818 resultados para Construccions de formigó -- Fonaments


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Estudi sobre la deducció dels 400 euros a l’IRPF enfocat als seus antecedents, descripció de l’estructura, contingut de la mateixa i anàlisi de la seva adequació constitucional. A través del mateix es podrà tenir una visió més clara i profunda de la deducció dels 400 euros a l’IRPF, objecte de tan discutida configuració jurídica com confrontació política. Descrita la seva gènesi i estructura es farà un anàlisi dels seus fonaments econòmics, tècnics i constitucionals per a arrivar a la conclusió de que tan sols s’explica l’aprovació en clau política. La deducció dels 400 euros es pot entendre com a una mesura d’impuls econòmic per a la millora de l’eficiència de la economia en el seu conjunt, encara que provarem la seva constitucionalitat o possible inconstitucionalitat per a veure si realment això és veritat.

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La nostra recerca, amb una clara visió prospectiva, té l’objectiu d’establir els fonaments per a futures investigacions en l’àmbit de la interpretació social. A partir d’una revisió bibliogràfica, descrivim les perspectives des de les quals s’ha analitzat la interpretació social, proposem una definició dels àmbits d’estudi en aquesta recerca i hi situem el cas concret de la interpretació amb el col•lectiu xinès. A les conclusions, destaquem la importància de la recerca des de marcs teòrics i metodològics interdisciplinaris i apuntem certs buits investigadors que es podrien explorar en estudis futurs, sobretot quant a la recerca amb el col•lectiu xinès

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Aquest projecte ha estat desenvolupat entre l’octubre de 2008 i el juliol de 2009 per un equip d’estudiants de Ciències Ambientals de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. L’objecte d’estudi principal han estat les bordes, construccions agroramaderes utilitzades tradicionalment per a emmagatzemar l’herba i estabular-hi el bestiar. D’altra banda, pel que fa la biodiversitat, s’ha realitzat un estudi de la vegetació de pedra seca, i una primera aproximació a l’estudi dels rat-penats, espècies protegides que utilitzen les bordes com a refugi. L’àmbit d’estudi ha estat la Vall d'Estaon dins el municipi de Vall de Cardós, a la comarca del Pallars Sobirà, Catalunya. Tota la superfície d’estudi es troba dins de l’àmbit del Parc Natural de l’Alt Pirineu (PNAP) i, per tant, sota la seva protecció. Per a la realització d’aquest estudi, s’ha utilitzat la metodologia emprada en el projecte del Bosc de Virós (Mestres et al.,2007). S’elabora un inventari de bordes i un altre de biodiversitat a partir de les dades recopilades amb la observació al camp i es realitzen entrevistes als gestors de la zona, antics i nous propietaris. En l’anàlisi dels resultats, s’observa que les bordes han perdut la seva funcionalitat tradicional i moltes d’elles s’han abandonat. Aquests fets provoquen la degradació d’aquestes construccions i la conseqüent pèrdua de patrimoni. D’altra banda la idea de recuperar les activitats tradicionals esdevé poc realista i es combina amb la impossibilitat d’aplicar nous usos per la protecció que exerceix la figura de Parc Natural. Així doncs, les bordes es troben enmig d’una situació estàtica i paradoxal entre la voluntat i desig de conservació i l'imminent i accelerat procés d’abandonament i degradació.

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L’autora del treball, Élisabeth Cauchetiez, va formar part del grup Théâtre de La Mie de Pain des del setembre 1979 al febrer 1989, La intenció de la recerca és de fer de l’experiència subjectiva un objecte d’observació. Desprès de definir què és el teatre de l’actor creador, en un moment de la història del teatre on la creació col•lectiva va assolir la dimensió de fascinació. fa esment als fonaments sociològics del Théâtre de La Mie de Pain i analitza les programacions dels festivals i gires, així com la recepció que la crítica teatral va fer dels seus espectacles. Explica el procés d’elaboració dels espectacles : “Blanche-Neige au royaume de Fantochie”, “Séance-Friction”, “Seul ... Les requins ! “, “Terminus Hôpital ” i “Starjob”.

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This paper aims at providing a Bayesian parametric framework to tackle the accessibility problem across space in urban theory. Adopting continuous variables in a probabilistic setting we are able to associate with the distribution density to the Kendall's tau index and replicate the general issues related to the role of proximity in a more general context. In addition, by referring to the Beta and Gamma distribution, we are able to introduce a differentiation feature in each spatial unit without incurring in any a-priori definition of territorial units. We are also providing an empirical application of our theoretical setting to study the density distribution of the population across Massachusetts.

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In this paper, we study how access pricing affects network competition when subscription demand is elastic and each network uses non-linear prices and can apply termination-based price discrimination. In the case of a fixed per minute termination charge, we find that a reduction of the termination charge below cost has two opposing effects: it softens competition but helps to internalize network externalities. The former reduces mobile penetration while the latter boosts it. We find that firms always prefer termination charge below cost for either motive while the regulator prefers termination below cost only when this boosts penetration. Next, we consider the retail benchmarking approach (Jeon and Hurkens, 2008) that determines termination charges as a function of retail prices and show that this approach allows the regulator to increase penetration without distorting call volumes.

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El pasado 15 de julio el Consejo de Política Fiscal y Financiera (CPPF) aprobó un nuevo acuerdo de financiación para las comunidades autónomas de régimen común. El documento en el que se recoge el acuerdo no es precisamente un prodigio de claridad expositiva y describe además un modelo complejo. Como resultado de ambos factores, las descripciones del nuevo sistema que han aparecido en la prensa reciente y en el material "informativo" distribuido por algunas administraciones resultan bastante confusas y no reflejan correctamente, a mi entender, el funcionamiento del modelo o su previsible incidencia sobre la distribución territorial de los recursos públicos. Con el fin de facilitar un debate más informado sobre el tema, en este trabajo se intenta clarificar el funcionamiento del nuevo modelo, ofreciendo una descripción sistemática del mismo, un análisis de sus propiedades dinámicas y una primera estimación de sus resultados iniciales. Por otra parte, en el trabajo se realiza también una valoración crítica del nuevo sistema y se identifican ciertos aspectos del mismo que pueden ser problemáticos. Algunos de ellos son de carácter técnico y podrían corregirse durante el proceso de elaboración de la normativa en la que ha de plasmarse el nuevo acuerdo sin alterar la esencia de éste.

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Empirical studies assume that the macro Mincer return on schooling is con- stant across countries. Using a large sample of countries this paper shows that countries with a better quality of education have on average relatively higher macro Mincer coeficients. As rich countries have on average better educational quality, differences in human capital between countries are larger than has been typically assumed in the development accounting literature. Consequently, factor accumulation explains a considerably larger share of income differences across countries than what is usually found.

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Properties of GMM estimators for panel data, which have become very popular in the empirical economic growth literature, are not well known when the number of individuals is small. This paper analyses through Monte Carlo simulations the properties of various GMM and other estimators when the number of individuals is the one typically available in country growth studies. It is found that, provided that some persistency is present in the series, the system GMM estimator has a lower bias and higher efficiency than all the other estimators analysed, including the standard first-differences GMM estimator.

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The choice of language is a crucial decision for firms competing in cultural goods and media markets with a bilingual or multilingual consumer base. To the extent that multilingual consumers have preferences over the intrinsic characteristics (content) as well as over the language of the product, we can examine the efficiency of market outcomes regarding linguistic diversity. In this paper, I extend the spokes model and introduce language as an additional dimension of product differentiation. I show that: (i) if firms supply their product in a single language (the adoption model) then the degree of linguistic diversity is inefficiently low, and (ii) if some firms supply more than one linguistic version (the translation model) then in principle the market outcome may exhibit insufficient or excessive linguistic diversity. However, excessive diversity is associated to markets where the fraction of products in the minority language is disproportionately high with respect to the relative size of the linguistic minority.

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This paper contributes to the literature on both embodied technical progress and firm dynamics, by formulating an endogenous growth model where selection and imitation play a fundamental role in helping capital good producers to learn about the productivity of technologies embodied in new plants. By calibrating the model to some key aggregates particularly relevant for the embodied capital literature, among them the growth rate of the relative investment price, the model quantitatively replicates the main facts associated to firm dynamics, such as the entry rate and the tail index of the establishment size distribution. In line with the previous literature, it also predicts a contribution to productivity growth of embodied technical progress and selection of around 60%

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This note contains some addenda to a recent paper (de la Fuente, 2009) that analyzed the new Spanish system of regional financing on the basis of the agreement between the central and regional Governments reached last July. The note updates my previous discussion after examining the bill that has been recently sent to Parliament by the Government and identifies some technical problems of the Government's proposal.

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I construct "homogeneous" series of GVA at current and constant prices, employment and population for the Spain and its regions covering the period 1955-2007. The series are obtained by linking the Regional Accounts of the National Statistical Institute with the series constructed by Julio Alcaide and his team for the BBVA Foundation. The "switching point" at which this last source stops being used as a reference to construct the linked series is determined using a procedure that allows me to estimate which of the two competing series would produce an estimator with the lowest MSE when it is used as dependent variable in a regression on an arbitrary independent variable. To the extent that it is possible, the difference between the two series found at the point of linkage is distributed between the initial levels of the older series and its subsequent growth using external estimates of the relevant variables at the beginning of the sample period.

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There are two main ways in which the knowledge created in universities has been transferred to firms: licensing agreements and the creation of spin-offs. In this paper, we describe the main steps in the transfer of university innovations, the main incentive issues that appear in this process, and the contractual solutions proposed to address them.

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It has been recently emphasized that, if individuals have heterogeneous dynamics, estimates of shock persistence based on aggregate data are significatively higher than those derived from its disaggregate counterpart. However, a careful examination of the implications of this statement on the various tools routinely employed to measure persistence is missing in the literature. This paper formally examines this issue. We consider a disaggregate linear model with heterogeneous dynamics and compare the values of several measures of persistence across aggregation levels. Interestingly, we show that the average persistence of aggregate shocks, as measured by the impulse response function (IRF) of the aggregate model or by the average of the individual IRFs, is identical on all horizons. This result remains true even in situations where the units are (short-memory) stationary but the aggregate process is long-memory or even nonstationary. In contrast, other popular persistence measures, such as the sum of the autoregressive coefficients or the largest autoregressive root, tend to be higher the higher the aggregation level. We argue, however, that this should be seen more as an undesirable property of these measures than as evidence of different average persistence across aggregation levels. The results are illustrated in an application using U.S. inflation data.