Effect of radar rainfall time resolution on the predictive capability of a distributed hydrologic model

The performance of a hydrologic model depends on the rainfall input data, both spatially and temporally. As the spatial distribution of rainfall exerts a great influence on both runoff volumes and peak flows, the use of a distributed hydrologic model can improve the results in the case of convective rainfall in a basin where the storm area is smaller than the basin area. The aim of this study was to perform a sensitivity analysis of the rainfall time resolution on the results of a distributed hydrologic model in a flash-flood prone basin. Within such a catchment, floods are produced by heavy rainfall events with a large convective component. A second objective of the current paper is the proposal of a methodology that improves the radar rainfall estimation at a higher spatial and temporal resolution. Composite radar data from a network of three C-band radars with 6-min temporal and 2 × 2 km2 spatial resolution were used to feed the RIBS distributed hydrological model. A modification of the Window Probability Matching Method (gauge-adjustment method) was applied to four cases of heavy rainfall to improve the observed rainfall sub-estimation by computing new Z/R relationships for both convective and stratiform reflectivities. An advection correction technique based on the cross-correlation between two consecutive images was introduced to obtain several time resolutions from 1 min to 30 min. The RIBS hydrologic model was calibrated using a probabilistic approach based on a multiobjective methodology for each time resolution. A sensitivity analysis of rainfall time resolution was conducted to find the resolution that best represents the hydrological basin behaviour.

Standardized evaluation methodology and reference database for evaluating IVUS image segmentation

This paper describes an evaluation framework that allows a standardized and quantitative comparison of IVUS lumen and media segmentation algorithms. This framework has been introduced at the MICCAI 2011 Computing and Visualization for (Intra)Vascular Imaging (CVII) workshop, comparing the results of eight teams that participated. We describe the available data-base comprising of multi-center, multi-vendor and multi-frequency IVUS datasets, their acquisition, the creation of the reference standard and the evaluation measures. The approaches address segmentation of the lumen, the media, or both borders; semi- or fully-automatic operation; and 2-D vs. 3-D methodology. Three performance measures for quantitative analysis have been proposed. The results of the evaluation indicate that segmentation of the vessel lumen and media is possible with an accuracy that is comparable to manual annotation when semi-automatic methods are used, as well as encouraging results can be obtained also in case of fully-automatic segmentation. The analysis performed in this paper also highlights the challenges in IVUS segmentation that remains to be solved.

Analyytikkoennusteiden virheet Suomen markkinoilla

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää analyytikoiden ennustevirheiden suuruus sekä jakauma. Keskeisenä tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka paljon yrityksen toimiala ja markkina-arvo vaikuttavat ennustevirheen suuruuteen ja tätä kautta vääristävät osakkeiden hinnoittelua. Tutkimus olettaa, että osakkeiden hinnoittelu perustuu tuotto-odotuksiin eli analyytikoiden tulosennusteisiin sekä riskiin. Tutkimuksessa on käytetty kvantitatiivisia menetelmiä. Tutkimusaineistona on käytetty Helsingin pörssin päälistalla vuosina 1998 – 1999 olleita yrityksiä, joille on annettu tulosennusteita. Tulosennusteet on poimittu manuaalisesti REUTTERS:in tietokannasta. Tulosennusteet vuosille 1998 - 1999 eivät ole selvästi positiivisia tai negatiivisia. Ennustevirheet eivät myöskään ole jakautuneet selvästi toimialan mukaan. Kuitenkin vuonna 1999 ”teollisuus” sekä ”palvelut” toimialoille annettiin selvästi liian pessimistisiä ennusteita. Myöskään yhtiön markkina-arvolla ei ole selvää yhteyttä ennustevirheen suuruuteen. Kuitenkin vuonna 1999 isojen yhtiöiden tuloksista on annettu liian pessimistisiä ja pienten liian positiivisia arvioita. Etsittäessä ennustevirheen selittäjiä regressioanalyysin avulla, vahvimmiksi selittäjiksi nousivat analyytikoiden määrä per yhtiö ja analyytikkoennusteiden keskihajonta. Selittäjät saavuttivat 40 prosentin selitysasteen.

Database Marketing from the Customer Relationship ManagementPerspective

Tietokantamarkkinointi voi olla vain apuväline markkinointitoimenpiteiden suorittamisessa, mutta se voidaan toisaalta nähdä myös olennaisena osana asiakassuhdehallintaa. Tietokantamarkkinointi asiakassuhdehallinnan näkökulmasta tähtää asiakastyytyväisyyteen ja asiakasuskollisuuteen, sekä asiakassuhteen tuottavuuteen ja kannattavuuteen, mikä voidaan saavuttaa tehokkaan tiedonhallinnan avulla. Tämä mahdollistaa räätälöityjen toimenpiteiden suorittamisen ja tehostaa kohdentamista ja segmentointia, myös asiakkaiden tuottavuuden perusteella. Normatiivinen case-tutkimus, joka tehtiin Alankomaissa Eurooppalaisessa tietotekniikan lisäarvoa tuottavassa jälleenmyyntikanavassa osoittaa, että tietokantamarkkinointi etenkin asiakas- suhdehallinnan näkökulmasta olisi sopiva keino lisätä asiakastyytyväisyyttä ja –tuottavuutta. Se myös tehostaisi sisäisiä tietovirtoja ja markkinointitoimenpiteitä, kuten esimerkiksi markkinointiviestintää, kampanjanhallintaa ja myyntiprosesseja yritysten välisessä kaupankäynnissä.

Phenol-Explorer 3.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database to incorporate data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content

Polyphenols are a major class of bioactive phytochemicals whose consumption may play a role in the prevention of a number of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, type II diabetes and cancers. Phenol-Explorer, launched in 2009, is the only freely available web-based database on the content of polyphenols in food and their in vivo metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Here we report the third release of the database (Phenol-Explorer 3.0), which adds data on the effects of food processing on polyphenol contents in foods. Data on >100 foods, covering 161 polyphenols or groups of polyphenols before and after processing, were collected from 129 peer-reviewed publications and entered into new tables linked to the existing relational design. The effect of processing on polyphenol content is expressed in the form of retention factor coefficients, or the proportion of a given polyphenol retained after processing, adjusted for change in water content. The result is the first database on the effects of food processing on polyphenol content and, following the model initially defined for Phenol-Explorer, all data may be traced back to original sources. The new update will allow polyphenol scientists to more accurately estimate polyphenol exposure from dietary surveys. Database URL: http://www.phenol-explorer.eu

Objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in youth: the International children's accelerometry database (ICAD).

BACKGROUND: Physical activity and sedentary behaviour in youth have been reported to vary by sex, age, weight status and country. However, supporting data are often self-reported and/or do not encompass a wide range of ages or geographical locations. This study aimed to describe objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time patterns in youth. METHODS: The International Children's Accelerometry Database (ICAD) consists of ActiGraph accelerometer data from 20 studies in ten countries, processed using common data reduction procedures. Analyses were conducted on 27,637 participants (2.8-18.4 years) who provided at least three days of valid accelerometer data. Linear regression was used to examine associations between age, sex, weight status, country and physical activity outcomes. RESULTS: Boys were less sedentary and more active than girls at all ages. After 5 years of age there was an average cross-sectional decrease of 4.2 % in total physical activity with each additional year of age, due mainly to lower levels of light-intensity physical activity and greater time spent sedentary. Physical activity did not differ by weight status in the youngest children, but from age seven onwards, overweight/obese participants were less active than their normal weight counterparts. Physical activity varied between samples from different countries, with a 15-20 % difference between the highest and lowest countries at age 9-10 and a 26-28 % difference at age 12-13. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity differed between samples from different countries, but the associations between demographic characteristics and physical activity were consistently observed. Further research is needed to explore environmental and sociocultural explanations for these differences.

Use of the EpiNet database for observational study of status epilepticus in Auckland, New Zealand.

The EpiNet project has been established to facilitate investigator-initiated clinical research in epilepsy, to undertake epidemiological studies, and to simultaneously improve the care of patients who have records created within the EpiNet database. The EpiNet database has recently been adapted to collect detailed information regarding status epilepticus. An incidence study is now underway in Auckland, New Zealand in which the incidence of status epilepticus in the greater Auckland area (population: 1.5 million) will be calculated. The form that has been developed for this study can be used in the future to collect information for randomized controlled trials in status epilepticus. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Status Epilepticus".

Tehdasmittausten varastointi moniulotteisella tietomallilla

Tietovarastoissa moniulotteinen tietomalli on tehokkain tapa esittää tietoa päätöksentekijöille. Sen toimivuus on hyväksi havaittu monissa eri liiketoimintaympäristöissä. Tehdasympäristöissä on tuhansia mittalaitteita, joista jokainen mittaa uniikkia valmistusprosessiin liittyvää piirrettä. Tässä työssä kehitettiin tietovarasto tehdasmittausten varastointiin käyttäen moniulotteista tietomallia. Havaittiin, että moniulotteisella mallilla tehdasmittaukset voidaan tallentaa joustavalla tavalla ja esittää käyttäjälle mielekkäässä muodossa. Moniulotteinen malli antaa myös erinomaiset keinot tiedon ryhmittelyyn ja vertailuun. Sillä ei kuitenkaan saada vastaavanlaisia hyötyjä kuin klassisissa kaupanalan tietovarastointi esimerkeissä, koska eri mittaukset ovat keskenään hyvin erilaisia. Vaikka mittaukset eivät olekaan aina vertailtavissa tai summattavissa keskenään, saadaan ne moniulotteisella mallilla tallennettua ja luokiteltua loogisesti siten, että käyttäjän on helppo löytää tarvitsemansa tieto. Lisäksi yleisesti tunnettu ja paljon käytetty tietovaraston suunnittelumalli takaa sen, että markkinoilta on saatavissa työkaluja tietovaraston käyttöön. Tietokannan toteutus tehtiin vapaasti levitettävän MySQLtiedonhallintajärjestelmän avulla. Sitä ei ole suunniteltu pääasiassa tietovarastokäyttöön, mutta halpa lisenssi ja hyvä skaalautuvuus tekevät siitä mielenkiintoisen vaihtoehdon. Sitä onkin käytetty luultua enemmän tietovarastoinnissa ja myös monien nimekkäiden organisaatioiden toimesta. Myös tässä työssä todettiin, että MySQL tarjoaa riittävät välineet tietovaraston kehittämiseen.

Validation of and comparison between a semidistributed rainfall-runoff hydrological model (PREVAH) and a spatially distributed snow-evolution model (SnowModel) for snow cover prediction in mountain ecosystems

Snow cover is an important control in mountain environments and a shift of the snow-free period triggered by climate warming can strongly impact ecosystem dynamics. Changing snow patterns can have severe effects on alpine plant distribution and diversity. It thus becomes urgent to provide spatially explicit assessments of snow cover changes that can be incorporated into correlative or empirical species distribution models (SDMs). Here, we provide for the first time a with a lower overestimation comparison of two physically based snow distribution models (PREVAH and SnowModel) to produce snow cover maps (SCMs) at a fine spatial resolution in a mountain landscape in Austria. SCMs have been evaluated with SPOT-HRVIR images and predictions of snow water equivalent from the two models with ground measurements. Finally, SCMs of the two models have been compared under a climate warming scenario for the end of the century. The predictive performances of PREVAH and SnowModel were similar when validated with the SPOT images. However, the tendency to overestimate snow cover was slightly lower with SnowModel during the accumulation period, whereas it was lower with PREVAH during the melting period. The rate of true positives during the melting period was two times higher on average with SnowModel with a lower overestimation of snow water equivalent. Our results allow for recommending the use of SnowModel in SDMs because it better captures persisting snow patches at the end of the snow season, which is important when modelling the response of species to long-lasting snow cover and evaluating whether they might survive under climate change.

Monitoring spatial and temporal dynamics of bird communities in Mediterranean landscapes affected by largewildfires = Seguimiento de la dinámica espacial y temporal de comunidades de aves en paisajes mediterráneos afectados por grandes fuegos

We presented a bird-monitoring database inMediterranean landscapes (Catalonia, NE Spain) affected by wildfires and we evaluated: 1) the spatial and temporal variability in the bird community composition and 2) the influence of pre-fire habitat configuration in the composition of bird communities. The DINDIS database results fromthemonitoring of bird communities occupying all areas affected by large wildfires in Catalonia since 2000.We used bird surveys conducted from 2006 to 2009 and performed a principal components analysis to describe two main gradients of variation in the composition of bird communities, which were used as descriptors of bird communities in subsequent analyses. We then analysed the relationships of these community descriptors with bioclimatic regions within Catalonia, time since fire and pre-fire vegetation (forest or shrubland).We have conducted 1,918 bird surveys in 567 transects distributed in 56 burnt areas. Eight out of the twenty most common detected species have an unfavourable conservation status, most of them being associated to open-habitats. Both bird communities’ descriptors had a strong regional component and were related to pre-fire vegetation, and to a lesser extent to the time since fire.We came to the conclusion that the responses of bird communities to wildfires are heterogeneous, complex and context dependent. Large-scale monitoring datasets, such as DINDIS, might allow identifying factors acting at different spatial and temporal scales that affect the dynamics of species and communities, giving additional information on the causes under general trends observed using other monitoring systems

Building distributed high availability system

Today’s commercial web sites are under heavy user load and they are expected to be operational and available at all times. Distributed system architectures have been developed to provide a scalable and failure tolerant high availability platform for these web based services. The focus on this thesis was to specify and implement resilient and scalable locally distributed high availability system architecture for a web based service. Theory part concentrates on the fundamental characteristics of distributed systems and presents common scalable high availability server architectures that are used in web based services. In the practical part of the thesis the implemented new system architecture is explained. Practical part also includes two different test cases that were done to test the system's performance capacity.

Extension and evaluation of JXTA protocols for supporting reliable P2P distributed computing

Peer-reviewed

DAI-DEPUR: an integrated and distributed architecture for wastewater treatment plants supervision

The activated sludge process - the main biological technology usually applied towastewater treatment plants (WWTP) - directly depends on live beings (microorganisms), and therefore on unforeseen changes produced by them. It could be possible to get a good plant operation if the supervisory control system is able to react to the changes and deviations in the system and can take thenecessary actions to restore the system’s performance. These decisions are oftenbased both on physical, chemical, microbiological principles (suitable to bemodelled by conventional control algorithms) and on some knowledge (suitable to be modelled by knowledge-based systems). But one of the key problems in knowledge-based control systems design is the development of an architecture able to manage efficiently the different elements of the process (integrated architecture), to learn from previous cases (spec@c experimental knowledge) and to acquire the domain knowledge (general expert knowledge). These problems increase when the process belongs to an ill-structured domain and is composed of several complex operational units. Therefore, an integrated and distributed AIarchitecture seems to be a good choice. This paper proposes an integrated and distributed supervisory multi-level architecture for the supervision of WWTP, that overcomes some of the main troubles of classical control techniques and those of knowledge-based systems applied to real world systems