Fluorophotometry is a sensitive method/technique to evaluate epithelial permeability in murine experimental dry eye

Purpose. Fluorophotometry is a well validated method for assessing corneal permeability in human subjects. However, with the growing importance of basic science animal research in ophthalmology, fluorophotometry’s use in animals must be further evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate corneal epithelial permeability following desiccating stress using the modified Fluorotron Master™. ^ Methods. Corneal permeability was evaluated prior to and after subjecting 6-8 week old C57BL/6 mice to experimental dry eye (EDE) for 2 and 5 days (n=9/time point). Untreated mice served as controls. Ten microliters of 0.001% sodium fluorescein (NaF) were instilled topically into each mouse’s left eye to create an eye bath, and left to permeate for 3 minutes. The eye bath was followed by a generous wash with Buffered Saline Solution (BSS) and alignment with the Fluorotron Master™. Seven corneal scans using the Fluorotron Master were performed during 15 minutes (1 st post-wash scans), followed by a second wash using BSS and another set of five corneal scans (2nd post-wash scans) during the next 15 minutes. Corneal permeability was calculated using data calculated with the FM™ Mouse software. ^ Results. When comparing the difference between the Post wash #1 scans within the group and the Post wash #2 scans within the group using a repeated measurement design, there was a statistical difference in the corneal fluorescein permeability of the Post-wash #1 scans after 5 days (1160.21±108.26 vs. 1000.47±75.56 ng/mL, P<0.016 for UT-5 day comparison 8 [0.008]), but not after only 2 days of EDE compared to Untreated mice (1115.64±118.94 vs. 1000.47±75.56 ng/mL, P>0.016 for UT-2 day comparison [0.050]). There was no statistical difference between the 2 day and 5 day Post wash #1 scans (P=.299). The Post-wash #2 scans demonstrated that EDE caused a significant NaF retention at both 2 and 5 days of EDE compared to baseline, untreated controls (1017.92±116.25, 1015.40±120.68 vs. 528.22±127.85 ng/mL, P<0.05 [0.0001 for both]). There was no statistical difference between the 2 day and 5 day Post wash #2 scans (P=.503). The comparison between the Untreated post wash #1 with untreated post wash #2 scans using a Paired T-test showed a significant difference between the two sets of scans (P=0.000). There is also a significant difference between the 2 day comparison and the 5 day comparison (P values = 0.010 and 0.002, respectively). ^ Conclusion. Desiccating stress increases permeability of the corneal epithelium to NaF, and increases NaF retention in the corneal stroma. The Fluorotron Master is a useful and sensitive tool to evaluate corneal permeability in murine dry eye, and will be a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of dry eye treatments in animal-model drug trials.^

(Table 1) Snow accumulation in the McMurdo Dry Valleys

Snowfall was measured at 11 sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys to determine its magnitude, its temporal changes, and spatial patterns. Annual values ranged from 3 to 50 mm water equivalent with the highest values nearest the coast and decreasing inland. A particularly strong spatial gradient exists in Taylor Valley, probably resulting from local uplift conditions at the coastal margin and valley topography that limits migration inland. More snow occurs in winter near the coast, whereas inland no seasonal pattern is discernable. This may be due, again, to local uplift conditions, which are common in winter. We find no influence of the distance to the sea ice edge. Katabatic winds play an important role in transporting snow to the valley bottoms and essentially double the precipitation. That much of the snow accumulation sublimates prior to making a hydrologic contribution underscores the notion that the McMurdo Dry Valleys are indeed an extreme polar desert.

La noción de paisaje en las representaciones sociales de la población de Dock Sud

En la actualidad, la localidad de Dock Sud es uno de los lugares más contaminados del país y, cuando esta cuestión ambiental es tratada en los medios de comunicación, se instala en la agenda pública. El propósito de este trabajo consistió en explorar, desde una perspectiva integral del paisaje, las representaciones sociales que tiene la población de Dock Sud de su problemática ambiental teniendo en cuenta los valores simbólicos, la representación paisajística y el referente ambiental. Para ello, se plantearon dos objetivos específicos de investigación. En primer lugar, identificar la noción de paisaje en las representaciones sociales que tiene la población de Dock Sud; y, en segundo, explorar las estrategias de resistencia y adaptación llevadas a cabo por la población ante el avance de la actividad industrial-petroquímica en el área. Se utilizaron técnicas cualitativas, específicamente, entrevistas en profundidad, que se realizaron a pobladores representativos de distintos grupos delimitados según su tiempo de residencia en el lugar y la participación en actividades políticas. También se analizaron artículos periodísticos sobre la cuestión ambiental publicados en un diario local y en uno de alcance nacional, con el fin de relevar comparativamente cómo se construye el tema en los distintos medios

La contaminación ambiental en Dock Sud : Representaciones espaciales, espacios de representación y prácticas espaciales en barrios periféricos

En este artículo, se presentan algunos resultados y líneas argumentativas utilizadas en el análisis del trabajo de campo realizado en los barrios Porst, Danubio y Villa Inflamable de la localidad de Dock Sud, ubicada en el partido de Avellaneda, provincia de Buenos Aires, durante los años 2010 y 2011. En ese marco, se observaron y registraron los circuitos cotidianos que realizan los habitantes en un espacio barrial atravesado por la contaminación ambiental, pero también apropiado simbólicamente. En esta línea, el objetivo general consistió en conocer las representaciones sociales, los espacios de representación y las prácticas espaciales que llevan adelante los habitantes de los barrios más afectados de Dock Sud por la problemática ambiental del área. Para ello, se reconstruyeron las prácticas de los sujetos en el barrio, el discurso hegemónico sobre la contaminación del lugar y, finalmente, las instancias de lucha y conflicto practicadas por la población

Concentration of C2-C6 hydrocarbon gases in dry sediments of ODP Sites 180-1109 and 180-1115

Low molecular weight hydrocarbon (LMWH) distributions were examined in sediments from Sites 1109 and 1115 in the western Woodlark Basin using purge-trap thermal adsorption/desorption gas analysis. A number of different hydrocarbon components >C1, which were not detected during shipboard gas analysis, were detected at both sites using the purge-trap procedure. Concentrations of ethane, propane, and butane remained relatively low (<100 pmol/g) throughout Site 1109 and had no consistent trend with depth. In contrast, the longer-chain components increased in concentration with depth. Hexane concentrations rose to 716 pmol/g at the base of the site with a concomitant increase in both 2-methyl- and 3-methylpentane. At Site 1115, concentrations of ethane, propane, butane, and isobutylene + 1-butene remained low (<60 pmol/g) throughout the site and again had no consistent trend with depth. 2-Methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, and hexane concentrations had a subsurface maximum that coincided with sediments containing abundant plant-rich material. The LMWH downhole profiles plus low in situ temperatures suggest that the LMWH components were formed in situ by low-temperature biological processes. Purge-trap analysis has indicated the presence of some unexpected deep low-temperature bacterial reactions, which demonstrates that further analysis of LMWH may provide valuable information at future Ocean Drilling Program sites.