Discretion and Accountability: The ESMA Judgment and the Meroni Doctrine. Bruges European Economic Research (BEER) Papers 30/2014

This paper assesses the effectiveness of the Meroni doctrine in the light of the recent judgment in the ESMA case. The first part explains in detail the problem of delegation of powers in the EU from the perspective of the principal-agent theory and complements it with the analysis of the trade-off between different levels of independence and accountability of agencies. A simple economic model is developed to illustrated the relationship between the independence and accountability of an agency. It shows that it is the accountability mechanism that induces the agent to act, rather than the extent of his independence. The paper also explains the inter-temporal interactions between the principal and the agent on the basis of the incentives in place for the different players. The second part is devoted to analysis of the functioning of ESMA in the context of its delegated powers. After the presentation of main aspects of the regulatory framework establishing ESMA, the paper continuous with an analysis and interpretation of the discretionary powers of ESMA. The rather rigid position of the Court of Justice in relation to the Meroni doctrine seems to be unsuitable to delegation of complex regulatory tasks. This is particularly evident in the case of financial markets. Finally, the judgment does not examine in any detail whether and how the principals - i.e. the EU and Member States - are best able to evaluate the quality of ESMA decisions and regulations and whether there are different but more effective accountability mechanisms.

The Putin doctrine: The formation of a conceptual framework for Russian dominance in the post-Soviet area. OSW Commentary No. 131, 28.03.2014

The statements made in recent weeks by Russian officials, and especially President Vladimir Putin, in connection with Moscow’s policy towards Ukraine, may suggest that the emergence of a certain doctrine of Russian foreign and security policy is at hand, especially in relation to the post-Soviet area. Most of the arguments at the core of this doctrine are not new, but recently they have been formulated more openly and in more radical terms. Those arguments concern the role of Russia as the defender of Russian-speaking communities abroad and the guarantor of their rights, as well as specifically understood good neighbourly relations (meaning in fact limited sovereignty) as a precondition that must be met in order for Moscow to recognise the independence and territorial integrity of post-Soviet states. However, the new doctrine also includes arguments which have not been raised before, or have hitherto only been formulated on rare occasions, and which may indicate the future evolution of Russia’s policy. Specifically, this refers to Russia’s use of extralegal categories, such as national interest, truth and justice, to justify its policy, and its recognition of military force as a legitimate instrument to defend its compatriots abroad. This doctrine is effectively an outline of the conceptual foundation for Russian dominance in the post-Soviet area. It offers a justification for the efforts to restore the unity of the ‘Russian nation’ (or more broadly, the Russian-speaking community), within a bloc pursuing close integration (the Eurasian Economic Union), or even within a single state encompassing at least parts of that area. As such, it poses a challenge for the West, which Moscow sees as the main opponent of Russia’s plans to build a new order in Europe (Eurasia) that would undermine the post-Cold War order.

The devil is in the details. Information warfare in the light of Russia's military doctrine. OSW Point of View 50, May 2015

By highlighting informational threats and giving them a military dimension, the authors of the Russian Federation's military doctrine have outlined the concept of information warfare. It is a kind of combat conducted by both conventional and indirect methods, open and concealed, using military and civilian structures. It has two dimensions: broader ("non-nuclear containment", i.e. combat waged on various levels - political, economic, diplomatic, humanitarian, military) and narrower (as an element supporting of action). An analysis of these issues enables us to identify several rising trends over the period 2000-2014 in Russian security policy. These boil down to a blurring of the boundaries between internal and external threats, introducing non-military methods and organisational structures to armed combat, and conferring an ideological character on this combat. This leads to a blurring of the contours of inter-state conflicts, which allows Russia to take part in armed conflicts in which it is not officially a party.

The doctrine of multilayered governance: The Example of Swiss Foreign Migration Policy

The New Swiss interdepartemental cooperation structure results in a new setting in negotiations and stimulates the counterpart or for the same setting and at least for the same domestic cooperation.

La doctrine de Monroë et l'Amérique latine ...

Thèse--Univ. de Paris.

The Monroe doctrine,

Mode of access: Internet.

The past, present and future of the Monroe Doctrine,

"Readings" at end of each chapter.

The Monroe doctrine and Hispanic America.

"Reprinted from the Hispanic American historical review, vol. IV, no. 4, November 1921."

New light on the Monroe Doctrine.

Repr. from Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXXI, No. 4, Dec. 1916.

Promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine; Proceedings of the international centennial celebration of the promulgation of the Monroe Doctrine held at Richmond, Va., December 2-4, 1923.

The celebration was organized and conducted by the Southern Commercial Congress. cf. p. 1.

The Monroe doctrine after the war,

Appendix: p. 266-305.

Essays on important subjects : intended to establish the doctrine of salvation by grace and to point out its influence on holiness of life /

v. 1. Essay on the connexion between the doctrine of justification by the imputed righteousness of Christ, and holiness of life. The absolute necessity of salvation through Christ. The trial of religious truth by its moral influence. The charge of sedition and faction against good men, especially faithful ministers, considered and accounted for. Prayer for national prosperity and for the revival of religion inseparably connected -- v. 2. A serious enquiry into the nature and effects of the stage. Ecclesiastical characteristics -- v. 3. A practical treatise on regeneration.

Mémoires de chirurgie / doctrine septicémique, pansements antiseptiques.

Mode of access: Internet.

Winds of doctrine : studies in contemporary opinion /

Title page in red and black.

The Monroe doctrine, 1826-1867,

"Bibliographical note": p. 549-560.