Investgiation into Improved Pavement Curing Materials and Techniques: Part 1 - Phases I and II, April 2002

Concrete curing is closely related to cement hydration, microstructure development, and concrete performance. Application of a liquid membrane-forming curing compound is among the most widely used curing methods for concrete pavements and bridge decks. Curing compounds are economical, easy to apply, and maintenance free. However, limited research has been done to investigate the effectiveness of different curing compounds and their application technologies. No reliable standard testing method is available to evaluate the effectiveness of curing, especially of the field concrete curing. The present research investigates the effects of curing compound materials and application technologies on concrete properties, especially on the properties of surface concrete. This report presents a literature review of curing technology, with an emphasis on curing compounds, and the experimental results from the first part of this research—lab investigation. In the lab investigation, three curing compounds were selected and applied to mortar specimens at three different times after casting. Two application methods, single- and double-layer applications, were employed. Moisture content, conductivity, sorptivity, and degree of hydration were measured at different depths of the specimens. Flexural and compressive strength of the specimens were also tested. Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between these material properties. The research results indicate that application of a curing compound significantly increased moisture content and degree of cement hydration and reduced sorptivity of the near-surface-area concrete. For given concrete materials and mix proportions, optimal application time of curing compounds depended primarily upon the weather condition. If a sufficient amount of a high-efficiency-index curing compound was uniformly applied, no double-layer application was necessary. Among all test methods applied, the sorptivity test is the most sensitive one to provide good indication for the subtle changes in microstructure of the near-surface-area concrete caused by different curing materials and application methods. Sorptivity measurement has a close relation with moisture content and degree of hydration. The research results have established a baseline for and provided insight into the further development of testing procedures for evaluation of curing compounds in field. Recommendations are provided for further field study.

Análise de Reantabilidade através da Margem de Contribuição

Este trabalho versa sobre a análise de rentabilidade através da margem de contribuição e tem por objectivo evidenciar como a margem de contribuição pode ser utilizada pelos gestores, na rentabilidade dos clientes, dos produtos, dos canais de distribuição e dos segmentos de mercado em que as empresas operam. O estudo está assente num referencial teórico que faz incursões nos principais conceitos conexos ao tema principal nomeadamente: análise custo – volume – resultado, métodos apuramento dos resultados na óptica da absorção e da contribuição, e a curva ABC. Na aplicação prática, procurámos utilizar alguns instrumentos de gestão nomeadamente o ponto de equilíbrio, apuramento dos resultados por segmentos de clientes, negócios e territórios de comercialização e a aplicação da curva de experiência ABC. O caso de estudo incide sobre a empresa nacional de moagem (Moave S.A) e restringe-se ao plano de produção e embalagem através do pequeno ensaque. O processo de colecta de dados foi obtido directamente das informações fornecidas pela Direcção da empresa, nomeadamente os produtos a serem embalados, a estrutura de custos, o plano de produção, a capacidade máxima da máquina e o calendário de trabalho diário e mensal. Os resultados evidenciaram que a utilização da margem de contribuição como ferramenta de gestão, constitui um importante instrumento de análise e avaliação da rentabilidade dos produtos, dos clientes, dos canais de distribuição bem como dos territórios de comercialização. This work focuses on the analysis of profitability through contribution margin and aims to highlight the contribution margin can be used by managers, in the profitability of customers, products, distribution channels and market segments in which companies operate. The study is based on the referential theoretical that makes inroads in key concepts related to the main topic, namely: cost analysis – volume – result, methods of clearance results in optical absorption and contribution, and ABC. In practice, we try to use some management tools in the balance, such as breakeven point, clearance of results by segments of customers, business and marketing territories and the application of experience curve ABC. The case study focuses on the national milling company (Moave s.a), and restricts itself to plan production and packaging through small bagging. The process of collecting data was obtained directly from the information provided by the management of the undertaking, in particular the products to be packed, the cost structure, the production plan, the maximum capacity of the machine and the daily work schedule and monthly. The results showed that the use of the contribution margin as a management tool constitutes an important instrument of analysis and assessment of the profitability of products, customers, distribution channels and marketing territories.

Proposta de estudo de medidas conducentes à redução do impacte ecológico negativo de covos perdidos no mar

O presente trabalho enquadra-se no âmbito do Mestrado em Recursos Marinhos e Gestão Costeira, na disciplina de Métodos Participativos e Inquéritos, e tem como objectivo fazer uma abordagem da problemática da perda de covos na pescaria de lagosta rosa em Cabo Verde, seus possíveis impactes e possíveis formas de os minimizar. Com base numa recolha e análise geral de informação disponível sobre a pescaria, das recomendações de gestão responsável do recurso, bem assim dos conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo da sua vida profissional sobre o assunto, o autor propõe realizar um ensaio com um covo melhorado, feito utilizando algum material biodegradável e cuja estrutura permite a sua abertura, de forma a que, em tempo aceitável, deixe de funcionar como armadilha nefasta ao ambiente ecológico circundante através da captura de organismos vivos, passando a constituir um refugio para as lagostas e para outros organismos constituintes do mesmo ecossistema. O documento propõe avaliar o perigo que de facto os covos tradicionais constituem aos organismos através de uma estimação do tempo que se mantêm capturando organismos. Propõe igualmente que a mesma avaliação seja feita para o covo concebido para a experiência bem como uma análise comparativa dos resultados obtidos em ambos os casos.

Proposta de estudo de medidas conducentes à redução do impacte ecológico negativo de covos perdidos no mar

O presente trabalho enquadra-se no âmbito do Mestrado em Recursos Marinhos e Gestão Costeira, na disciplina de Métodos Participativos e Inquéritos, e tem como objectivo fazer uma abordagem da problemática da perda de covos na pescaria de lagosta rosa em Cabo Verde, seus possíveis impactes e possíveis formas de os minimizar. Com base numa recolha e análise geral de informação disponível sobre a pescaria, das recomendações de gestão responsável do recurso, bem assim dos conhecimentos adquiridos ao longo da sua vida profissional sobre o assunto, o autor propõe realizar um ensaio com um covo melhorado, feito utilizando algum material biodegradável e cuja estrutura permite a sua abertura, de forma a que, em tempo aceitável, deixe de funcionar como armadilha nefasta ao ambiente ecológico circundante através da captura de organismos vivos, passando a constituir um refugio para as lagostas e para outros organismos constituintes do mesmo ecossistema. O documento propõe avaliar o perigo que de facto os covos tradicionais constituem aos organismos através de uma estimação do tempo que se mantêm capturando organismos. Propõe igualmente que a mesma avaliação seja feita para o covo concebido para a experiência bem como uma análise comparativa dos resultados obtidos em ambos os casos.

A morphometric study of mechanotransductively induced dermal neovascularization.

BACKGROUND:: Mechanical stretch has been shown to induce vascular remodeling and increase vessel density, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms and the morphologic changes induced by tensile forces to dermal vessels are poorly understood. METHODS:: A custom computer-controlled stretch device was designed and applied to the backs of C57BL/6 mice (n = 38). Dermal and vascular remodeling was studied over a 7-day period. Corrosion casting and three-dimensional scanning electron microscopy and CD31 staining were performed to analyze microvessel morphology. Hypoxia was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Western blot analysis of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mRNA expression of VEGF receptors was performed. RESULTS:: Skin stretching was associated with increased angiogenesis as demonstrated by CD31 staining and vessel corrosion casting where intervascular distance and vessel diameter were decreased (p < 0.01). Immediately after stretching, VEGF dimers were increased. Messenger RNA expression of VEGF receptor 1, VEGF receptor 2, neuropilin 1, and neuropilin 2 was increased starting as early as 2 hours after stretching. Highly proliferating epidermal cells induced epidermal hypoxia starting at day 3 (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS:: Identification of significant hypoxic cells occurred after identification of neovessels, suggesting an alternative mechanism. Increased expression of angiogenic receptors and stabilization of VEGF dimers may be involved in a mechanotransductive, prehypoxic induction of neovascularization.

Estudo da Racionalização da Produção de Formas Sólidas Orais na Sofarime

O objectivo deste trabalho é conceber um novo sistema de informatização de registos, que substitua os registos manuais existentes na área de produção da Sofarimex, por registos electrónicos, permitindo a sua impressão. De forma a cumprir esse objectivo, procedeu-se, inicialmente, ao estudo na área de produção de formas sólidas: 1) dos processos de produção; 2) do funcionamento e organização das actividades de produção; 3) do sistema de registo das actividades de produção; e 4) dos tipos de registo efectuados durante a produção. Na Sofarimex, os registos da área de produção dividem-se em dois grupos de actividades, nomeadamente: 1) actividades associadas a uma Ordem de Produção; 2) actividades independentes de uma Ordem de Produção. Para assegurar uma maior fiabilidade dos registos, a Sofarimex aposta, essencialmente, na informatização dos registos associados a uma Ordem de Produção, pois estes registos constituem o historial de um lote, designado como Registo de Lote, o qual, determina a qualidade do medicamento. De forma a que a conversão de registos manuais, associados a uma Ordem de Produção, em electrónicos, seja visível a curto prazo, foram utilizados critérios de seleccção dos registos, baseando-se nas vantagens e prioridades da conversão. Após a selecção, apresentou-se propostas de procedimento para a obtenção de novos modelos de impressos, nomeadamente: o Rótulo de Sala/Equipamento, o Rótulo de Sacos e o Rótulo de Contentores, ambos do sector de fabrico; e o Rótulo de Equipamento, do sector de embalagem. Uma vez que, a missão da Sofarimex é aproveitar da melhor forma a capacidade da sua tecnologia, as propostas de informatização de registos, basearam-se na tecnologia já existente.

Inequality over the business cycle: Estimating income risk using micro-data on consumption

We use CEX repeated cross-section data on consumption and income, to evaluate the nature of increased income inequality in the 1980s and 90s. We decompose unexpected changes in family income into transitory and permanent, and idiosyncratic and aggregate components, and estimate the contribution of each component to total inequality. The model we use is a linearized incomplete markets model, enriched to incorporate risk-sharing while maintaining tractability. Our estimates suggest that taking risk sharing into account is important for the model fit; that the increase in inequality in the 1980s was mainly permanent; and that inequality is driven almost entirely by idiosyncratic income risk. In addition we find no evidence for cyclical behavior of consumption risk, casting doubt on Constantinides and Duffie s (1995) explanation for the equity premium puzzle.

Economic rationality and ethical behavior

This paper argues that economic rationality and ethical behavior cannotbe reduced one to the other, casting doubts on the validity of formulaslike 'profit is ethical' or 'ethics pays'. In order to express ethicaldilemmas as opposing economic interest with ethical concerns, we proposea model of rational behavior that combines these two irreducible dimensions in an open but not arbitrary manner. Behaviors that are neither ethicalnor profitable are considered irrational (non-arbitrariness). However,behaviors that are profitable but unethical, and behaviors that are ethicalbut not profitable, are all treated as rational (openness). Combiningethical concerns with economic interest, ethical business is in turn anoptimal form of rationality between venality and sacrifice.Because every one prefers to communicate that he acts ethically, ethicalbusiness remains ambiguous until some economic interest is actuallysacrificed. We argue however that ethical business has an interest indemonstrating its consistency between communication and behavior by atransparent attitude. On the other hand, venal behaviors must remainconfidential to hide the corresponding lack of consistency. Thisdiscursive approach based on transparency and confidentiality helpsto further distinguish between ethical and unethical business behaviors.

Rapid prototyping of compliant human aortic roots for assessment of valved stents.

Adequate in-vitro training in valved stents deployment as well as testing of the latter devices requires compliant real-size models of the human aortic root. The casting methods utilized up to now are multi-step, time consuming and complicated. We pursued a goal of building a flexible 3D model in a single-step procedure. We created a precise 3D CAD model of a human aortic root using previously published anatomical and geometrical data and printed it using a novel rapid prototyping system developed by the Fab@Home project. As a material for 3D fabrication we used common house-hold silicone and afterwards dip-coated several models with dispersion silicone one or two times. To assess the production precision we compared the size of the final product with the CAD model. Compliance of the models was measured and compared with native porcine aortic root. Total fabrication time was 3 h and 20 min. Dip-coating one or two times with dispersion silicone if applied took one or two extra days, respectively. The error in dimensions of non-coated aortic root model compared to the CAD design was <3.0% along X, Y-axes and 4.1% along Z-axis. Compliance of a non-coated model as judged by the changes of radius values in the radial direction by 16.39% is significantly different (P<0.001) from native aortic tissue--23.54% at the pressure of 80-100 mmHg. Rapid prototyping of compliant, life-size anatomical models with the Fab@Home 3D printer is feasible--it is very quick compared to previous casting methods.

Perfil da prescrição médica dos pacientes atendidos nas farmácias comunitária na cidade da Praia: Estudo de medicamentos prescritos e sua farmacoepidemiologia

Sumário O presente estudo envolveu utentes que usufruíram dos serviços prestados pelas farmácias comunitárias (FX e FY) na cidade da Praia, baseado num levantamento de dados feitos a partir de observações e questionários. Na população estudada foi analisado características relevantes e constatou-se o seguinte nas respectivas farmácias (FX / FY): prescrição de anti-bacterianos (63% FY FX / 60% FY ), analgésicos e antipiréticos (24% ) e anti-histamínicos (19% FX / 18% FY FX / 26% FY ), anti-hipertensores (19% ); com denominação genérica (100% ); prescreve-se uma (1) embalagem (83% FY ), suspensões (43% FX / 36% FY FX / 72% ), cápsulas (29% FY ); em forma de comprimidos (76% FX / 36% FY ), e pomadas (27% ); administradas via oral (91% FX /96% FY ), dérmica (26% FX / 3% ); a dosagem em miligramas (86% FX FX / 54% / 94% FY FY ) e em mililitros (54% ), pelo médico ORL (11% FX FX / 44% / 6% FY FY FY FX FX / 16% / 88% FX FX FY / 82% / 38% ); atendimento pelo médico clínico geral (53% ), e restantes pelos médicos ginecologista (7% / 6% FY ), cirurgião (7% FX / 16% FY ) e pediatra (3% FX / 2% ); atendidas em clínicas área adulta (29% FX / 48% FY ), e em hospital área pediatria (18% FX FY / 8% ). Da avaliação feita ao receituário quanto a presença de elementos essenciais, destaca-se a ausência de posologia (10% FY ) e data (1% FX / 6% FY FY ). Quanto a legibilidade, em parte ausente, o medicamento prescrito (4% FX / 14% FY ) e o carimbo médico (28% FX / 28% ). Os utentes automedicaram de forma significativa nas farmácias comunitárias (FX e FY), e os medicamentos mais usados foram: Paracetamol (23%), Ibuprofeno (18%), Hidroclorotiazida (16%), Ácido ascórbico (10%), e Diclofenac de sódio (9%), justificando a prática segundo sintomas como, febre e dores (42%), inflamações cutâneas e dores (34%), HTA (30%), e dores nas articulações e músculos (17%). Os resultados demostram que o uso racional de medicamentos depende de uma prescrição médica racional, automedicação responsável, e intervenções específicas para melhorias de qualidade de serviços de saúde.

Mirror me : the effect of the voting advice application smartvote on voting preferences and behavior of Swiss voters

Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) have become a central component of election campaigns worldwide. Through matching political preferences of voters to parties and candidates, the web application grants voters a look into their political mirror and reveals the most suitable political choices to them in terms of policy congruence. Both the dense and concise information on the electoral offer and the comparative nature of the application make VAAs an unprecedented information source for electoral decision making. In times where electoral choices are found to be highly individualized and driven by political issue positions, an ever increasing number of voters turn to VAAs before casting their ballots. With VAAs in high demand, the question of their effects on voters has become a pressing research topic. In various countries, survey research has been used to proclaim an impact of VAAs on electoral behavior, yet practically all studies fail to provide the scientific evidence that would allow for making such claims. In this thesis, I set out to systematically establish the causal link between VAA use and electoral behavior, using various data sources and appropriate statistical techniques in doing so. The focus lies on the Swiss VAA smartvote, introduced in the forefront of the 2003 Swiss federal elections and meanwhile an integral part of the national election campaign, smartvote has produced over a million voting recommendations in the last Swiss federal elections to an active electorate of two million, potentially guiding a vast amount of voters in their choices on the ballot. In order to determine the effect of the VAA on electoral behavior, I analyze both voting preferences and choice among Swiss voters during two consecutive election periods. First, I introduce statistical techniques to adequately examine VAA effects in observational studies and use them to demonstrate that voters who used smartvote prior to the 2007 Swiss federal elections were significantly more likely to swing vote in the elections than non- users. Second, I analyze preference voting during the same election and show that the smartvote voting recommendation inclines politically knowledgeable voters to modify their ballots and cast candidate specific preference votes. Third, to further tackle the indication that smartvote use affects the preference structure of voters, I employ an experimental research design to demonstrate that voters who use the application tend to strengthen their vote propensities for their most preferred party and adapt their overall party preferences in a way that they consider more than one party as eligible vote options after engaging with the application. Finally, vote choice is examined for the 2011 Swiss federal election, showing once more that the VAA initiated a change of party choice among voters. In sum, this thesis presents empirical evidence for the transformative effect of the Swiss VAA smartvote on the electoral behavior.

Enteral nutrition as primary therapy in Crohn's disease

The developments in enteral feeding for Crohn's disease in the past decade are critically reviewed. The advent of amino acid based chemically defined elemental diets signalled the end of 'total bowel rest' in the management of these patients. Subsequently, controlled clinical trials showed that elemental diets were as effective as corticosteroids in inducing clinical remission in patients with acute exacerbations of Crohn's disease. The later use of peptide based elemental diets, in Crohn's disease produced somewhat conflicting results. The initial uncontrolled studies suggest that polymeric whole protein diets might also be effective in the management of acute exacerbations of the disease, casting in turn doubts concerning the role of dietary antigens in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Results of controlled studies comparing the use of elemental and polymeric diets as primary therapy in Crohn's disease have, however, also produced conflicting results. The results of one recent controlled trial in which

Conservação pós-colheita de frutos de goiabeira, variedade Paluma

Objetivando aumentar a vida útil de frutos da goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.), variedade Paluma, nos primeiros dezesseis dias pós-colheita, foi realizado, no município de Petrolina, PE, região do Vale do São Francisco, um estudo para determinar o efeito da concentração de cálcio (Ca), do ambiente de armazenamento e do tipo de embalagem, na vida útil da goiaba. Foram estudados dois ambientes de armazenamento (condições naturais e ambiente refrigerado), três concentrações de Ca (0,5, 1,0 e 1,5%) e dois tipos de embalagem do fruto (saco de polietileno transparente e saco de papel- manteiga). Doze tratamentos foram testados no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, num arranjo fatorial 3x2x2. Foram determinados os parâmetros: perda de peso e da cor verde da casca do fruto, e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais. Verificou-se que frutos da variedade Paluma colhidos "de vez" (frutos completamente desenvolvidos, mas com a casca verde) mantiveram suas características comerciais por até dezesseis dias de armazenamento quando foram embalados em saco de polietileno transparente e sem furo, e armazenado em ambiente refrigerado a 10ºC, e 90% de umidade relativa.

Steam Curing of Portland Cement Concrete at Atmospheric Pressure, HR-40, 1962

The primary reason for using steam in the curing of concrete is to produce a high early strength. This high early strength is very desirable to the manufacturers of precast and prestressed concrete units, which often require expensive forms or stress beds. They want to remove the forms and move the units to storage yards as soon as possible. The minimum time between casting and moving the units is usually governed by the strength of the concrete. Steam curing accelerates the gain in strength at early ages, but the uncontrolled use of steam may seriously affect the growth in strength at later ages. The research described in this report was prompted by the need to establish realistic controls and specifications for the steam curing of pretensioned, prestressed concrete bridge beams and concrete culvert pipe manufactured in central plants. The complete project encompasses a series of laboratory and field investigations conducted over a period of approximately three years.

Structural Characterization of UHPC Waffle Bridge Deck and Connections, TR-614, 2014

The AASHTO strategic plan in 2005 for bridge engineering identified extending the service life of bridges and accelerating bridge construction as two of the grand challenges in bridge engineering. These challenges have the objective of producing safer and more economical bridges at a faster rate with a minimum service life of 75 years and reduced maintenance cost to serve the country’s infrastructure needs. Previous studies have shown that a prefabricated full-depth precast concrete deck system is an innovative technique that accelerates the rehabilitation process of a bridge deck, extending its service life with reduced user delays and community disruptions and lowering its life-cycle costs. Previous use of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) for bridge applications in the United States has been considered to be efficient and economical because of its superior structural characteristics and durability properties. Full-depth UHPC waffle deck panel systems have been developed over the past three years in Europe and the United States. Subsequently, a single span, 60-ft long and 33-ft wide prototype bridge with full-depth prefabricated UHPC waffle deck panels has been designed and built for a replacement bridge in Wapello County, Iowa. The structural performance characteristics and the constructability of the UHPC waffle deck system and its critical connections were studied through an experimental program at the structural laboratory of Iowa State University (ISU). Two prefabricated full-depth UHPC waffle deck (8 feet by 9 feet 9 inches by 8 inches) panels were connected to 24-ft long precast girders, and the system was tested under service, fatigue, overload, and ultimate loads. Three months after the completion of the bridge with waffle deck system, it was load tested under live loads in February 2012. The measured strain and deflection values were within the acceptable limits, validating the structural performance of the bridge deck. Based on the laboratory test results, observations, field testing of the prototype bridge, and experience gained from the sequence of construction events such as panel fabrication and casting of transverse and longitudinal joints, a prefabricated UHPC waffle deck system is found to be a viable option to achieve the goals of the AASHTO strategic plan.