Florencio del Castillo, precursor de los derechos de propiedad intelectual en Hispanoamérica /

En VII Congreso Costarricense de Filología, Lingüística y Literatura Dr. Jack Wilson Kilburn.

(E)-2-[2-(2-Aminofenil)vinil]-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona como precursor de novos compostos heterociclicos

Esta dissertação reporta a síntese de novos derivados de 4-quinolonas com potencial atividade biológica e está dividida em 3 capítulos. No primeiro capítulo é feita uma breve introdução aos compostos do tipo 4quinolona, azepina e indol, focando a nomenclatura, atividade biológica e métodos de síntese mais comuns deste tipo de compostos, e é apresentada a nomenclatura dos compostos sintetizados ao longo deste trabalho. No segundo capítulo são descritas as metodologias desenvolvidas para obtenção dos compostos pretendidos. Foram sintetizados novos derivados de 4-quinolonas via reações de N-metilação seguida de ciclização in situ da (E)-N(2-acetilfenil)-3-(2-nitrofenil)acrilamida, via reações de redução da 1-metil-2-[2(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona e reações de halogenação da 1-metil-2-[2(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona e da 2-[2-(2-aminofenil)vinil]-1metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Posteriormente, fizeram-se estudos de reatividade da 1-metil-2-[2-(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona e da 2-[2-(2-aminofenil)vinil]-3bromo-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Na reação de redução in situ seguida de ciclização intramolecular da 1-metil-2-[2-(2-nitrofenil)vinil]quinolin-4(1H)-ona obteve-se a 2-(1H-indol-2-il)-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Partindo da 2-[2-(2aminofenil)vinil]-3-bromo-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona via reações de BuchwaldHartwig obteve-se a 11-metil-5H-benzo[6,7]azepino[3,2-b]quinolin-6(11H)-ona. Novas N-[2-(2-(3-bromo-1-metil-4-oxo-1,4-di-hidroquinolin-2il)vinil)fenil]alquilamidas foram obtidas via reações de acilação da 2-[2-(2aminofenil)vinil]-3-bromo-1-metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona em piridina seca usando diferentes cloretos de acilo. Numa tentativa de ciclização intramolecular da N[2-(2-(3-bromo-1-metil-4-oxo-1,4-di-hidroquinolin-2-il)vinil)fenil]-hexanamida via reação de Ullmann intramolecular foi obtida a 2-(1-hexanoil-1H-indol-2-il)-1metilquinolin-4(1H)-ona. Após a descrição detalhada das metodologias de síntese são apresentadas as principais conclusões deste trabalho e perspectivas futuras. Por último, no terceiro capítulo, são apresentados os procedimentos experimentais usados para obtenção dos compostos sintetizados e os dados relativos à sua caracterização estrutural, que foi sendo discutida ao longo do segundo capítulo. Os compostos sintetizados foram caracterizados por espetroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear monodimensional (1H e 13C) e bidimensional (HSQC, HMBC) e por espetrometria de massa e sempre que possível por espetrometria de massa de alta resolução.

La fuerza del trabajo como precursor del desarrollo humano integral sustentable, en las plantaciones de palma africana del departamento del Cesar

Bogotá (Colombia) : Universidad de La Salle. Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Contables. Programa de Contaduría Pública

Síntese e caracterização de TaC e óxido misto de tântalo e cobre nanoestruturados a partir do precursor oxálico de tântalo através de reações gás-sólido e sólido-sólido a baixa temperatura

The research and development of nanostructured materials have been growing significantly in the last years. These materials have properties that were significantly modified as compared to conventional materials due to the extremely small dimensions of the crystallites. The tantalum carbide (TaC) is an extremely hard material that has high hardness, high melting point, high chemical stability, good resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock and excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The Compounds of Tantalum impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain TaC and mixed tantalum oxide and nanostructured copper from the precursor of tris (oxalate) hydrate ammonium oxitantalato, through gas-solid reaction and solid-solid respectively at low temperature (1000 ° C) and short reaction time. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectroscopy X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG), thermal analysis (DTA) and BET. Through the XRD analyses and the Reitiveld refinement of the TaC with S = 1.1584, we observed the formation of pure tantalum carbide and cubic structure with average crystallite size on the order of 12.5 nanometers. From the synthesis made of mixed oxide of tantalum and copper were formed two distinct phases: CuTa10O26 and Ta2O5, although the latter has been formed in lesser amounts

Antonio I. Villareal. Un maestro rural precursor de la Revolución

Antonio I. Villareal se unió en sus actividades periodísticas, partidistas y militares cuya principal meta era el derrocamiento del gobierno de Porfirio Díaz.

Influence of the metal precursor on the catalytic behavior of Pt/Ceria catalysts in the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H2 (PROX)

The effect of the metal precursor (presence or absence of chlorine) on the preferential oxidation of CO in the presence of H2 over Pt/CeO2 catalysts has been studied. The catalysts are prepared using (Pt(NH3)4)(NO3)2 and H2PtCl6, as precursors, in order to ascertain the effect of the chlorine species on the chemical properties of the support and on the catalytic behavior of these systems in the PROX reaction. The results show that chloride species exert an important effect on the redox properties of the oxide support due to surface chlorination. Consequently, the chlorinated catalyst exhibits a poorer catalytic activity at low temperatures compared with the chlorine-free catalyst, and this is accompanied by a higher selectivity to CO2 even at high reaction temperatures. It is proposed that the CO oxidation mechanism follows different pathways on each catalyst.

Platinum–rhodium–tin/carbon electrocatalysts for ethanol oxidation in acid media: effect of the precursor addition order and the amount of tin

Carbon-supported Pt x –Rh y –Sn z catalysts (x:y:z = 3:1:4, 6:2:4, 9:3:4) are prepared by Pt, Rh, and Sn precursors reduction in different addition order. The materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques and are evaluated for the electrooxidation of ethanol in acidic media by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and anode potentiostatic polarization. The influence of both the order in which the precursors are added and the composition of metals in the catalysts on the electrocatalytic activity and physico-chemical characteristics of Pt x –Rh y –Sn z /C catalysts is evaluated. Oxidized Rh species prevail on the surface of catalysts synthesized by simultaneous co-precipitation, thus demonstrating the influence of synthesis method on the oxidation state of catalysts. Furthermore, high amounts of Sn in composites synthesized by co-precipitation result in very active catalysts at low potentials (bifunctional effect), while medium Sn load is needed for sequentially deposited catalysts when the electronic effect is most important (high potentials), since more exposed Pt and Rh sites are needed on the catalyst surface to alcohol oxidation. The Pt3–Rh1–Sn4/C catalyst prepared by co-precipitation is the most active at potentials lower than 0.55 V (related to bifunctional effect), while the Pt6–Rh2–Sn4/C catalyst, prepared by sequential precipitation (first Rh and, after drying, Pt + Sn), is the most active above 0.55 V.

Juan de Mariana. Heredero de la escuela de Salamanca y precursor del liberalismo

Juan de Mariana (1536-1624) fue un autor español de la orden de los jesuitas que destacó por escribir el primer libro moderno de historia de España. Por encargo del rey Felipe II, publicó en latín Historia de rebus Hispaniae en 1592 y su propia traducción al español con el título Historia general de España en 1601. Esta investigación doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar sus principales obras de economía política De Rege et Regis Institutione (1599) y De Monetae Mutatione (1609), junto con su obra histórica, para contestar dos cuestiones importantes: si Juan de Mariana perteneció a la Escuela de Salamanca y, también, si podría considerarse un precursor del liberalismo que influyó en autores de los siglos XVII y XVIII. Con el objetivo de responder a la primera cuestión, la investigación propone dos agrupaciones posibles de los escolásticos tardíos españoles que permiten analizar en su conjunto las instituciones y los principios que defendieron. La primera clasificación agrupa a los autores en función de su vinculación a la Universidad de Salamanca y del uso del derecho de gentes (que es el derecho consuetudinario o “common law” inglés) y se denomina Escuela de Salamanca. Sin embargo, la segunda clasificación agrupa a los autores como un colectivo más amplio que fusiona la Escuela de Salamanca junto con los autores españoles sobre los que influyó y que, rápidamente, se extendió a todas las universidades españolas (Palencia, Valladolid, Alcalá de Henares, Valencia, Sevilla), vinculados por el uso genérico del derecho natural (como referirse a lo que “existe con independencia de la voluntad humana”); que emplearon en la identificaron de las instituciones y de los principios responsables del funcionamiento del orden de mercado o económico como, entre otros, los derechos de propiedad, los contratos privados, el comercio internacional, el principio de consentimiento, los principios tributarios, el precio del mercado, el origen del dinero y sus funciones, la necesidad de equilibrio en los presupuestos públicos, los impuestos bajos y el mínimo endeudamiento, el principio de la preferencia temporal, la tasa de interés de los préstamos, la importancia de las letras de crédito… Se han comparado las instituciones que defendió el padre Mariana con aquellas que argumentaron los autores de la Escuela de Salamanca, llegando a la conclusión de que no pertenece a la Escuela de Salamanca de Economía (ESE) porque no emplea el derecho de gentes y nunca estudió en la Universidad de Salamanca pero que, sin embargo, sí puede considerarse un heredero de la misma y que, de hecho, constituye uno de los máximos exponentes de un conjunto más amplio, denominado Escuela Española de Economía (EEE)...

Identification of differentially expressed genes in the heart precursor cells of the chick embryo

Genetic evidence has implicated several genes as being critical for heart development. However, the inducers of these genes as well as their targets and pathways they are involved with, remain largely unknown. Previous studies in the avian embryo showed that at HH4 Cerberus (cCer) transcripts are detected in the anterior endomesoderm including the heart precursor cells and later in the left lateral plate mesoderm. We have identified a promoter element of chick cCer able to drive EGFP expression in a population of cells that consistently exit from the anterior primitive streak region, from as early as stage HH3+, and that later will populate the heart. Using this promoter element as a tool allowed us to identify novel genes previously not known to potentially play a role in heart development. In order to identify and study genes expressed and involved in the correct development and differentiation of the vertebrate heart precursor cell (HPC) lineages, a differential screening using Affymetrix GeneChip system technologies was performed. Remarkably, this screening led to the identification of more than 700 transcripts differentially expressed in the heart forming regions (HFR). Bioinformatic tools allowed us to filter the large amount of data generated from this approach and to select a few transcripts for in vivo validation. Whole-mount in situ hybridization and sectioning of selected genes showed heart and vascular expression patterns for these transcripts during early chick development. We have developed an effective strategy to specifically identify genes that are differentially expressed in the HPC lineages. Within this set we have identified several genes that are expressed in the heart, blood and vascular lineages, which are likely to play a role in their development. These genes are potential candidates for future functional studies on early embryonic patterning.

Tetraspanin 3: A central endocytic membrane component regulating the expression of ADAM10, presenilin and the amyloid precursor protein

Despite existing knowledge about the role of the A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) as the α-secretase involved in the non-amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch signalling we have only limited information about its regulation. In this study, we have identified ADAM10 interactors using a split ubiquitin yeast two hybrid approach. Tetraspanin 3 (Tspan3), which is highly expressed in the murine brain and elevated in brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, was identified and confirmed to bind ADAM10 by co-immunoprecipitation experiments in mammalian cells in complex with APP and the γ-secretase protease presenilin. Tspan3 expression increased the cell surface levels of its interacting partners and was mainly localized in early and late endosomes. In contrast to the previously described ADAM10-binding tetraspanins, Tspan3 did not affect the endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane transport of ADAM10. Heterologous Tspan3 expression significantly increased the appearance of carboxy-terminal cleavage products of ADAM10 and APP, whereas N-cadherin ectodomain shedding appeared unaffected. Inhibiting the endocytosis of Tspan3 by mutating a critical cytoplasmic tyrosine-based internalization motif led to increased surface expression of APP and ADAM10. After its downregulation in neuroblastoma cells and in brains of Tspan3-deficient mice, ADAM10 and APP levels appeared unaltered possibly due to a compensatory increase in the expression of Tspans 5 and 7, respectively. In conclusion, our data suggest that Tspan3 acts in concert with other tetraspanins as a stabilizing factor of active ADAM10, APP and the γ-secretase complex at the plasma membrane and within the endocytic pathway.

Zinc deficiency induces apoptosis via mitochondrial p53- and caspase-dependent pathways in human neuronal precursor cells

Previous studies have shown that zinc deficiency leads to apoptosis of neuronal precursor cells in vivo and in vitro. In addition to the role of p53 as a nuclear transcription factor in zinc deficient cultured human neuronal precursors (NT-2), we have now identified the translocation of phosphorylated p53 to the mitochondria and p53-dependent increases in the pro-apoptotic mitochondrial protein BAX leading to a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as demonstrated by a 25% decrease in JC-1 red:green fluorescence ratio. Disruption of mitochondrial membrane integrity was accompanied by efflux of the apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria and translocation to the nucleus with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 24 h of zinc deficiency. Measurement of caspase cleavage, mRNA, and treatment with caspase inhibitors revealed the involvement of caspases 2, 3, 6, and 7 in zinc deficiency-mediated apoptosis. Down-stream targets of caspase activation, including the nuclear structure protein lamin and polyADP ribose polymerase (PARP), which participates in DNA repair, were also cleaved. Transfection with a dominant-negative p53 construct and use of the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin- ␮, established that these alterations were largely dependent on p53. Together these data identify a cascade of events involving mitochondrial p53 as well as p53-dependent caspase-mediated mechanisms leading to apoptosis during zinc deficiency.

The Applicability Of Ordered Mesoporous Sba-15 And Its Hydrophobic Glutaraldehyde-bridge Derivative To Improve Ibuprofen-loading In Releasing System.

The mesoporous SBA-15 silica with uniform hexagonal pore, narrow pore size distribution and tuneable pore diameter was organofunctionalized with glutaraldehyde-bridged silylating agent. The precursor and its derivative silicas were ibuprofen-loaded for controlled delivery in simulated biological fluids. The synthesized silicas were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, (13)C and (29)Si solid state NMR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy. Surface functionalization with amine containing bridged hydrophobic structure resulted in significantly decreased surface area from 802.4 to 63.0 m(2) g(-1) and pore diameter 8.0-6.0 nm, which ultimately increased the drug-loading capacity from 18.0% up to 28.3% and a very slow release rate of ibuprofen over the period of 72.5h. The in vitro drug release demonstrated that SBA-15 presented the fastest release from 25% to 27% and SBA-15GA gave near 10% of drug release in all fluids during 72.5 h. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model better fits the release data with the Fickian diffusion mechanism and zero order kinetics for synthesized mesoporous silicas. Both pore sizes and hydrophobicity influenced the rate of the release process, indicating that the chemically modified silica can be suggested to design formulation of slow and constant release over a defined period, to avoid repeated administration.

Oligomerization, Membrane Association, And In Vivo Phosphorylation Of Sugarcane Udp-glucose Pyrophosphorylase.

Sugarcane is a monocot plant that accumulates sucrose to levels of up to 50% of dry weight in the stalk. The mechanisms that are involved in sucrose accumulation in sugarcane are not well understood, and little is known with regard to factors that control the extent of sucrose storage in the stalks. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase; EC 2.7.7.9) is an enzyme that produces UDP-glucose, a key precursor for sucrose metabolism and cell wall biosynthesis. The objective of this work was to gain insights into the ScUGPase-1 expression pattern and regulatory mechanisms that control protein activity. ScUGPase-1 expression was negatively correlated with the sucrose content in the internodes during development, and only slight differences in the expression patterns were observed between two cultivars that differ in sucrose content. The intracellular localization of ScUGPase-1 indicated partial membrane association of this soluble protein in both the leaves and internodes. Using a phospho-specific antibody, we observed that ScUGPase-1 was phosphorylated in vivo at the Ser-419 site in the soluble and membrane fractions from the leaves but not from the internodes. The purified recombinant enzyme was kinetically characterized in the direction of UDP-glucose formation, and the enzyme activity was affected by redox modification. Preincubation with H2O2 strongly inhibited this activity, which could be reversed by DTT. Small angle x-ray scattering analysis indicated that the dimer interface is located at the C terminus and provided the first structural model of the dimer of sugarcane UGPase in solution.

Tubular Variant Of Basal Cell Adenoma Shares Immunophenotypical Features With Normal Intercalated Ducts And Is Closely Related To Intercalated Duct Lesions Of Salivary Gland.

The morphological criteria for identification of intercalated duct lesions (IDLs) of salivary glands have been defined recently. It has been hypothesised that IDL could be a precursor of basal cell adenoma (BCA). BCAs show a variety of histological patterns, and the tubular variant is the one that presents the strongest resemblance with IDLs. The aim of this study was to analyse the morphological and immunohistochemical profiles of IDLs and BCAs classified into tubular and non-tubular subtypes, to determine whether or not IDL and tubular BCA represent distinct entities. Eight IDLs, nine tubular BCAs and 19 non-tubular BCAs were studied. All tubular BCAs contained IDL-like areas, which represented 20-70% of the tumour. In non-tubular BCA, IDL-like areas were occasional and small (<5%). One patient presented IDLs, tubular BCAs and IDL/tubular BCA combined lesions. Luminal ductal cells of IDLs and tubular BCAs exhibited positivity for CK7, lysozyme, S100 and DOG1. In the non-tubular BCA group, few luminal cells exhibited such an immunoprofile; they were mainly CK14-positive. Basal/myoepithelial cells of IDLs, tubular BCAs and non-tubular BCAs were positive for CK14, calponin, α-SMA and p63; they were more numerous in BCA lesions. IDL, tubular BCA and non-tubular BCA form a continuum of lesions in which IDLs are related closely to tubular BCA. In both, the immunoprofile of luminal and myoepithelial cells recapitulates the normal intercalated duct. The difference between the adenoma-like subset of IDLs and tubular BCA rests mainly on the larger numbers of myoepithelial cells in the latter. Our findings indicate that at least some BCAs can arise via IDLs.

Digestive Peptidase Evolution In Holometabolous Insects Led To A Divergent Group Of Enzymes In Lepidoptera.

Trypsins and chymotrypsins are well-studied serine peptidases that cleave peptide bonds at the carboxyl side of basic and hydrophobic l-amino acids, respectively. These enzymes are largely responsible for the digestion of proteins. Three primary processes regulate the activity of these peptidases: secretion, precursor (zymogen) activation and substrate-binding site recognition. Here, we present a detailed phylogenetic analysis of trypsins and chymotrypsins in three orders of holometabolous insects and reveal divergent characteristics of Lepidoptera enzymes in comparison with those of Coleoptera and Diptera. In particular, trypsin subsite S1 was more hydrophilic in Lepidoptera than in Coleoptera and Diptera, whereas subsites S2-S4 were more hydrophobic, suggesting different substrate preferences. Furthermore, Lepidoptera displayed a lineage-specific trypsin group belonging only to the Noctuidae family. Evidence for facilitated trypsin auto-activation events were also observed in all the insect orders studied, with the characteristic zymogen activation motif complementary to the trypsin active site. In contrast, insect chymotrypsins did not seem to have a peculiar evolutionary history with respect to their mammal counterparts. Overall, our findings suggest that the need for fast digestion allowed holometabolous insects to evolve divergent groups of peptidases with high auto-activation rates, and highlight that the evolution of trypsins led to a most diverse group of enzymes in Lepidoptera.