensão global destas alterações, da sua relevância clínica e a revisão da evidência disponível facilitou o desenvolvimento do próprio plano global de investigação (Capítulos 6 e 7). No Capítulo 6.1 são descritos os antibióticos tempo-dependente e a importância de aumentar o seu tempo de perfusão. Foi desenhado um estudo multicêntrico para comparar a eficácia e segurança da perfusão contínua da piperacilina tazobactam (um antibiótico β-lactâmico associado a um inibidor de β-lactamases) com a mesma dose do antibiótico, administrado em dose convencional, intermitente. A importância de dosear corretamente os antibióticos concentração-dependente foi também avaliada num estudo a primeira dose dos aminoglicosídeos (Capítulo 6.2). Outras estratégias para melhorar os resultados assistenciais dos doentes infetados são abordadas no Capítulo 7, em particular a importância da terapêutica antibiótica precoce, a avaliação da carga bacteriana e a compreensão da variação da PK ao longo do tratamento da infeção. Foi desenvolvido um algoritmo de abordagem terapêutica que incluiu estas alterações da PK e da PD nos doentes críticos. Finalmente no Capítulo 8 são descritos mecanismos de desenvolvimento das resistências bacterianas bem como estratégias para a sua abordagem. O Capítulo final (Capítulo 9) aponta um plano para futuras áreas de trabalho. O elemento chave identificado neste trabalho de investigação é o reconhecimento da variabilidade significativa da PK dos antibióticos durante a doença crítica, a qual condiciona a sua posologia. Estas alterações estão relacionadas com a própria gravidade da doença e tendem a diminuir ao longo do seu tratamento. No entanto nem a gravidade da doença nem as características individuais as permitem prever de forma aceitável pelo que a utilização duma posologia universal, independente da situação clínica concreta, pode ser inadequada. As estratégias para melhorar os resultados assistenciais dos doentes críticos infetados devem ser baseadas na individualização da posologia antibiótica de acordo com os princípios da PK e da PD, preferencialmente apoiadas em doseamentos da sua concentração. ------------------------------------ ABSTRACT: Infection commonly occurred during critical illness, either as a cause or complicating the course of the disease. Advances in medicine had paradoxically increase the risk of infection, both by improving survival to older ages and by introducing a new group of immunosuppressed patients, those who are treated with drugs that interfere with their natural defenses (corticosteroids, cytostatics) and those who survived longer with aggressive diseases. Antibiotics are of paramount importance for treating infection. However the use of these drugs also promote the selection and growth of resistant bacteria. Furthermore conventional antibiotic doses were calculated for less severe patients during a time when resistance was rare. Nowadays there is increasing evidence that critically ill patients experiment altered pharmacokinetics (PK) that may lead to therapeutic failure and/or drug toxicity. Equally, such PK alterations are complex and challenging to investigate. Finally pharmacodynamics (PD) may also be different in this population and antibiotic targets may need to be tailored to the individual patient. The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between antibiotic therapy, its PK and PD, bacterial burden and critically ill patients outcomes. The research plan comprised of: 1. Epidemiological portuguese data of critically ill infected patients; 2. Relationship between burden of bacteria, time until the start of antibiotics and patient outcomes; 3. Evaluation of PK during treatment of infection; 4. A multicentre study evaluating PK guided β-lactam therapy. The introductory chapter outlines the importance of antibiotics, its origins, the problem of increasing bacteria resistance, related to its use and overuse and the importance of rational drug dosing using PK and PD concepts. In Chapter 1 portuguese epidemiological data of infections in critically ill patients is presented, mostly coming from two prospective observational studies, encompassing more than 50% of critically ill beds available in Portugal. Chapter 2 describes the concepts of PK and the changes occurring in critically ill patients. This is followed by a review of the concepts of PD of antibiotics and its application to this population, especially during severe infections (Chapter 3). In the following chapter these changes in antibiotics PK in critical illness are and its causes are detailed, to outline the importance of therapeutic drug monitoring. Data on a systematic review of antibiotics PK in those patients is provided (Chapter 4). The following chapter (Chapter 5) elucidates important changes in PD, that compromises antibiotic therapy, facilitate the occurrence of resistance and may lead to therapeutic failure. Thus, an understanding of the clinical problem and available evidence facilitated the development of a comprehensive research plan (Chapter 6 and Chapter 7). Chapter 6.1 describes time-dependent antibiotics and the importance of extending its perfusion time. A multicenter study was designed to compare the continuous infusion of piperacillin tazobactam (a β-lactam antibiotic) with the same daily dose, prescribed in a conventional, intermittent dose. The importance of correct dosing of antibiotics was also assessed through a study addressing aminoglycoside (a concentration-dependent antibiotic) therapy (Chapter 6.2), focusing on its first dose. Strategies to improve severe infected patients outcomes were addressed in Chapter 7, namely the importance of early antibiotic therapy, assessing the burden of bacteria and understanding changes in antibiotic concentration during the course of infection. An algorithm to include all the described changes in both PK and PD of critically ill patients was developed. Finally in Chapter 8 mechanisms of the increasing resistance of bacteria are described and strategies to address that problem are proposed. The closing chapter (Chapter 9) lays a roadmap for future work. The key finding of this research is the significant variability of the antibiotics PK during critical illness, which makes dosing a challenging issue. These changes are related to the severity of the infection itself and improve through the course of the disease. However neither disease severity nor individual characteristics are useful to predict PK changes. Therefore, the use of a universal dose approach, regardless of the individual patient, may not be the best approach. Strategies to improve patients’ outcomes should be based on tailoring antibiotics to the individual patient, according to PK and PD principles, preferentially supported by therapeutic drug monitoring.

Corporate governance failure at PT

The following case study depicts the bitter transfiguration of Portugal Telecom, SGPS (PT), a multinational telecommunications company that was once an honourable flag of innovation, corporate governance standards in Portugal and overseas. It scrutinises the controversial episodes that paved the way for the pitiful condition in which PT is nowadays: a company that carries the weight of a ruinous €897 million investment in a defaulted company and no more than a 25.6% stake in a heavily indebted Brazilian carrier. The free-fall is made, ironically, of a complete disregard for best corporate governance practices, allowing for PT’s major shareholders to take over the helm of the company, using it selfishly as a cash cow.

A onda de calor de Agosto de 2003 e os seus efeitos sobre a mortalidade da população portuguesa

RESUMO - Portugal continental, como outros países europeus, foi afectado por uma onda de calor de grande intensidade no Verão de 2003, com efeitos na mortalidade da população. O excesso de óbitos associados à onda de calor foi estimado pela comparação do número de óbitos observados entre 30 de Julho e 15 de Agosto de 2003 e o número de óbitos esperados se a população tivesse estado exposta às taxas de mortalidade médias do biénio 2000-2001 no respectivo período homólogo. Os óbitos esperados foram calculados com ajustamento para a idade. O número de óbitos observados (O) foi superior ao número esperado (E) em todos os dias do período estudado e o seu excesso global foi estimado em 1953 óbitos (excesso relativo de 43%), dos quais 1317 (61%) ocorreram no sexo feminino e 1742 no grupo de 75 e + anos (89%). A nível distrital, Portalegre teve o maior aumento relativo do número de óbitos (+89%) e Aveiro o menor (+18%). Numa área geográfica contínua do interior do território (Guarda, Castelo Branco, Portalegre e Évora) houve aumentos relativos superiores a 80%. Em termos absolutos, o maior excesso de óbitos ocorreu no distrito de Lisboa (mais cerca de 396) e no do Porto (mais cerca de 183). As causas de morte «golpe de calor» e «desidratação e outros distúrbios metabólicos» tiveram os aumentos relativos mais elevados (razões O/E de, respectivamente, 70 e 8,65). Os maiores aumentos absolutos do número de óbitos ocorreram no grupo das «doenças do aparelho circulatório» (mais 758), nas «doenças do aparelho respiratório» (mais 255) e no conjunto de «todas as neoplasias malignas» (mais 131). No período da onda de calor e no período de comparação, a percentagem dos óbitos que ocorreu nos hospitais (52% e 56%), no domicílio (32 e 33%) e em «outros locais» foi semelhante. A discussão sobre os factores que condicionaram a obtenção dos valores apresentados, relativos ao excesso de óbitos por sexo, grupo etário, distrito, causa e local da morte, permite concluir que os mesmos se afiguram adequados para medir a ordem de grandeza e caracterizar o efeito da onda de calor na mortalidade. O erro aleatório, medido pelos intervalos de confiança, e alguns possíveis erros sistemáticos associados ao período de comparação escolhido não deverão afectar de modo relevante as estimativas.

Fatigue life assessment of endodontic instruments subjected to multi planar curvature

This present study aimed to investigate the fatigue life of unused (new) endodontic instruments made of NiTi with control memory by Coltene™ and subjected to the multi curvature of a mandibular first molar root canal. Additionally, the instrument‟s structural behaviour was analysed through non-linear finite element analysis (FEA). The fatigue life of twelve Hyflex™ CM files was assessed while were forced to adopt a stance with multiple radius of curvature, similar to the ones usually found in a mandibular first molar root canal; nine of them were subjected to Pecking motion, a relative movement of axial type. To achieve this, it was designed an experimental setup with the aim of timing the instruments until fracture while worked inside a stainless steel mandibular first molar model with relative axial motion to simulate the pecking motion. Additionally, the model‟s root canal multi-curvature was confirmed by radiography. The non-linear finite element analysis was conducted using the computer aided design software package SolidWorks™ Simulation, in order to define the imposed displacement required by the FEA, it was necessary to model an endodontic instrument with simplified geometry using SolidWorks™ and subsequently analyse the geometry of the root canal CAD model. The experimental results shown that the instruments subjected to pecking motion displayed higher fatigue life values and higher lengths of fractured tips than those with only rotational relative movement. The finite element non-linear analyses shown, for identical conditions, maximum values for the first principal stress lower than the yield strength of the material and those were located in similar positions to the instrument‟s fracture location determined by the experimental testing results.

How to reduce the causes of call center contact by implementing web self-service at Sonae MC?

This project aims to provide feasible solutions to improve customer´s Help Area at Continente Online. The goal is to increase satisfaction and loyalty by reducing the main causes that lead customers to appeal to Call Center or abandon the website. The pursued solution is the implementation of Web Self-Service and the vision taken is focused not only on providing customers basic help tools but also innovate with international best practices to sustain Sonae MC´s present and future market leader position. Customer´s feedback, costs and impact are taken in consideration to find the best fit for the company.

Exploring the use of HPFRC and GFRP grids for the production of manhole covers

Corrosion of the steel reinforced concrete elements is one of the common pathologies that limits the long-term performance of urban infrastructures. This problem causes the loss of structural serviceability by decreasing the concrete-steel bond strength and reducing the cross section of the reinforcements. The present study introduces a new system for developing free-corrosion resistance prefabricated manhole covers for applications in the aggressive environments, i.e. wastewater collector systems, sewer systems, stormwater systems, etc. Fibre reinforced cement composites were applied in this system in order to suppress the corrodible steel mesh and maintain the structural ductility as well. Application of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) system is adopted as the additional solution for increasing the load carrying capacity of these elements without concerns about corrosion. The effectiveness of the applied strategy in developing the manhole covers in terms of load carrying capacity and failure mode is evaluated in this research. Furthermore, this paper discusses a FEM-based simulation, aiming to address the possibility of calibrating the constitutive model parameters related to fracture modes I and II.