988 resultados para Empirical qualitative
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The preceding two editions of CoDaWork included talks on the possible considerationof densities as infinite compositions: Egozcue and D´ıaz-Barrero (2003) extended theEuclidean structure of the simplex to a Hilbert space structure of the set of densitieswithin a bounded interval, and van den Boogaart (2005) generalized this to the setof densities bounded by an arbitrary reference density. From the many variations ofthe Hilbert structures available, we work with three cases. For bounded variables, abasis derived from Legendre polynomials is used. For variables with a lower bound, westandardize them with respect to an exponential distribution and express their densitiesas coordinates in a basis derived from Laguerre polynomials. Finally, for unboundedvariables, a normal distribution is used as reference, and coordinates are obtained withrespect to a Hermite-polynomials-based basis.To get the coordinates, several approaches can be considered. A numerical accuracyproblem occurs if one estimates the coordinates directly by using discretized scalarproducts. Thus we propose to use a weighted linear regression approach, where all k-order polynomials are used as predictand variables and weights are proportional to thereference density. Finally, for the case of 2-order Hermite polinomials (normal reference)and 1-order Laguerre polinomials (exponential), one can also derive the coordinatesfrom their relationships to the classical mean and variance.Apart of these theoretical issues, this contribution focuses on the application of thistheory to two main problems in sedimentary geology: the comparison of several grainsize distributions, and the comparison among different rocks of the empirical distribution of a property measured on a batch of individual grains from the same rock orsediment, like their composition
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Background: Transplantation improves quality of life (kidney transplantation), and saves lives (heart, lung or liver transplantation), but few qualitative studies have explored existential questionings before transplantation. Methods: In this phenomenological qualitative study, patients registered for kidney (n¼30), liver (n¼11), lung (n¼15), or heart (n¼15) transplantation participated in a semi-structured interview. Findings: The following aspects were discussed: The dilemma of choice, the evaluation process, the endorsement of the ''good candidate's role'', the modification of objects, time and space perception, the co-existence of life and death, and the challenge of the body integrity and of the person's identity. Transplantation generates paradoxical situations, and challenges the person's life values. Discussion: Anxiety and distress may arise with awareness of existential questionings and the co-existence different worlds' life values. Transplantation further generates a broader societal and ethical debate as how to accompany existential questionings in a pragmatic medical environment.
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Teaching and research are organised differently between subject domains: attempts to construct typologies of higher education institutions, however, often do not include quantitative indicators concerning subject mix which would allow systematic comparisons of large numbers of higher education institutions among different countries, as the availability of data for such indicators is limited. In this paper, we present an exploratory approach for the construction of such indicators. The database constructed in the AQUAMETH project, which includes also data disaggregated at the disciplinary level, is explored with the aim of understanding patterns of subject mix. For six European countries, an exploratory and descriptive analysis of staff composition divided in four large domains (medical sciences, engineering and technology, natural sciences and social sciences and humanities) is performed, which leads to a classification distinguishing between specialist and generalist institutions. Among the latter, a further distinction is made based on the presence or absence of a medical department. Preliminary exploration of this classification and its comparison with other indicators show the influence of long term dynamics on the subject mix of individual higher education institutions, but also underline disciplinary differences, for example regarding student to staff ratios, as well as national patterns, for example regarding the number of PhD degrees per 100 undergraduate students. Despite its many limitations, this exploratory approach allows defining a classification of higher education institutions that accounts for a large share of differences between the analysed higher education institutions.
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Supervisory systems evolution makes the obtaining of significant information from processes more important in the way that the supervision systems' particular tasks are simplified. So, having signal treatment tools capable of obtaining elaborate information from the process data is important. In this paper, a tool that obtains qualitative data about the trends and oscillation of signals is presented. An application of this tool is presented as well. In this case, the tool, implemented in a computer-aided control systems design (CACSD) environment, is used in order to give to an expert system for fault detection in a laboratory plant
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Hip or knee arthroplasty is proposed after osteoarthritis or an accident. It is decided after a long path of pain and decrease in the quality of life. This research explores the period of illness until surgery. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted one month before surgery and a thematic discourse analysis performed. The diversity and complexity of the patient experience, in a commonly performed surgical intervention underlines important topics, requiring attention in order to improve patient preparations and information prior to arthroplasty: information adapted to individual concerns, needs and representations. Psychological and physical acceptance is necessary for integration of the prosthesis.
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Purpose: Collaboration and interprofessional practices are highly valued in health systems everywhere, partly based on the rationale that they improve outcomes of care for people with complex health problems, such as low back pain. Research in the area of low back pain also supports the involvement of different health professionals in the interventions for people who present this condition. The aim of this studywas to identify factors influencing the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists working in private settings with people with low back pain. Relevance: Physiotherapists, like other health professionals, are encouraged to engage in interprofessional practices in their dailywork. However, to date, very little is known of their interprofessional practices, especially in private settings. Understanding physiotherapists' interprofessional practices and their influencing factors will notably advance knowledge relating to the organisation of physiotherapy services for people with low back pain. Participants: Participants in this study were 13 physiotherapists including 10 women and 3 men, having between 3 and 22 years of professional experience, and working in one of 10 regions of the Province of Quebec (Canada). In order to obtain maximal variation in the perspectives, participants were selected using a recruitment matrix including three criteria: duration of professional experience, work location, and physical proximity with other professionals. Methods: Thiswas a descriptive qualitative study using faceto- face semi-structured interviews as the main method of data collection. An interview guide was developed based on an evidence-derived frame of reference. Each interview lasted between 55 and 95 minutes and was transcribed verbatim. Analysis: Qualitative analyses took the form of content analysis, encompassing data coding and general thematic regrouping. NVivo version 8 was used to assist data organisation and analysis. Results: Multiple factors influencing the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists were identified. The main factors include the consulting person's health condition, the extent of knowledge on health professionals' roles and fields of practice, the proximity and availability of professional resources, as well as daily work schedules. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the influence of multiple factors on physiotherapists' interprofessional practices, including professional practice and organisational issues. However, further research on the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists is still required. Research priorities targeting the views of other health professionals, as well as those of services users, would enhance our comprehension of interprofessional practices of physiotherapists. Implications: This study provides new insights that improve our understanding of the interprofessional practices of physiotherapists working in private settings with people with low back pain, more specifically on the factors influencing these practices. Based on our findings, implementing changes such as improving current and future health professionals' knowledge of the fields and roles of other health professionals through training may contribute to positively influencing interprofessional practices. Keywords: Interprofessional practices; Private practice; Low back pain Funding acknowledgements: This research was supported in part by a B.E. Schnurr Memorial Fund Research Grant administered by the Physiotherapy Foundation of Canada, as well as from a clinical research partnership in physiotherapy between the Quebec Rehabilitation Research Network (REPAR) and the Ordre professionnel de la physiothérapie du Québec (OPPQ). KP received doctoral-level scholarships from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) and the Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST). CE Dionne is a FRSQ senior Research Scholar. Ethics approval: This project was approved by the ethics research committee of the Institut de réadaptation en déficience physique de Québec.
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Owing to increasing resistance and the limited arsenal of new antibiotics, especially against Gram-negative pathogens, carefully designed antibiotic regimens are obligatory for febrile neutropenic patients, along with effective infection control. The Expert Group of the 4(th) European Conference on Infections in Leukemia has developed guidelines for initial empirical therapy in febrile neutropenic patients, based on: i) the local resistance epidemiology; and ii) the patient's risk factors for resistant bacteria and for a complicated clinical course. An 'escalation' approach, avoiding empirical carbapenems and combinations, should be employed in patients without particular risk factors. A 'de-escalation' approach, with initial broad-spectrum antibiotics or combinations, should be used only in those patients with: i) known prior colonization or infection with resistant pathogens; or ii) complicated presentation; or iii) in centers where resistant pathogens are prevalent at the onset of febrile neutropenia. In the latter case, infection control and antibiotic stewardship also need urgent review. Modification of the initial regimen at 72-96 h should be based on the patient's clinical course and the microbiological results. Discontinuation of antibiotics after 72 h or later should be considered in neutropenic patients with fever of unknown origin who are hemodynamically stable since presentation and afebrile for at least 48 h, irrespective of neutrophil count and expected duration of neutropenia. This strategy aims to minimize the collateral damage associated with antibiotic overuse, and the further selection of resistance.
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BACKGROUND Several questionnaires have been used to measure health related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with psoriasis, few have been adapted for use in Spain; none of them was developed specifically for the Spanish population. The purpose of the study was to validate and assess the sensitivity to change of a new questionnaire to measure HRQOL in patients with psoriasis (PSO-LIFE). METHODS Observational, prospective, multicenter study performed in centers around Spain. Patients with active or inactive psoriasis completed the PSO-LIFE together with other Dermatology Quality of Life Index (DLQI) and Psoriasis Disability Index (PDI). A control group of patients with urticaria or atopic dermatitis was also included. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the PSO-LIFE were assessed by calculating Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Validity was assessed by examining factorial structure, the capacity to discriminate between groups, and correlations with other measures. Sensitivity to change was measured using effect sizes. RESULTS The final sample included for analysis consisted of 304 patients and 56 controls. Mean (SD) age of psoriasis patients was 45.3 (14.5) years compared to 38.8 (14) years for controls (p < 0.01). Cronbach's alpha for the PSO-LIFE was 0.95 and test-retest reliability using the ICC was 0.98. Factor analysis showed the questionnaire to be unidimensional. Mean (SD) PSO-LIFE scores differed between patients with psoriasis and controls (64.9 [22.5] vs 69.4 [17.3]; p < 0.05), between those with active and inactive disease (57.4 [20.4] vs 76.4 [20.6]; p < 0.01), and between those with visible and non-visible lesions (63.0 [21.9] vs. 74.8 [23.9]; p < 0.01). The correlation between PSO-LIFE and PASI scores was moderate (r = -0.43) while correlations with DLQI and PDI dimensions ranged from moderate to high (between 0.4 and 0.8). Effect size on the PSO-LIFE in patients reporting 'much improved' health status at study completion was 1.01 (large effect size). CONCLUSIONS The present results provide substantial support for the reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the PSO-LIFE questionnaire in the population for which it was designed.
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RESUMELes troubles des conduites alimentaires atypiques (TCAA) représentent une catégorie diagnostique émergente, relativement peu décrite. Ils regroupent des tableaux cliniques ne satisfaisant pas entièrement aux critères des troubles alimentaires typiques anorexie et boulimie. Désignés par le terme de EDNOS' dans le DSM-IV2 (American Psychiatrie Association, 1994), ils sont appelés troubles atypiques dans la CIM-103 (World Health Organization, 1993).Les TCAA représentent la majorité des demandes dans les consultations pour troubles alimentaires, concernent une grande proportion de la population non-consultante et constituent un enjeu de santé publique prioritaire.Cette étude se penche sur le parcours de 24 jeunes filles présentant de tels troubles, qui ont été suivies dans le cadre d'un groupe thérapeutique à l'UMSA (Unité Multidisciplinaire de Santé des Adolescents, CHUV, Lausanne). Elle a pour but de mieux connaître ces troubles alimentaires atypiques.Deux axes de questions de recherche organisent ce travail: le premier, orienté autour du trouble alimentaire atypique, de sa définition (avec les questions de classification diagnostique) et de son évolution (avec les questions de passages d'une catégorie à une autre), le second autour du groupe thérapeutique, de son utilité et de ses indications.1. Résultats cliniquesLes résultats de l'analyse thématique décrivent un trouble important, qui induit une souffrance plus intense que ne tendraient à le laisser penser la relative banalité de la présentation clinique en comparaison des troubles typiques ainsi que la catégorisation en tant que troubles résiduels. Des moyens compensatoires -qui visent au maintien d'un poids stable en dépit des crises alimentaires ainsi qu'à la perte de poids, soit par des méthodes non-purgatives (restrictions massives, diètes, jeûnes, pratique du sport à outrance), soit par des méthodes purgatives (vomissements auto-induits, usage de laxatifs, diurétiques) - sont présents chez 15 participantes, sous forme de vomissements chez 6 d'entre elles. Seize participantes ont présenté des troubles des menstruations. Des difficultés de la lignée anxio-dépressive sont relevées chez la moitié des participantes, alliées à un perfectionnisme important. L'estime de soi apparaît globalement basse, excessivement influencée par l'insatisfaction attachée au poids et aux formes corporelles. L'analyse fait clairement apparaître le lien complexe unissant les attitudes face à l'alimentation et le désir de maigrir aux crises de frénésie alimentaire. Les crises permettent aux patientes de moduler leurs émotions, tant .positives que négatives. Le vécu de la maladie et des préoccupations pour le corps et l'alimentation semble généralisable. et «transcatégorique», bien que les troubles alimentaires de l'ordre de l'anorexie atypique restrictive, du fait de l'absence de crises de frénésie, semblent appartenir à un registre différent des troubles avec perte de contrôle sur l'alimentation et crises, notamment en termes d'implications dans la vie quotidienne.Lorsque les participantes sont revues (au minimum un an après la sortie du groupe thérapeutique), 15 d'entre elles sont indemnes de tout symptôme, 5 présentent encore un TCAA type boulimie atypique, et 4 ont parfois des crises résiduelles. Des préoccupations pour l'alimentation et le poids subsistent. Le pronostic d'évolution n'apparaît lié ni à la durée de participation au groupe, ni uniquement à la catégorie diagnostique ou aux seuls éléments de co-morbidité, mais davantage à un investissement rapidement positif du groupe, ainsi qu'à la qualité des prises en charge parallèles en présence d'éléments de co-morbidité importants ou d'antécédents d'autres troubles alimentaires.Notre collectif atteste de passages d'une catégorie de trouble à une autre (anorexie puis boulimie, comme décrit dans la littérature) et de changements d'intensité (trouble typique puis atypique) au cours de la maladie, confirmant un continuum possible, tant entre les troubles typiques, qu'entre les troubles typiques et atypiques. Néanmoins, la multiplicité des parcours possibles dans la maladie, ainsi que l'existence de formes stables, sans passages d'une catégorie à une autre, incite à la prudence et ne permet pas de confirmer en tout point l'hypothèse de la nature dimensionnelle (même nature, intensité différente) des troubles alimentaires.Le trouble atypique représente parfois une étape dans l'évolution à partir d'un trouble typique, pouvant être envisagé comme moment sur le chemin de la guérison, ce qui pose la question des critères de guérison.2. Nature des troubles alimentaires atypiquesDu collectif émergent 4 catégories diagnostiques de troubles alimentaires atypiques: hyperphagie boulimique, boulimie atypique non-purgative, boulimie atypique purgative et anorexie atypique restrictive. Le tableau clinique.de l'hyperphagie boulimique comporte des crises de boulimie, mais peu de préoccupations concernant le poids et les formes corporelles en compá= raison des 3 autres catégories, et pas de moyens de compensation des crises, ce qui induit fréquemment un surpoids voire une obésité pour les patientes concernées. Les moyens de compensation des crises de boulimie demeurent non-purgatives (jeûne, sport) dans la boulimie atypique non-purgative, alors que vomissements et usage de laxatifs suite aux crises caractérisent la boulimie atypique purgative. Le tableau clinique de l'anorexie atypique restrictive ne présente ni crises de boulimie ni moyens de compensation purgatifs type vomissements. Ces catégories sont retrouvées dans la littérature.Nos résultats rejoignent la littérature actuelle qui envisage la nécessité d'une reclassification des troubles alimentaires en vue du DSM-V. Dans l'intervalle, adopter la classification de la CIM et parler d'anorexie atypique, de -type restrictif ou avec crises, de boulimie atypique, purgative ou non, et y ajouter l'hyperphagie boulimique, rendrait mieux compte de la réalité clinique des troubles alimentaires atypiques que ne le fait la classe des EDNOS du DSM, peu différenciée, mêlant des tableaux très divers et au final insatisfaisante.3. Utilité et indication du groupeLe groupe recèle un fort pouvoir thérapeutique pour les patientes qui s'y impliquent. L'étayage sur les autres émerge comme facteur thérapeutique principal, ainsi que le décrit la littérature. Cette prise en charge thérapeutique convient particulièrement à des patientes présentant un trouble alimentaire sur le versant boulimique, comprenant l'hyperphagie boulimique, la boulimie atypique, purgative ou non, ainsi que certaines boulimies de moyenne gravité. Les patientes du collectif qui présentent des difficultés de l'ordre de l'anorexie atypique restrictive bénéficient moins du groupe que les participantes qui expérimentent des pertes de contrôle sur la nourriture.4. ImplicationsL'intensité de la souffrance, la complexité des tableaux symptomatiques, la diversité des parcours et les multiples répercussions sur la vie sociale démontrent l'importance de repérer et prendre en charge ces troubles alimentaires qui demeurent souvent banalisés. Dans cette perspective, la formation au dépistage, à l'évaluation et à la prise en charge des divers intervenants confrontés à ces troubles représente un enjeu majeur. .Enfin, dénoncer les pressions socioculturelles à la minceur et le dictat des régimes, promouvoir une notion de bien-être et une bonne estime de soi qui ne soient pas liées à l'apparence contribuera à prévenir les troubles alimentaires atypiques.
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This study aims to analyze the adjustment of women, victims of intimate partner violence, by applying the Prochaska and Di Clemente Stages of Change Model. An interpretative qualitative study was made in 35 domestic violence victims women detected in primary care, women who recognized their relationship as abusive (perceived maltreatment). This is a multicentric study, with participation of six health centers of Malaga city. Biographical Narration technique by audio-recorded and transcribed interview was used; about this, thematic analysis adjustment to Transtheoretic Model phases was applied. ATLAS-TI 5.0 program was used for codification. Precontemplative, maintenance and ending stages were more represented while action phases were poorly mentioned. Main phases characteristics were: "blindness" and inexplicability in precontemplative stage; pros / cons analysis in contemplative phase; making decisions difficulty in action phases; suffering and going ahead purpose in maintenance stage, and determination and analysis capacity in the ending stage. Keys for intervention according to the phase of the process were offered.
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Organ transplantation offers a treatment of choice for patients suffering from end stage illnesses. The aim of this IRB approved prospective qualitative study was to analyze patients psychological concerns from their inclusion on the waiting list for first organ transplantation (TX) (T1; N=71; kidney, K=30; liver, Li=11; lung, Lu=15; heart, H=15) and six months after TX (T2; N=49; K=15; Li=10; Lu=14; H=10). Semi-structured interviews were conducted at home or in a place selected by patients. Qualitative pattern analysis (QUAPA) of the verbatim transcriptions was applied. T1 (K) Patients maintained an apparent normality (87%), building emotional protection (23%), and developing a fatalist attitude towards life (43%). (Li) Physical limits were set to spare energy until TX (73%). Illness led to reevaluation of life values (66%). (Lu) Physical and psychological self-protection was prioritized when health declined (67%). Modified life values, fatalism (33%) and spirituality (27 %) were mentioned. (H) Patients husbanded physical (80%) and psychological (67%) resources and self-protection. Modified life values and fatalist attitude towards life were reported (40%). T2 (K) New perspective on life was described, with increase of empathy towards others (20%). (Li) Positive identity and life values modifications (60%), greater openness towards others, closeness to significant ones (30%) and a more self-centered attitude (30%) prioritizing the essential (20%) were reported. Lack of respect of life values generated anger (40%). (Lu) Setting existential priorities and increase in spirituality (64%), along with the development of new life values, greater openness to others (57%) and closeness to significant ones (21%) were underlined. Lack of respect of human values induced negative feelings (36%). Self-centered attitudes, setting limits to other people were mentioned (29%). (H) Change in life values with setting life priorities was reported (70%) with increase in spirituality, and the lack of respect of life values generated anger (50%). Self-centered attitudes were reported (60%). TX not only comes with positive physical benefits, but also with positive existential values and psychological transformation, and the development of a more altruistic attitude and humanistic values.