Foraging at the Edge of Chaos: Internal Clock versus External Forcing

Activity rhythms in animal groups arise both from external changes in the environment, as well as from internal group dynamics. These cycles are reminiscent of physical and chemical systems with quasiperiodic and even chaotic behavior resulting from “autocatalytic” mechanisms. We use nonlinear differential equations to model how the coupling between the self-excitatory interactions of individuals and external forcing can produce four different types of activity rhythms: quasiperiodic, chaotic, phase locked, and displaying over or under shooting. At the transition between quasiperiodic and chaotic regimes, activity cycles are asymmetrical, with rapid activity increases and slower decreases and a phase shift between external forcing and activity. We find similar activity patterns in ant colonies in response to varying temperature during the day. Thus foraging ants operate in a region of quasiperiodicity close to a cascade of transitions leading to chaos. The model suggests that a wide range of temporal structures and irregularities seen in the activity of animal and human groups might be accounted for by the coupling between collectively generated internal clocks and external forcings.

Activation of effector immune cells promotes tumor stochastic extinction: A homotopy analysis approach

In this article we provide homotopy solutions of a cancer nonlinear model describing the dynamics of tumor cells in interaction with healthy and effector immune cells. We apply a semi-analytic technique for solving strongly nonlinear systems – the Step Homotopy Analysis Method (SHAM). This algorithm, based on a modification of the standard homotopy analysis method (HAM), allows to obtain a one-parameter family of explicit series solutions. By using the homotopy solutions, we first investigate the dynamical effect of the activation of the effector immune cells in the deterministic dynamics, showing that an increased activation makes the system to enter into chaotic dynamics via a period-doubling bifurcation scenario. Then, by adding demographic stochasticity into the homotopy solutions, we show, as a difference from the deterministic dynamics, that an increased activation of the immune cells facilitates cancer clearance involving tumor cells extinction and healthy cells persistence. Our results highlight the importance of therapies activating the effector immune cells at early stages of cancer progression.

Complete synchronization and delayed synchronization in couplings

We consider a general coupling of two identical chaotic dynamical systems, and we obtain the conditions for synchronization. We consider two types of synchronization: complete synchronization and delayed synchronization. Then, we consider four different couplings having different behaviors regarding their ability to synchronize either completely or with delay: Symmetric Linear Coupled System, Commanded Linear Coupled System, Commanded Coupled System with delay and symmetric coupled system with delay. The values of the coupling strength for which a coupling synchronizes define its Window of synchronization. We obtain analytically the Windows of complete synchronization, and we apply it for the considered couplings that admit complete synchronization. We also obtain analytically the Window of chaotic delayed synchronization for the only considered coupling that admits a chaotic delayed synchronization, the commanded coupled system with delay. At last, we use four different free chaotic dynamics (based in tent map, logistic map, three-piecewise linear map and cubic-like map) in order to observe numerically the analytically predicted windows.

How Complex, Probable, and Predictable is Genetically Driven Red Queen Chaos?

Coevolution between two antagonistic species has been widely studied theoretically for both ecologically- and genetically-driven Red Queen dynamics. A typical outcome of these systems is an oscillatory behavior causing an endless series of one species adaptation and others counter-adaptation. More recently, a mathematical model combining a three-species food chain system with an adaptive dynamics approach revealed genetically driven chaotic Red Queen coevolution. In the present article, we analyze this mathematical model mainly focusing on the impact of species rates of evolution (mutation rates) in the dynamics. Firstly, we analytically proof the boundedness of the trajectories of the chaotic attractor. The complexity of the coupling between the dynamical variables is quantified using observability indices. By using symbolic dynamics theory, we quantify the complexity of genetically driven Red Queen chaos computing the topological entropy of existing one-dimensional iterated maps using Markov partitions. Co-dimensional two bifurcation diagrams are also built from the period ordering of the orbits of the maps. Then, we study the predictability of the Red Queen chaos, found in narrow regions of mutation rates. To extend the previous analyses, we also computed the likeliness of finding chaos in a given region of the parameter space varying other model parameters simultaneously. Such analyses allowed us to compute a mean predictability measure for the system in the explored region of the parameter space. We found that genetically driven Red Queen chaos, although being restricted to small regions of the analyzed parameter space, might be highly unpredictable.

A fractional perspective to financial indices

The application of mathematical methods and computer algorithms in the analysis of economic and financial data series aims to give empirical descriptions of the hidden relations between many complex or unknown variables and systems. This strategy overcomes the requirement for building models based on a set of ‘fundamental laws’, which is the paradigm for studying phenomena usual in physics and engineering. In spite of this shortcut, the fact is that financial series demonstrate to be hard to tackle, involving complex memory effects and a apparently chaotic behaviour. Several measures for describing these objects were adopted by market agents, but, due to their simplicity, they are not capable to cope with the diversity and complexity embedded in the data. Therefore, it is important to propose new measures that, on one hand, are highly interpretable by standard personal but, on the other hand, are capable of capturing a significant part of the dynamical effects.

Uma abordagem à incorporação de lenhinosulfonatos e materiais reciclados em misturas de SBR para produção sustentável de solas

Mestrado em Engenharia Química - Ramo Otimização Energética na Indústria Química

Symbolic dynamics and big bang bifurcation in Weibull-Gompertz-Fréchet's growth models

In this paper, motivated by the interest and relevance of the study of tumor growth models, a central point of our investigation is the study of the chaotic dynamics and the bifurcation structure of Weibull-Gompertz-Fréchet's functions: a class of continuousdefined one-dimensional maps. Using symbolic dynamics techniques and iteration theory, we established that depending on the properties of this class of functions in a neighborhood of a bifurcation point PBB, in a two-dimensional parameter space, there exists an order regarding how the infinite number of periodic orbits are born: the Sharkovsky ordering. Consequently, the corresponding symbolic sequences follow the usual unimodal kneading sequences in the topological ordered tree. We verified that under some sufficient conditions, Weibull-Gompertz-Fréchet's functions have a particular bifurcation structure: a big bang bifurcation point PBB. This fractal bifurcations structure is of the so-called "box-within-a-box" type, associated to a boxe ω1, where an infinite number of bifurcation curves issues from. This analysis is done making use of fold and flip bifurcation curves and symbolic dynamics techniques. The present paper is an original contribution in the framework of the big bang bifurcation analysis for continuous maps.

Projecto de molde para peça para a indústria automóvel

A realização deste trabalho teve por base uma solicitação por parte de uma empresa dedicada ao projecto e fabrico de moldes, assim como à injecção de plásticos, no sentido de projectar um molde para a injecção de uma peça em plástico (PP-Polipropileno +20% ) para a indústria automóvel, segundo os requisitos de qualidade exigidos pelo cliente Assim, atendendo a esses requisitos, foi planeado e elaborado o projecto do respectivo molde para a injecção, tendo em consideração todos os factores que contribuem de forma activa para a obtenção das peças desejadas, com a qualidade exigida e com o tempo de vida desejado para o molde. Tendo início na definição das cavidades e movimentos do molde, passando pela selecção dos materiais mais adequados a cada um dos componentes do molde, selecção de componentes normalizados para o molde, simulação do enchimento e necessidades de arrefecimento, até à execução do molde e análise de possíveis não conformidades nas peças nele injectadas, o trabalho acompanhou todo o processo de criação do molde, desde a recepção das especificações emanadas pelo cliente, até ao teste e realização das correcções finais. Constatou-se que o molde, após ligeiras afinações finais, cumpriu com os objectivos inicialmente traçados, permitindo a obtenção de peças com o formato e qualidade exigidas pelo cliente final.

A molecularly imprinted sensor for sensitive detection of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) oxidative stress biomarker

6th Graduate Student Symposium on Molecular Imprinting

Pulmonary tuberculosis: relationship between sputum bacilloscopy and radiological lesions

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of radiological manifestations of chest tuberculosis among the tuberculosis outpatients at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Hospital, and to correlate these radiological findings with the sputum bacilloscopy. SAMPLE AND METHODS: A review was made of the medical record cards and chest X-rays of all patients attended between January 1996 and December 1998. Patients with a diagnosis of tuberculosis who presented intrathoracic manifestations of the disease and negative anti-HIV serology were selected. RESULTS: The selection included 153 patients, with an average age of 37.5 years, who were predominantly male (60.8%) and white (56.9%). Pulmonary lesions were present in 121 (79.9%) and extrapulmonary lesions in 32 (20.1%). Parenchymal-infiltrate lesions appeared in 56 patients (36.6%), cavity lesions in 55 (36.0%), pleural effusion in 28 (18.3%), isolated nodules in 6 (3.9%), mediastinal enlargement in 4 (2.6%) and miliary pattern in 4 (2.6%). Cavities were present in 45.5% of the patients with pulmonary lesions, generally in association with the parenchymal-infiltrate lesions. Parenchymal infiltrate was present in 86.8% of the patients with pulmonary lesions. There was significant presence of alcohol-acid resistant bacillus in the sputum of patients with cavities (76.4%), in comparison with those without cavities (50%) (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Parenchymal-infiltrate lesions are the most frequent radiological manifestation of pulmonary tuberculosis, and they are generally associated with cavities. There is a relationship between the presence of acid fast bacilli in sputum and pulmonary cavity lesions.

Condition-Based Diagnosis of Mechatronic Systems Using a Fractional Calculus Approach

While fractional calculus (FC) is as old as integer calculus, its application has been mainly restricted to mathematics. However, many real systems are better described using FC equations than with integer models. FC is a suitable tool for describing systems characterised by their fractal nature, long-term memory and chaotic behaviour. It is a promising methodology for failure analysis and modelling, since the behaviour of a failing system depends on factors that increase the model’s complexity. This paper explores the proficiency of FC in modelling complex behaviour by tuning only a few parameters. This work proposes a novel two-step strategy for diagnosis, first modelling common failure conditions and, second, by comparing these models with real machine signals and using the difference to feed a computational classifier. Our proposal is validated using an electrical motor coupled with a mechanical gear reducer.

Chaos Dynamics in the Trajectory Conjtrol of Redundant Manipulators

Nonlinear Dynamics, chaos, Control, and Their Applications to Engineering Sciences: Vol. 6 - Applications of nonlinear phenomena

Elétrodo de pasta de carbono molecularmente impresso para deteção voltamétrica de Furazolidona

A furazolidona é uma substância ativa do medicamento Giarlam que contém um espetro anti-bacteriano relativamente amplo e que é frequentemente usado para tratar certas doenças bacterianas e protozoárias no homem. A maioria dos fármacos exige uma dosagem que garanta os níveis de segurança e eficácia de atuação. A necessidade de dosear os medicamentos e os seus metabólitos exige o desenvolvimento constante de métodos analíticos eficientes. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um novo sensor eletroquímico para a deteção da furazolidona, baseado num elétrodo de pasta de carbono modificado com um polímero molecularmente impresso. A procura de novos materiais que permitam uma melhor seletividade e sensibilidade aos sistemas de deteção é especialmente importante no desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos. Os polímeros molecularmente impressos enquadram-se nesse perfil e o seu uso tem vindo a ser cada vez mais frequente como ferramenta importante em química analítica. Assim, sintetizou-se um polímero com cavidades seletivas para a Furazolidona. Este polímero foi, misturado com grafite e perafina de modo a produzir uma pasta de carbono. Uma seringa de plástico foi usada como suporte da pasta de carbono. O comportamento eletroquímico do sensor foi avaliado e diversas condições de utilização foram estudadas e otimizadas. O sensor apresenta um comportamento linear entre a intensidade do pico e a concentração numa gama de concentrações entre 1 e 100 μM, um limite de deteção de 1 μM e uma precisão (repetibilidade) inferior a 7%. A aplicabilidade do sensor fabricado em amostras complexas foi avaliada pela deteção do fármaco em amostras de urina.

Enzymatic and hemolytic activities of Candida dubliniensis strains

Candida dubliniensis is an opportunistic yeast that has been recovered from several body sites in many populations; it is most often recovered from the oral cavities of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Although extensive studies on epidemiology and phylogeny of C. dubliniensis have been performed, little is known about virulence factors such as exoenzymatic and hemolytic activities. In this study we compared proteinase, hyaluronidase, chondroitin sulphatase and hemolytic activities in 18 C. dubliniensis and 30 C. albicans strains isolated from AIDS patients. C. albicans isolates produced higher amounts of proteinase than C. dubliniensis (p < 0.05). All the tested C. dubliniensis strains expressed hyaluronidase and chondroitin sulphatase activities, but none of them were significantly different from those observed with C. albicans (p > 0.05). Hemolytic activity was affected by CaCl2; when this component was absent, we did not notice any significant difference between C. albicans and C. dubliniensis hemolytic activities. On the contrary, when we added 2.5 g% CaCl2, the hemolytic activity was reduced on C. dubliniensis and stimulated on C. albicans tested strains (p < 0.05).

Rinometria acústica: valores de referência numa população de estudantes universitários

RESUMO: A permeabilidade nasal (nasal patency) é um conceito importante na avaliação da função nasal. Pode ser explicado como uma medida do quanto a cavidade nasal está “aberta” e é determinada por fatores dependentes da sua estrutura anatómica que se relacionam com o fluxo e a resistência nasais e a existência de um fenómeno denominado ciclo nasal. Tradicionalmente, a avaliação da permeabilidade nasal baseia-se em indicadores subjetivos, nomeadamente Escalas Visuais Analógicas ou Scores de Sintomas, embora a sensação subjetiva de obstrução nasal seja difícil de quantificar e frequentemente não se correlacione com métodos mais objetivos de avaliação. A Rinometria Acústica (RA) tem adquirido um papel cada vez mais relevante na avaliação das alterações da permeabilidade nasal, pelo seu carácter não-invasivo, rápido, de fácil execução e por ser bem tolerada pelos pacientes. Contudo, não foram ainda publicados valores de referência para a população normal. Com o presente trabalho pretendeu-se determinar áreas transversais (AT) e volumes (Vol) da cavidade nasal em adultos saudáveis através de RA, em condições basais e após a administração de um fármaco descongestionante tópico nasal, relacionando estes parâmetros com variáveis demográficas e antropométricas. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: O estudo foi realizado em 32 adultos jovens, de ambos os sexos (18 mulheres e 14 homens), com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, não fumadores, sem patologias crónicas ou infeção recente das vias aéreas superiores. Para a execução do exame de RA foi utilizado o equipamento SRE2000 com Software RhinoScan Interacoustics, Dinamarca). O rinograma foi analisado em condições basais e após descongestionamento até aos 5 cm de distância da narina, obtendo-se os valores médios entre cavidade nasal direita e esquerda das áreas transversais (AT) dos entalhes registados (AT1 e AT2), a sua localização e volumes nasais a diferentes distâncias (Vol.0-2; Vol.2-5 e Vol.0-5). RESULTADOS: Os indivíduos do género masculino apresentaram valores significativamente superiores aos do género feminino em todos os parâmetros estudados. A administração do fármaco descongestionante tópico nasal provocou um aumento generalizado das AT e volumes nasais, traduzindo uma diminuição da congestão da mucosa nasal, mais acentuada posteriormente ao nível dos cornetos. A comparação entre fossas nasais (direita versus esquerda) após descongestionamento, eliminando o efeito do ciclo nasal, revelou simetria significativa. De uma forma geral, os parâmetros rinométricos estudados revelaram correlação positiva significativa com a altura. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo foi pioneiro para a população portuguesa e representa uma contribuição para a obtenção de valores de referência em adultos jovens. Estudos futuros em amostras de maior dimensão e representatividade são necessários para a obtenção de valores de referência com utilidade clínica e em investigação.--------------ABSTRACT: Nasal patency is an important concept in the evaluation of nasal function. It may be explained as a measure of how open the nasal cavity is, and it depends of anatomical aspects, that relate to nasal airflow, resistance and nasal cycle. Nasal patency evaluation is based in subjective indicators like visual analogical scales or symptom scores, but subjective sensation of nasal obstruction is difficult to quantify and usually doesn’t correlate with more objective methods of evaluation. Acoustic rhinometry has gained an increasingly relevant role in assessing changes in nasal patency, because it is noninvasive, fast and easy to perform and well tolerated by patients However, reference values for the normal population have not yet been published. The aim of the present study was to determine nasal cross-sectional areas and volumes in healthy adults by acoustic rhinometry, before and after administration of a topical nasal decongestant drug, correlating these parameters with demographic and anthropometric variables. MATERIAL E METHODS: The study was performed in 32 young adults (18 females and 14 males), aged 18 years old or more, non-smokers, without chronic diseases or recent airway infection. Acoustic rhinometry evaluation was performed using SRE2000 with RhinoScan software (Interacoustics, Denmark). Nasal cavities were assessed up to 5 cm distance from the nostril, before and after administration of the topical nasal decongestant drug, and mean cross-sectional areas of the notches, their location and mean volumes at different distances from nostril were measured. RESULTS: Males presented significant higher values than females for all rhinometric parameters studied. The decongestant drug, significantly increased all the rhinometric parameters evaluated, in particular those corresponding to the more posterior regions. Comparison between nasal cavities after nasal decongestion showed no significant asymmetry. Globally,a positive correlation was found between rhinometric parameters and height . CONCLUSION: This study was pioneer in the Portuguese population and represents a contribution to acoustic rhinometry reference values in young adults . Further studies, on larger and representative samples, are necessary in order to obtain reference values, useful both to clinical and research applications of this technique.