Estructuraci��n de un modelo de gesti��n eficiente para AJ Colombia SAS

En la mayor��a de los pa��ses, los negocios familiares representan un alto porcentaje de todas las empresas constituidas. Colombia no es la excepci��n a este comportamiento, donde las empresas familiares representan el 70% de todas las compa����as, seg��n la Superintendencia de Sociedades, en las que se incluyen PYMES y grandes grupos econ��micos. Este trabajo de grado tiene como objetivo estructurar un modelo de gesti��n eficiente para la empresa AJ Colombia S.A.S. una empresa mediana que se ha venido estructurando de manera emp��rica, por lo que tras el an��lisis de sus procesos encontramos posibles mejoras usando herramientas como el Cambio Estrat��gico y la Reingenier��a, adem��s de la generaci��n de valor por medio de los Inventarios.

Educaci��n de la sexualidad, pr��cticas docentes y conocimientos de los estudiantes: una evaluaci��n del Programa de Educaci��n para la Sexualidad y Construcci��n de Ciudadan��a (PESCC)

Este documento presenta los resultados del componente cuantitativo de la evaluaci��n del Programa de Educaci��n para la Sexualidad y Construcci��n de Ciudadan��a (PESCC) del Ministerio de Educaci��n Nacional de Colombia (MEN). Para identificar el efecto, la estrategia emp��rica explota la variaci��n en la implementaci��n del componente pedag��gico del PESCC entre los colegios y la variaci��n en el componente de fortalecimiento institucional del programa a nivel departamental. El principal hallazgo de este trabajo es que el PESCC mejora las pr��cticas docentes de planeaci��n y los conocimientos de los estudiantes en servicios en salud sexual y reproductiva y en derechos humanos sexuales y reproductivos. No hay efectos significativos en otros ��ndices de Conocimientos, Actitudes o Pr��cticas (CAP) de profesores o estudiantes.

Ecologia demogr��fica de la perca americana (Micropterus salmoides) a l'Estany de Banyoles

L'Estany de Banyoles, sistema peculiar tant des del punt de vista de la seva formaci�� geol��gica com de les seves caracter��stiques limnol��giques, cont�� actualment una comunitat de peixos profundament modificada respecte de la comunitat original. La perca americana (Micropterus salmoides), introdu��da a finals dels anys seixanta del segle XX, ��s avui una de les esp��cies dominants en aquesta comunitat, i ocupa sobretot l'h��bitat litoral de l'Estany. Es tracta d'una esp��cie molt ben estudiada a Nord Am��rica des de diverses disciplines de la biologia i des de fa diverses d��cades, cosa que ha comportat que actualment es disposi d'un gran volum d'informaci�� sobre ella. Amb tot, fora del seu continent d'origen ha rebut poca atenci��, malgrat l'amplia expansi�� que ha experimentat arreu del m��n. En aquesta tesi doctoral s'han abordat, amb un enfocament descriptiu, aspectes fins ara desconeguts per a l'esp��cie a l'Estany de Banyoles, a la pen��nsula ib��rica i fins i tot a Europa. Concretament, se n'ha analitzat la condici��, el creixement i la demografia, aix�� com les seves variacions temporals. Amb aquesta finalitat, s'ha dissenyat un mostreig composat de deu campanyes de pesca intensives m��s alguns petits mostrejos addicionals intercalats, mostreig que s'ha allargat des del juliol del 1997 i fins el novembre del 1999. La captura dels exemplars s'ha realitzat mitjan��ant una t��cnica de pesca el��ctrica amb una embarcaci�� posada a punt expressament per a aquest estudi, la qual s'ha mostrat considerablement eficient malgrat les dificultats que ofereix el medi. S'ha realitzat un mostreig de marcatge-recaptura basat en la mutilaci�� d'aletes i, en alguns casos, en el marcatge amb pintura acr��lica. Nom��s en la darrera campanya (novembre del 1999) s'ha sacrificat una part important de les captures a fi de retirar-ne els ot��lits per a la determinaci�� de l'edat. Pel que fa a l'an��lisi de les dades, s'ha aplicat un ampli ventall de m��todes i models per a cada un dels aspectes estudiats, a fi de contrastar-ne els resultats i validar-ne la seva fiabilitat. En el cas de la condici��, s'han aplicat m��todes d'an��lisi de la covari��ncia (ANCOVA) i altres m��todes an��legs, aix�� com, paral��lelament, regressions i an��lisis derivades a partir de la relaci�� longitud-pes. En l'estudi del creixement, s'han realitzat ajustaments de diversos models mitjan��ant regressions sobre dades de mida a l'edat i sobre dades d'increments de mida observats per interval de temps. Tamb�� s'han aplicat an��lisis de freq����ncies de longitud, i, finalment, s'han aplicat m��todes de retroc��lcul a partir dels increments anuals del radi observats en els ot��lits. Finalment, en el cas de l'estudi de la demografia, s'han aplicat models de marcatge-recaptura per a l'estimaci�� de la grand��ria poblacional i de la superviv��ncia, i, a m��s, s'han ajustat diversos models continus de superviv��ncia sobre aquestes estimacions pr��vies. Tamb�� s'han estimat les capturabilitats associades a la nova t��cnica de captura. Per una altra banda, s'ha implementat i realitzat un mostreig sobre la poblaci�� de pescadors esportius de l'Estany encarat a determinar, b��sicament, la pressi�� de pesca a qu�� es veu sotmesa l'esp��cie. Els resultats mostren sobretot una alta estabilitat interanual en tots els aspectes estudiats, que s'explica per l'estabilitat ambiental que, al seu torn, ��s caracter��stica d'aquest ecosistema lacustre. Aix�� reverteix en una longevitat m��xima observada que iguala la m��xima descrita a la literatura per a l'esp��cie. Alhora, tamb�� s'han descrit fortes oscil��lacions estacionals tant en la condici��, com en el creixement, com tamb�� en la superviv��ncia, les quals, per��, presenten certes difer��ncies en la seva temporalitat, cosa que indica una certa diferenciaci�� en els factors que les regulen.

Intelig��ncia Emocional em Alunos do 8�� ano : diferen��as em fun����o de vari��veis sociodemogr��ficas

A intelig��ncia emocional tem ganho um relevo particular no dom��nio da psicologia, enquanto ingrediente-chave para alcan��ar sucesso, qualidade de relacionamento interpessoal, sa��de, satisfa����o, bem-estar, e qualidade de vida, associados aos contextos educativos e profissionais (Nelis, Quoidbach, Mikolajczak, & Hansenne, 2009, cit. in Carvalho, 2011). Neste estudo visa-se estudar as qualidades psicom��tricas de um instrumento de avalia����o da intelig��ncia emocional, caracterizar a intelig��ncia emocional, e analisar poss��veis diferen��as nos resultados em fun����o de vari��veis sociodemogr��ficas. Participaram 557 alunos do 8�� ano de escolaridade, 289 raparigas e 268 rapazes, entre os 11 e os 15 anos (M=13.27; DP=.583), que frequentavam escolas p��blicas do norte, centro, e sul de Portugal. A intelig��ncia emocional foi avaliada atrav��s do Question��rio de Intelig��ncia Emocional de Bar-On, (Candeias & Rebocho, 2007). Em termos das qualidades psicom��tricas do instrumento verifica-se uma solu����o fatorial de 31 itens, organizados em cinco fatores, que explicam aproximadamente 50% da vari��ncia dos itens, sendo claramente identificados os fatores Humor Geral, Adaptabilidade e Interpessoal. Por sua vez, constatam-se diferen��as estatisticamente significativas em fun����o do sexo, na dimens��o Intrapessoal, a favor das raparigas, e na dimens��o Humor Geral a favor dos rapazes; em fun����o da idade, na dimens��o Adaptabilidade, a favor dos alunos mais novos; e, em fun����o da localiza����o geogr��fica, na dimens��o Intrapessoal, a favor dos jovens do norte. Retiram-se implica����es para o desenvolvimento de interven����es de aconselhamento de carreira ao longo da vida, que englobem o construto da intelig��ncia emocional.

Biblioterapia : a Fun����o Terap��utica do Livro em Ambiente Prisional

Este trabalho de investiga����o consiste num estudo emp��rico sobre uma nova ci��ncia - a Biblioterapia, e a situa����o mais espec��fica, a sua aplica����o em contexto prisional. Para alcan��ar este objetivo formul��mos a seguinte hip��tese: ���o livro exerce sobre as pessoas em geral e, de uma forma mais particular, sobre indiv��duos em contexto de deten����o institucional uma fun����o terap��utica���. A metodologia adotada para esta investiga����o assenta essencialmente em fontes documentais textuais e digitais, sobre autores especialistas na mat��ria, que de uma forma mais precisa se identificam e citam especificamente no cap��tulo referente �� revis��o da literatura. Para atingir o nosso prop��sito come����mos por definir os conceitos de leitura, de leitura terap��utica, de fenomenologia da linguagem, de terapia e de di��logo assim como procur��mos saber quais os fundamentos filos��ficos e os componentes biblioterap��uticos, p��blico-alvo e ��reas com maiores potencialidades de aplica����o, benef��cios e limita����es que norteiam �� aplica����o da Biblioterapia, nomeadamente, para fins de desenvolvimento pessoal e de altera����es comportamentais. Fez-se igualmente uma an��lise da evolu����o do conceito, desde Arist��teles at�� aos nossos dias. S�� com o conhecimento efetivo desta realidade seria poss��vel prosseguir o nosso objeto de estudo. Entendemos ainda ser importante perceber qual �� a situa����o da leitura em Portugal e as pol��ticas desenvolvidas nesta ��rea pelo Estado, para promover a leitura junto dos estudantes e da popula����o em geral. Apenas assente nestas duas realidades que se entrecruzam, no processo de leitor/livro �� poss��vel identificar e relacionar esta problem��tica em estudo. Constatamos a exist��ncia de dois tipos de Biblioterapia, a Biblioterapia-arte e a Biblioterapia-ci��ncia, identificando algumas das suas caracter��sticas, principalmente o que as aproxima e o que as separa. Apresentamos um exemplo de uma ��rea reconhecidamente bem sucedida na aplica����o da Biblioterapia n��o-cl��nica, em institui����es prisionais, efetuando uma abordagem ��s quest��es mais pertinentes neste campo: os seus aspetos institucionais, os psicossociais e os de reinser����o social. Consider��mos ainda as recomenda����es da IFLA para este setor populacional ��� Guidelines for Library Services to Prisoners. Ao longo do trabalho e de uma forma transversal real��amos as interrela����es biblioterap��uticas entre pacientes, bibliotec��rios e outros intervenientes no processo biblioterap��utico, tais como m��dicos e orientadores de leitura. Finalizamos o trabalho concluindo que a pr��tica de leitura de temas espec��ficos, em qualquer campo de atua����o e sob orienta����o de um elemento profissional com conhecimentos aprofundados tanto em rela����o ��s personalidades e problemas dos destinat��rios como aos materiais que tem �� sua disposi����o ��� o livro, em sentido lato - pode efetivamente desencadear benef��cios terap��uticos nos leitores.

Recuentos de dos ciudades: Guayaquil en 1899 y Quito en 1906 (Estudios)

Estudio preliminar del desarrollo demogr��fico de Guayaquil y Quito a fines el siglo XIX e inicios del siglo XX, basado en los censos proto-estad��sticos realizados en ambas ciudades en 1899 y 1906, respectivamente. Se estudian las condiciones en las que se realizaron ambos censos, la informaci��n cuantitativa que ofrecen y los vac��os que la historia demogr��fica a��n mantiene. El art��culo enfatiza en una perspectiva de an��lisis comparativo entre las dos principales ciudades del Ecuador. Se examina la composici��n poblacional en t��rminos de grupos de edad, sexo, ocupaci��n, matrimonio, natalidad, mortalidad y educaci��n.

Lesser Scaup Population Dynamics: What Can Be Learned from Available Data?

Populations of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) have declined markedly in North America since the early 1980s. When considering alternatives for achieving population recovery, it would be useful to understand how the rate of population growth is functionally related to the underlying vital rates and which vital rates affect population growth rate the most if changed (which need not be those that influenced historical population declines). To establish a more quantitative basis for learning about life history and population dynamics of Lesser Scaup, we summarized published and unpublished estimates of vital rates recorded between 1934 and 2005, and developed matrix life-cycle models with these data for females breeding in the boreal forest, prairie-parklands, and both regions combined. We then used perturbation analysis to evaluate the effect of changes in a variety of vital-rate statistics on finite population growth rate and abundance. Similar to Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), our modeled population growth rate for Lesser Scaup was most sensitive to unit and proportional change in adult female survival during the breeding and non-breeding seasons, but much less so to changes in fecundity parameters. Interestingly, population growth rate was also highly sensitive to unit and proportional changes in the mean of nesting success, duckling survival, and juvenile survival. Given the small samples of data for key aspects of the Lesser Scaup life cycle, we recommend additional research on vital rates that demonstrate a strong effect on population growth and size (e.g., adult survival probabilities). Our life-cycle models should be tested and regularly updated in the future to simultaneously guide science and management of Lesser Scaup populations in an adaptive context.

Nonbreeding-Season Drivers of Population Dynamics in Seasonal Migrants: Conservation Parallels Across Taxa

For seasonal migrants, logistical constraints have often limited conservation efforts to improving survival and reproduction during the breeding season only. Yet, mounting empirical evidence suggests that events occurring throughout the migratory life cycle can critically alter the demography of many migrant species. Herein, we build upon recent syntheses of avian migration research to review the role of non-breeding seasons in determining the population dynamics and fitness of diverse migratory taxa, including salmonid fishes, marine mammals, ungulates, sea turtles, butterflies, and numerous bird groups. We discuss several similarities across these varied migrants: (i) non-breeding survivorship tends to be a strong driver of population growth; (ii) non-breeding events can affect fitness in subsequent seasons through seasonal interactions at individual- and population-levels; (iii) broad-scale climatic influences often alter non-breeding resources and migration timing, and may amplify population impacts through covariation among seasonal vital rates; and (iv) changes to both stationary and migratory non-breeding habitats can have important consequences for abundance and population trends. Finally, we draw on these patterns to recommend that future conservation research for seasonal migrants will benefit from: (1) more explicit recognition of the important parallels among taxonomically diverse migratory animals; (2) an expanded research perspective focused on quantification of all seasonal vital rates and their interactions; and (3) the development of detailed population projection models that account for complexity and uncertainty in migrant population dynamics.

Contrasting Seasonal Survivorship of Two Migratory Songbirds Wintering in Threatened Mangrove Forests

Long-distance migrants wintering in tropical regions face a number of critical conservation threats throughout their lives, but seasonal estimates of key demographic parameters such as winter survival are rare. Using mist-netting-based mark-recapture data collected in coastal Costa Rica over a six-year period, we examined variation in within- and between-winter survivorship of the Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea; 753 young and 376 adults banded), a declining neotropical habitat specialist that depends on threatened mangrove forests during the nonbreeding season. We derived parallel seasonal survivorship estimates for the Northern Waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis; 564 young and 93 adults banded), a cohabitant mangrove specialist that has not shown the same population decline in North America, to assess whether contrasting survivorship might contribute to the observed differences in the species’ population trajectories. Although average annual survival probability was relatively similar between the two species for both young and adult birds, monthly estimates indicated that relative to Northern Waterthrush, Prothonotary Warblers exhibited: greater interannual variation in survivorship, especially within winters; greater variation in survivorship among the three study sites; lower average between-winter survivorship, particularly among females, and; a sharp decline in between-winter survivorship from 2003 to 2009 for both age groups and both sexes. Rather than identifying one seasonal vital rate as a causal factor of Prothonotary Warbler population declines, our species comparison suggests that the combination of variable within-winter survival with decreasing between-winter survival demands a multi-seasonal approach to the conservation of this and other tropical-wintering migrants.

A Demographic Model to Evaluate Population Declines in the Endangered Streaked Horned Lark

The Streaked Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris strigata) is listed as endangered by the State of Washington, USA and by Canada under the Species at Risk Act and is also classified as a federal candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act in the USA. A substantial portion of Streaked Horned Lark habitat has been lost or degraded, and range contraction has occurred in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. We estimate the vital rates (fecundity, adult and juvenile survival) and population growth rate (λ) for Streaked Horned Larks breeding in Washington, USA and conduct a Life-Stage Simulation Analysis (LSA) to evaluate which vital rate has the greatest influence on λ. We simulated changes in the three vital rates to examine how much they would need to be adjusted either independently or in concert to achieve a stable Streaked Horned Lark population (λ = 1). We also evaluated which fecundity component (the number of fledglings per egg laid or renesting interval) had the greatest impact on λ. The estimate of population growth suggests that Streaked Horned Larks in Washington are declining rapidly (λ = 0.62 ± 0.10) and that local breeding sites are not sustainable without immigration. The LSA results indicate that adult survival had the greatest influence on λ, followed by juvenile survival and fecundity. However, increases in vital rates led to λ = 1 only when adult survival was raised from 0.47 to 0.85, juvenile survival from 0.17 to 0.58, and fecundity from 0.91 to 3.09. Increases in breeding success and decreases in the renesting interval influenced λ similarly; however, λ did not reach 1 even when breeding success was raised to 100% or renesting intervals were reduced to 1 day. Only when all three vital rates were increased simultaneously did λ approach 1 without requiring highly unrealistic increases in each vital rate. We conclude that conservation activities need to target all or multiple vital rates to be successful. The baseline data presented here and subsequent efforts to manage Streaked Horned Larks will provide valuable information for management of other declining Horned Lark subspecies and other grassland songbirds across North America.

Density dependence and phenological mismatch: consequences for growth and survival of sub-arctic nesting Canada Geese

The extent to which species are plastic in the timing of their reproductive events relative to phenology suggests how climate change might affect their demography. An ecological mismatch between the timing of hatch for avian species and the peak availability in quality and quantity of forage for rapidly growing offspring might ultimately affect recruitment to the breeding population unless individuals can adjust the timing of breeding to adapt to changing phenology. We evaluated effects of goose density, hatch timing relative to forage plant phenology, and weather indices on annual growth of pre-fledging Canada geese (Branta canadensis) from 1993-2010 at Akimiski Island, Nunavut. We found effects of both density and hatch timing relative to forage plant phenology; the earlier that eggs hatched relative to forage plant phenology, the larger the mean gosling size near fledging. Goslings were smallest in years when hatch was latest relative to forage plant phenology, and when local abundance of breeding adults was highest. We found no evidence for a trend in relative hatch timing, but it was apparent that in early springs, Canada geese tended to hatch later relative to vegetation phenology, suggesting that geese were not always able to adjust the timing of nesting as rapidly as vegetation phenology was advanced. Analyses using forage biomass information revealed a positive relationship between gosling size and per capita biomass availability, suggesting a causal mechanism for the density effect. The effects of weather parameters explained additional variation in mean annual gosling size, although total June and July rainfall had a small additive effect on gosling size. Modelling of annual first-year survival probability using mean annual gosling size as an annual covariate revealed a positive relationship, suggesting that reduced gosling growth negatively impacts recruitment.

Suburban immigrants to wildlands disrupt honest signaling in ultra-violet plumage

Urbanization changes habitat in a multitude of ways, including altering food availability. Access to human-provided food can change the relationship between body condition and honest advertisements of fitness, which may result in changes to behavior, demography, and metapopulation dynamics. We compared plumage color, its relationship with body condition and feather growth, and use as signal of dominance between a suburban and a wildland population of Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens). Although plumage color was not related to body condition at either site, suburban birds had plumage with a greater proportion of total reflectance in the ultra-violet (UV) and peak reflectance at shorter wavelengths. Despite the use of plumage reflectance as a signal of dominance among individuals in the wildlands, we found no evidence of status signaling at the suburban site. However, birds emigrating from the suburban site to the wildland site tended to be more successful at acquiring breeder status but less successful at reproducing than were immigrants from an adjacent wildland site, suggesting that signaled and realized quality differ. These differences in signaling content among populations could have demographic effects at metapopulation scales and may represent an evolutionary trap whereby suburban immigrants are preferred as mates even though their reproductive success relative to effort is lower.

Terrestrial implications for the maritime geoarchaeological resource: A view from the Lower Palaeolithic

Stone tools and faunal remains have been recovered from the English Channel and the North Sea through trawling, dredging for aggregates, channel clearance, and coring. These finds highlight the potential for a maritime Lower Palaeolithic archaeological resource. It is proposed here that any Lower Palaeolithic artefacts, faunal remains, and sediments deposited in the maritime zone during dry, low-stand phases were once (and may still be) contextually similar to their counterparts in the terrestrial Lower Palaeolithic records of north-western Europe. Given these similarities, can interpretive models and analytical frameworks developed for terrestrial archaeology be profitably applied to an assessment of the potential value of any maritime resource? The terrestrial geoarchaeological resource for the Lower Palaeolithic is dominated by artefacts and ecofacts that have been fluvially reworked. The spatio-temporal resolution of these data varies from entire river valleys and marine isotope stages to river channel gravel bar surfaces and decadal timescales, thus supporting a variety of questions and approaches. However, the structure of the terrestrial resource also highlights two fundamental limitations in current maritime knowledge that can restrict the application of terrestrial approaches to any potential maritime resource: (i) how have the repetitive transgressions and regressions of the Middle and Late Pleistocene modified the terrace landforms and sediments associated with the river systems of the English Channel and southern North Sea basins?; and (ii) do the surviving submerged terrace landforms and fluvial sedimentary deposits support robust geochronological models, as is the case with the classical terrestrial terrace sequences? This paper highlights potential approaches to these questions, and concludes that the fluvial palaeogeography, Pleistocene fossils, and potential Lower Palaeolithic artefacts of the maritime geoarchaeological resource can be profitably investigated in future as derived, low-resolution data sets, facilitating questions of colonisation, occupation, demography, and material culture.