La agricultura y la escuela en Espa??a (1848-1901)

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

El mito Roosevelt para América Latina (1901-1909)

La figura de Theodore Roosevelt, presidente de los Estados Unidos de 1901 a 1909, ha sido alimentada negativamente sin comprender que su política exterior respondió a las necesidades de la nación estadounidense en pleno proceso de expansión imperialista. Este personaje se ha convertido en un mito histórico no sólo por haber definido el papel de Estados Unidos en el mundo a partir del interés nacional sino, también, por su política intervensionista en América Latina. El análisis histórico en la larga duración permite el estudio de aspectos ideológicos, culturales y su vinculación con la política exterior. Nuestro personaje, y el establishment del que era parte, vivió una época marcada por la expansión económica, un darwinismo social tergiversado, el racialismo, un sentido de destino manifiesto y la misión civilizadora. Este trabajo intenta establecer esa diferenciación que tuvo Theodore Roosevelt entre Centroamérica y América del Sur para la aplicación de su política exterior, que no puede ser llamada «política del gran garrote», pues se caería en la generalización, sino más bien diplomacia del control y de la fuerza. El análisis del discurso de este personaje evidencia cómo él percibió unas zonas al sur de Estados Unidos, como «civilizadas», en contraposición a aquellas que consideraba «bárbaras», en Centroamérica.

Ideología, cultura y política exterior estadounidense hacia América Latina: un estudio en torno a los mitos y estereotipos durante el gobierno de Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)

Este trabajo es un estudio de factores de carácter político, ideológico y cultural que intervinieron y aún se dejan notar en la relación Estados Unidos y América Latina. TEMA: IDEOLOGÍA, CULTURA Y POLÍTICA EXTERIOR ESTADOUNIDENSE HACIA AMÉRICA LATINA: UN ESTUDIO EN TORNO A LOS MITOS Y ESTEREOTIPOS DURANTE EL GOBIERNO DE THEODORE ROOSEVELT (1901-1909) El desarrollo de la presente investigación parte de la figura de Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919), como modo de proyectarse al análisis de toda una época para explicar la relación existente entre la ideología estadounidense y su política exterior hacia América Latina durante el gobierno de Teddy Roosevelt (1901 – 1909) quien por un azar en la historia llego a ser presidente de los Estados Unidos debido a la inesperada muerte del presidente Mackinley. Roosevelt ocupó una posición histórica única en el enfoque de los Estados Unidos a las Relaciones Internacionales. Como señala Kissinger, ningún otro presidente definió tan cabalmente el papel mundial de los Estados Unidos por su interés nacional, ni identificó tan completamente el interés nacional con el equilibrio de poder. Nuestro objetivo es centrarnos en la relación existente entre mitos, estereotipos y política exterior estadounidense frente a América Latina, a partir del estudio del personaje ya mencionado. En ningún momento pretendemos afirmar que el curso de los asuntos internacionales ha sido inevitable o bien determinado por un hombre o por fuerzas sobre las cuales este hombre no ha ejercido control, más bien pretendemos hacer notar la interrelación entre los actores y las fuerzas a través de los mitos y estereotipos que se han ido forjando en los actores.

Historicizing counterurbanization: in-migration and the reconstruction of rural space in Berkshire (UK), 1901-51

This article uses census data for Berkshire to argue that large-scale counterurbanization began much earlier than is generally recognized in some parts of southern England. This was not just movement down the urban hierarchy, which as Pooley and Turnbull have demonstrated was a long-term feature of England’s settlement system, but in some cases at least amenity-driven migration to rural areas of the kind increasingly recognized as a core component of recent counterurbanization. Despite a reduction of acreage Berkshire’s rural districts saw a 54% rise in population between 1901 and 1951. The sub-regional pattern of growth is assessed to gauge whether ‘clean break’ migration to the remote west of the county (which remained effectively out of commuting range from London throughout the period) was taking place, or whether counterurbanization was confined to the more accessible eastern districts. However, whilst population did increase in both west and east, it was in fact the central districts that grew most impressively. Three case study parishes are investigated in order to gauge the nature and consequences of counterurbanization at a local level. Professional and business migrants figure prominently, seeking to preserve and promote the rural attributes of their new communities, without however cutting their ties to urban centres. It is argued that migration to rural Berkshire in the first half of the twentieth century cannot adequately be described either as a form of extended suburbanization or an anti-metropolitan ‘clean break’. Rather, early counterurbanization marks the first stage on the long road to a post-productivist countryside, in which countryside becomes detached from agriculture, there is socio-economic convergence between town and country, and the ‘rural’ increasingly becomes defined by landscape and identity rather than economic function.

Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 (Araneae : Mygalomorphae : Theraphosidae) from Brazil, with a new type of stridulatory organ

Two new species of Pamphobeteus Pocock 1901 are described from Brazil: Pamphobeteus crassifemur sp. nov. and Pamphobeteus grandis sp. nov.; Pamphobeteus nigricolor, formerly described from Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia, is recorded from Brazil and its distribution in Ecuador and Bolivia is questioned. A new type of stridulatory organ is described from legs III and IV of P. crassifemur sp. nov. The structure consists of spiniform setae. Stridulation occurs when the spider moves the legs III and IV, sometimes while shedding urticating hairs.

Revalidation of Pterinopelma Pocock 1901 with description of a new species and the female of Pterinopelma vitiosum (Keyserling 1891) (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae)

We revalidate the theraphosid genus Pterinopelma Pocock 1901, describe the female of P. vitiosum for first time and Pterinopelma sazimai sp. nov. from Brazil. These two species were included in a matrix with 35 characters and 32 taxa and were analyzed both with all characters having same weight and with implied weights. Searches considering all characters non-additive or some additive were also carried out. The preferred tree, obtained with implied weights, concavity 6 and all characters non-additive shows that Pterinopelma is a monophyletic genus sister to the clade Lasiodora (Vitalius + Nhandu). The presence of denticles on the prolateral inferior male palpal bulb keel is a synapomorphy of the genus.

In Their Footsteps, In Their Words: Special Section, 1813-1863

In Their Footsteps and In Their Words: Colby explores the first 50 years, from Jeremiah Chaplin to the Civil War.

Tatler (Volume 3 1901)

The Winthrop yearbook was published from 1898 to 2002. It has been known as the Tatler since its inception except for 1904 (Lang Syne) and 1918 (Tatler a la Guerre). No yearbook was published in 1900, 1902, 1903, 1905,1906.

Participação de mulheres na história da Escola Mista no Pará - 1870/1901

This study aims to problematize the history of mixed schools in Pará, from 1870 to 1901, highlighting women participation that helped to build them. The analytical focus of the research fell on the changes and the continuities of the mixed school in Pará. The object of analysis is the Paraense mixed schools, formed by women. The study also brings out arguments that the mixed school was set up in variable forms, concepts, times and spaces, in an overlapping with the inclusion of women in educational universe, either through education, professionalization or teaching in schools of girls and boys. The documentary sources privileged by the study are: the educational law, the newspapers, the government reports and the journals of education, which were examined in a confrontation between what was said and done. The evidential method helped the documentary reading revealed that, in small lines, the linkages built in the search for clues and signs of Paraense mixed schools was assembled with the participation of women, from the perception that historical knowledge is indirect, conjectural. Evidences indicated that the school for both sexes, legally established in the Province of Grão-Pará in 1870, gave the signals of the junction of girls and boys in school, at a time when the presence of women in education was suggested. Mutations related to the educational organization, with the introduction of mixed school in the following decade had a closer relationship with restrictive settings and more effective integration of women in that school. The inaccuracies of the Republican mixed school have revealed, through winding paths, that signal of contradictions between the modern discourse and conservative practices regarding this school, in communion with the expansion of the mixed school throughout the state, including in groups schools, observing the presence of effective women teachers in the regency of such schools and an expansion of students in relation to the equity between the sexes

Aspectos biológicos de Chrysoperla externa(Hagen, 1861)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) alimentada com Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813)(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) e Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy, 1907) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

The citrus-growing ecosystem houses a great deal of species of natural enemies, among them Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861), which presents a great potential for use in the biological control of pests. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of the preys Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) and Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy, 1907) on the development of larva and pupa of C. externa. The trial was carried out in an acclimatized room at 25 +/- 1 degrees C, 70 +/- 10% RH and 12-hour photophase, the treatments consisting of the continuous and alternate supply of those two preys in each instar of the predator, in addition to eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) utilized for comparison purposes. Both the white mealybug and the aphids were given in sufficient amounts to the C. externa larvae to be able to feed ad libitum. The lifetime and the survival rate of the phases of larva, pupa and the larval-adult period of C. externa were evaluated. It was found that T. citricida given either singly along the larval development or in two consecutive instars of the predator was not an adequate prey, 100% of mortality over the larval-adult period being found. When the larvae fed on P. citri, given in two instars of the predator, the survival rate in the larval-adult period was similar to the diet constituted of only A. kuehniella eggs, except when fed with T. citricida in the first instar.

Desenvolvimento de Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) em cafeeiros

A cochonilha Planococcus citri (Risso, 1813) suga a seiva dos botões florais e frutos do cafeeiro, atacando as rosetas desde a floração até a colheita. Embora seja relatada há alguns anos na cafeicultura, são escassas as informações sobre o desenvolvimento dessa cochonilha em cafeeiros. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar alguns aspectos biológicos da fase ninfal de P. citri em plantas de café. Ovos dessa cochonilha foram retirados de uma criação em laboratório, isolados em placas de Petri contendo discos foliares de Coffea arabica L., das cultivares Acaiá Cerrado, Mundo Novo e Catuaí Vermelho e de C. canephora Pierre & Froenher, cultivar Apoatã. As placas foram mantidas em câmara climatizada a 25 ± 1ºC, 70 ± 10% de umidade relativa e 12h de fotofase. Constatou-se que a cultivar Catuaí Vermelho foi a que proporcionou maior duração do período ninfal das fêmeas, porém, não foram constatadas diferenças na mortalidade. Essa cochonilha se desenvolveu satisfatoriamente em todas as cultivares de café estudadas e os resultados não mostraram diferenças claras de susceptibilidade.