Investimento parental de mãe surda e mãe ouvinte e seus bebês ouvintes

O bebê humano nasce prematuramente para o padrão dos primatas e essa imaturidade física gera um maior tempo de dependência dos adultos e uma intensificação dos cuidados parentais. Este estudo teve como referencial teórico o Modelo de Investimento Parental proposto por Heidi Keller, o qual indica seis sistemas parentais, evoluídos em resposta a problemas adaptativos enfrentados por nossos ancestrais e que representam investimentos parentais que diferem com relação à energia, tempo, atenção e tom emocional direcionados ao bebê. Os sistemas parentais propostos são: sistemas de cuidados, sistema de contato corporal, sistema de estimulação corporal, sistema de estimulação por objeto, sistema face-a-face e envelope narrativo. A predominância de um ou outro sistema dependerá da cultura. No entanto, as investigações realizadas até o momento contemplam díades típicas e, adicionalmente, não foram encontrados estudos longitudinais focalizando as características dos sistemas parentais desenvolvidos entre díades cujos canais sensoriais utilizados para trocas iniciais diferem, como no caso de mães surdas e seus bebês ouvintes. Este estudo investigou os sistemas parentais priorizados por uma mãe surda e uma mãe ouvinte com seus bebês ouvintes, bem como as características das instâncias de interação da díade mãe surda – bebê ouvinte. As mães eram primíparas, com nível educacional superior e suas idades eram 34 e 36 anos, residiam em Belém e seus bebês do sexo masculino. Foram realizadas filmagens nas residências maternas semanalmente até os três meses e quinzenalmente até os seis meses, nas situações de banho, troca, alimentação e, a partir dos três meses, brincadeira livre. Os sistemas parentais foram registrados por intervalo de dez segundos e, posteriormente, registrados os comportamentos gerais da mãe e do bebê por segundo nas instâncias de interação. Os resultados indicaram que a mãe surda priorizou a estimulação por objeto e o contato corporal. A mãe ouvinte priorizou a estimulação corporal, contato corporal e face-a-face. Além da diferença no tipo de estimulação priorizada por cada mãe, o contato corporal foi qualitativamente diferente entre elas. Os resultados sugerem o modelo autônomo-relacional para as díades. A análise das interações mãe surda – bebê ouvinte indicou que a mãe inicia a maioria das interações no período estudado e sugere que a díade apresentou modificações nas interações ao longo do desenvolvimento do bebê. No entanto, ressalta-se a necessidade de mais estudos para o conhecimento das peculiaridades em outras díades atípicas, como por exemplo, com a redefinição de categorias e a busca por novos sistemas parentais.

Atopozelus opsimus (hemiptera: reduviidae): presas alternativas, comportamento parental e predação sobre pragas exóticas

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Proteção de Plantas) - FCA

As práticas de alienação parental e o papel do estado-juiz para coibi-las

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Eficiência reprodutiva e comportamento parental de camundongos isogênicos e heterogênicos produzidos em ambiente modificado

Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

Auto/não-auto discriminação de raízes e o reconhecimento parental de Eucalyptus urophylla sob diferentes condições ambientais

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The importance of parental involvement in swimming lessons for person with disability

The Ecolological Theory of Human Development proposed by Urie Bronfenbrenner assumes that the activities and people involved in an evironment are essential to stimulate the aquisition of new abilities . Analyze the strategy of parent’s presence with their children in a swimming class for PWD during the teaching process. Also, verify the parent’s views on this experience and the participation of their child during practice. It is a qualitative and action-research. To collect data was utilized observation during to analyse the activities developed in a swimming class for PWD, on the presence of parents with their children. A semi-structured interview was used to analyse the perception parents after the experience of the classroom. Analysis of activities and the interview were based on the assumption of Bronfenbrenner (1996). It was found that 100% of the parents rated the positive experience of being with their children in the pool. We found that only 25% of parents reported that had entered the pool to play with their children. We emphasize that 75% had never entered in the water with their children, whether because of fear, lack of opportunity or not knowing how to swim. The proposal of parents’ participation in the swimming class with the PWD generated a favorable environment for development the activities. Parents identified the improvement, the potential and difficulties of PWD.

Assessment of the effects of a parental intervention with mothers of children with internalizing problems

The present study assesses the effects of a semi-structured intervention held exclusively with mothers and its effects on internalizing problems, social skills of children, and positive and negative parenting practices. The single subject experimental design with three participants was adopted. The three mothers had, in baseline, children diagnosed with internalizing and externalizing problems. The instruments used were CBCL, RE-HSE-P, QRSH-Pais and PHQ-9, they were performed in baseline, pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments. The intervention held is characterized as semi-structured for it promotes the development of parental practices that are considered positive by the literature on behavior problems, however, contingently to the difficulties and demands of each case. The number of sessions performed for each case was 14, 15 and 17, which lasted about two hours each. The data were analyzed according to the instruments' norms and under the perspective of each singular case. The results found include remission of internalizing problems, increase in frequency of the children's social skills, increase in frequency of positive parental practices, and decrease in variability of negative parental practices. All the improvements were maintained on the six months follow-up, with the exception of variability on the negative parental practices of one client. Results are discussed in a context of mental health promotion and indicate the need for strategies to prevent internalizing problems in children.

Estudo da atuação dos metais zinco e cádmio sobre os aspectos reprodutivos da espécie Ceriodaphnia dubia geração parental e F1

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

A proteção parental no direito do trabalho à luz da ética e da proteção da dignidade integral da pessoa humana

Pós-graduação em Direito - FCHS

Efeitos de instrução e de treino parental em cuidadores de crianças com câncer

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de instrução e de treino parental sobre comportamentos observados em cuidadores e em crianças com diagnóstico de câncer durante procedimento de punção venosa em ambulatório. Participaram nove cuidadores em três condições (Rotina, Manual e Treino). Fez-se análise de características familiares, estilo parental, efeitos de um manual de instruções e de treino parental, com sessões de observação direta do comportamento durante punção venosa. Os resultados apontam efeito positivo do manual para mudança de comportamento em curto prazo. Após treino parental, observou-se aumento nas taxas de monitoria positiva do cuidador, com relatos de generalização desses comportamentos para outros contextos. Discute-se a importância do estilo parental como fator de proteção à criança com câncer.

Parental Ethnotheories of Child Development: Looking Beyond Independence and Individualism in American Belief Systems

Over the past several decades, the topic of child development in a cultural context has received a great deal of theoretical and empirical investigation. Investigators from the fields of indigenous and cultural psychology have argued that childhood is socially and historically constructed, rather than a universal process with a standard sequence of developmental stages or descriptions. As a result, many psychologists have become doubtful that any stage theory of cognitive or socialemotional development can be found to be valid for all times and places. In placing more theoretical emphasis on contextual processes, they define culture as a complex system of common symbolic action patterns (or scripts) built up through everyday human social interaction by means of which individuals create common meanings and in terms of which they organize experience. Researchers understand culture to be organized and coherent, but not homogenous or static, and realize that the complex dynamic system of culture constantly undergoes transformation as participants (adults and children) negotiate and re-negotiate meanings through social interaction. These negotiations and transactions give rise to unceasing heterogeneity and variability in how different individuals and groups of individuals interpret values and meanings. However, while many psychologists—both inside and outside the fields of indigenous and cultural psychology–are now willing to give up the idea of a universal path of child development and a universal story of parenting, they have not necessarily foreclosed on the possibility of discovering and describing some universal processes that underlie socialization and development-in-context. The roots of such universalities would lie in the biological aspects of child development, in the evolutionary processes of adaptation, and in the unique symbolic and problem-solving capacities of the human organism as a culture-bearing species. For instance, according to functionalist psychological anthropologists, shared (cultural) processes surround the developing child and promote in the long view the survival of families and groups if they are to demonstrate continuity in the face of ecological change and resource competition, (e.g. Edwards & Whiting, 2004; Gallimore, Goldenberg, & Weisner, 1993; LeVine, Dixon, LeVine, Richman, Leiderman, Keefer, & Brazelton, 1994; LeVine, Miller, & West, 1988; Weisner, 1996, 2002; Whiting & Edwards, 1988; Whiting & Whiting, 1980). As LeVine and colleagues (1994) state: A population tends to share an environment, symbol systems for encoding it, and organizations and codes of conduct for adapting to it (emphasis added). It is through the enactment of these population-specific codes of conduct in locally organized practices that human adaptation occurs. Human adaptation, in other words, is largely attributable to the operation of specific social organizations (e.g. families, communities, empires) following culturally prescribed scripts (normative models) in subsistence, reproduction, and other domains [communication and social regulation]. (p. 12) It follows, then, that in seeking to understand child development in a cultural context, psychologists need to support collaborative and interdisciplinary developmental science that crosses international borders. Such research can advance cross-cultural psychology, cultural psychology, and indigenous psychology, understood as three sub-disciplines composed of scientists who frequently communicate and debate with one another and mutually inform one another’s research programs. For example, to turn to parental belief systems, the particular topic of this chapter, it is clear that collaborative international studies are needed to support the goal of crosscultural psychologists for findings that go beyond simply describing cultural differences in parental beliefs. Comparative researchers need to shed light on whether parental beliefs are (or are not) systematically related to differences in child outcomes; and they need meta-analyses and reviews to explore between- and within-culture variations in parental beliefs, with a focus on issues of social change (Saraswathi, 2000). Likewise, collaborative research programs can foster the goals of indigenous psychology and cultural psychology and lay out valid descriptions of individual development in their particular cultural contexts and the processes, principles, and critical concepts needed for defining, analyzing, and predicting outcomes of child development-in-context. The project described in this chapter is based on an approach that integrates elements of comparative methodology to serve the aim of describing particular scenarios of child development in unique contexts. The research team of cultural insiders and outsiders allows for a look at American belief systems based on a dialogue of multiple perspectives.

Parental reports of the oral health-related quality of life of children with cerebral palsy

Background: The severity of physical and mental impairments and oral problems, as well as socioeconomic factors, may have an impact on quality of life of children with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this research was to assess the impact of impairments and oral health conditions, adjusted by socioeconomic factors, on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) of children with CP using their parents as proxies. Methods: Sixty children, between 6-14 years of age were selected. Their parents answered a children's OHRQoL instrument (5 domains) which combines the Parental-Caregivers Perception Questionnaire (P-CPQ) and Family Impact Scale (FIS). The severity of dental caries, type of CP, communication ability, gross motor function, seizures and socioeconomic conditions were assessed. Results: Considering the total score of the OHRQoL instrument, only the reduction of communication ability and dental caries severity had a negative impact on the OHRQoL (p < 0.05). Considering each domain of the instrument, the severity of the type of CP and its reduction of communication ability showed a negative impact on oral symptoms and functional limitations domains (p < 0.05). Seizures have a negative impact on oral symptoms domain (p = 0.006). The multivariate fitted model showed that the severity of dental caries, communication ability and low family income were negatively associated with the impact on OHRQoL (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The severity of dental caries, communication ability, and family income are conditions strongly associated with a negative impact on OHRQoL of children with CP.

Association between parental guilt and oral health problems in preschool children

Parents may feel guilty about their children's oral problems, which can affect their quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of parental guilt and its association with early childhood caries (EGG), traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and malocclusion (AMT) in preschool children. All 2 to 5 year-old children (N = 305), and their parents, seeking dental care at the University of Sao Paulo Dental School one-week Screening Programme, were asked to participate in the study, and 260 agreed. Children were examined by two calibrated dentists, and their parents answered a socioeconomic and ECOHIS questionnaire; the question on guilt was used as the dependent variable. Regression analyses examined the association between parental guilt and EGG, TDI, AMT and socioeconomic factors. A total of 35.8% of parents felt guilty. This was only associated with caries severity. No association was found between guilt and TDI, AMT or socioeconomic factors. EGG was present in 63.8% of the children; the mean (+/-sd) dmf-t score was 7.29 (+/-2.78). Thus, the number of parents feeling guilty increases with the increase of their children's dental caries severity. Parental guilt is related to caries but is not associated with TDI or AMT.

Competencia parental y necesidades criminógenas en una muestra de menores infractores

[ES] En la actualidad, existe un amplio campo de evidencia científica que informa la contribución de inadecuadas prácticas de crianza con el desarrollo de la conducta antisocial (Aucoin, Frick, y Bodin, 2006; Frick, 1991; Glueck y Glueck, 1950; Hirschi, 1969; Hoeve y cols., 2009). En este contexto, planteamos un estudio descriptivo, compuesto por 101 menores infractores y 101 progenitores, con el objetivo de evaluar la relación entre las competencia parental en relación con el nivel de riesgo de reincidencia, necesidades criminógenas, de los menores implicados en actividad delictiva. Los resultados informaron que el nivel de riesgo variaba en función de la disciplina severa, el grado de atención a las emociones y la descarga emocional de sus progenitores vinculados.