Production of whey protein-based aggregates under ohmic heating

Formation of whey protein isolate protein aggregates under the influence of moderate electric fields upon ohmic heating (OH) has been monitored through evaluation of molecular protein unfolding, loss of its solubility, and aggregation. To shed more light on the microstructure of the protein aggregates produced by OH, samples were assayed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that during early steps of an OH thermal treatment, aggregation of whey proteins can be reduced with a concomitant reduction of the heating chargeby reducing the come-up time (CUT) needed to reach a target temperatureand increase of the electric field applied (from 6 to 12 V cm1). Exposure of reactive free thiol groups involved in molecular unfolding of -lactoglobulin (-lg) can be reduced from 10 to 20 %, when a CUT of 10 s is combined with an electric field of 12 V cm1. Kinetic and multivariate analysis evidenced that the presence of an electric field during heating contributes to a change in the amplitude of aggregation, as well as in the shape of the produced aggregates. TEM discloses the appearance of small fibrillar aggregates upon the influence of OH, which have recognized potential in the functionalization of food protein networks. This study demonstrated that OH technology can be used to tailor denaturation and aggregation behavior of whey proteins due to the presence of a constant electric field together with the ability to provide a very fast heating, thus overcoming heat transfer limitations that naturally occur during conventional thermal treatments.

A design of experiments to assess phosphorous removal and crystal properties in struvite precipitation of source separated urine using different Mg sources

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.148.

Estudio fisicoquímico de superficies sólidas en medio acuoso: Aplicaciones electroanalíticas y electrocatalíticas

De acuerdo a los objetivos y al plan de trabajo presentados, las actividades a realizar en el período de tres años que comprende este proyecto pueden ser resumidas en dos líneas de trabajo principales. En primera medida, en lo que a estudios fisicoquímicos de sistemas coloidales se refiere, los trabajos se centralizarán en la caracterización de la estructura y propiedades reactivas de la interfaz óxido metálico-solución acuosa. Es de particular interés la caracterización de la superficie de estos materiales, la individualización de los sitios superficiales y el efecto que la reactividad posee en el desarrollo de cargas y potencial eléctrico a través de la interfaz, en la disolución y corrosión de los mismos, en la capacidad adsortiva de la superficie y en los fenómenos que controlan la estabilidad, floculación y agregación de partículas tanto en sistemas sintéticos como naturales (suelos). Así mismo, se realizarán estudios de mecanismos de precipitación, envejecimiento y disolución de diferentes óxidos metálicos con el objeto de predecir y controlar sus propiedades. Además de la utilización de diversas técnicas experimentales de caracterización de sólidos, interfaces y suspensiones, se plantea describir los fenómenos a través de modelos matemáticos con el objeto de lograr un mejor "manejo" de los diferentes sistemas. Por otra parte, se analizará el comportamiento de celdas para baterías con electrodos de Ni (OH)2 y plomo con el objeto de mejorar su rendimiento. Se estudiará además la influencia de los distintos parámetros experimentales, tales como electrolito, aditivos, etc. Finalmente, con respecto a los electrodos químicamente modificados, se continuará con el estudio de diversas condiciones experimentales para la obtención de sensores electroquímicos. Paralelamente se comenzará con el desarrollo de biosensores electroquímicos, así como con el estudio de las propiedades electroquímicas de los electrodos antes mencionados.

Fotoquímica y fotofísica: Procesos de fotooxidación

Este proyecto comprende diferentes áreas o tópicos del saber los cuales se enumerarán divididos en los siguientes subtemas: A) Fotoquímica de compuestos carbonílicos perhalogenaso, fotooxidación en fase gaseosa; B) Fotoquímica y fotofísica láser de compuestos de coordinación; C) Reacciones de moléculas excitadas con especies de interés biológico. Subtema A: En nuestro laboratorio se ha estudiado la fotólisis de compuestos perhalogenados en fase gaseosa tales como CF3COF (fluoruro de perfluoroacetilo), CF3COCl (cloruro de perfluoroacetilo). Particularmente, se han determinado rendimientos cuánticos de descomposición, como así también se han propuesto probables mecanismos de reacción para cada una de ellas. Como próximo objetivo pretendemos continuar tales estudios y para esto se procederá al estudio de la fotooxidación de halogenuros de perfluoroacilo con el fin de aportar datos concretos sobre el mecanismo de tales reacciones. Subtema B: Este proyecto se orienta al estudio de procesos fotoquímicos y fotofísicos en fase condensada de compuestos de coordinación de metales de transición. Estos compuestos presentan un amplio campo de estudio desde dos puntos de vista: 1) desde el práctico, se orienta al desarrollo de posibles esquemas para la conversión y almacenamiento de la energía solar y 2) desde el teórico, nos permite chequear la validez de las teorías de transferencia de electrones de esfera externa sobre un amplio rango de cambios de energías libres como para obtener parámetros cinéticos confiables. En tal sentido se continuará con el estudio del efecto del medio: solvente, temperatura, pH, fuerza iónica, etc., sobre las reacciones de quenching del estado excitado de las especies Cr(phen)33+, Cr (bpy)+ 33+ y sus homólogos sustituidos por distintos fenoles desactivantes. También se estudiará a partir de compuestos minerales de interés regional tales como los derivados del U(VI) (U3O8 2+, (UO2)2 (OH)22+, etc.) cuyo mecanismo de desactivación permanece incierto. Subtema C: Las moléculas electrónicamente excitadas cumplen un importante rol en los sistemas biológicos al estar involucradas en mecanismos de transferencia electrónica y procesos oxidativos. En nuestro laboratorio, se han realizado estudios de procesos de fotooxidación de indoles por oxígeno singlete en medios no acuosos y nuestro objetivo es continuar el estudio de estos procesos en complejos entre ciclodextrinas y derivados indólicos y fenólicos y posteriormente se estudiará el efecto del medio: solvente, temperatura, pH, etc. y las reacciones de fotooxidación de los derivados indólicos y fenólicos en presencia de ciclodextrinas. Paralelamente, se continuará estudiando la interacción del oxígeno singlete con derivados indólicos utilizando los métodos MINDO/3, MNDO, AMI y PM3. Los objetivos del proyecto apuntan a consolidar grupos de investigación en área de la investigación básica con la finalidad de generar recursos humanos, nuevos conocimientos y su posible transferencia a otras áreas del conocimiento.

Estudio de propiedades interfaciales de interés en electroquímica, catálisis heterogénea y corrosión

La estructura y propiedades de la interfase electroquímica son el resultado de las interacciones que se producen entre los distintos componentes de una solución electrolítica y el electrodo metálico. En particular, las interacciones anión/metal han sido objeto de considerable interés en los últimos años gracias al desarrollo de nuevas técnicas que han permitido el estudio tanto in situ como ex situ de las características de este enlace de adsorción. Los iones específicamente adsorbidos modifican la distribución de carga y la estructura de la interfase y consecuentemente influencian los procesos que ocurren en ella. De allí que la comprensión de las interacciones anion/electrodo es de fundamental importancia en relación con procesos electroquímicos de relevancia tales como corrosión, UPD y electrocatálisis. Por ello, hemos encarado el estudio de procesos de adsorción de aniones sobre superficies metálicas desde un punto de vista teórico utilizando métodos mecánico cuánticos. El objetivo general de este proyecto es lograr una comprensión a nivel atómico-molecular de los procesos de adsorción en la interfase metal/vacío y metal/solución. Los estudios de adsorción de aniones tienen como objetivo entender desde un punto de vista molecular la naturaleza de procesos tales como fosfatizado de metales, corrosión, disolución de óxidos, cambios de reactividad por el agregado de aditivos, etc. pues la primera etapa de todos estos procesos siempre involucran la adsorción de aniones sobre la superficie. Por ello es necesario realizar simulaciones realísticas que representen adecuadamente el entorno de la interfase electroquímica. Por lo tanto, para poder entender las interacciones anión/metal en la interfase electroquímica es necesario considerar la adsorción de aniones hidratados sobre superficies metálicas como así también la coadsorción de aniones con moléculas de agua y otros aniones. Este grado de complejidad constituye nuestro objetivo general para poder comprender procesos macroscópicos tales como los de corrosión a nivel molecular. Los objetivos específicos de este proyecto son el estudio de las distintas propiedades del enlace anión/metal tales como la energía de adsorción, la transferencia de carga del anión al metal y relajación del anión como consecuencia del proceso de adsorción. Estas propiedades se investigarán tanto para aniones hidratados como no hidratados en presencia de campos eléctricos aplicados externamente y comparables con los que existen en una interfase electroquímica. Se continuarán los estudios de oxoaniones y ahora se considerará la hidratación de ellos, especialmente sulfato. El objetivo en este caso es comprender la influencia de la capa de hidratación en el enlace anión/metal. También se estudiará la influencia del campo eléctrico en la geometría de adsorción de moléculas de agua. El objetivo en este caso es comprender el mecanismo de disociación del agua por efecto del campo eléctrico en sus productos de descomposición: OH- y H3O+.

Enzima conversora de angiotensina no líquido pericárdico: estudo comparativo com a atividade sérica

FUNDAMENTO: A caracterização de uma enzima conversora de angiotensina (ECA) no líquido pericárdico humano é relevante diante do seu papel na liberação de angiotensina II e, portanto, do papel do pericárdio na homeostase cardivascular. OBJETIVO: Isolar e caracterizar uma ECA do líquido pericárdico humano. Comparar as atividades conversoras de angiotensina I do fluido pericárdico e do soro de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular. MÉTODOS: A enzima do líquido pericárdico humano foi purificada por meio de etapas cromatográficas e caracterizada por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE), hidrólise de angiotensina I, bradicinina, Hip-His-Leu e substratos sintéticos com supressão interna de fluorescência. Lisinopril foi usado como inibidor. A atividade de ECA foi determinada em amostras de sangue e líquido pericárdico de 23 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular. RESULTADOS: A ECA purificada (MM = 140 kDa) libera angiotensina II, hidrolisa a bradicinina e o substrato Hip-His-Leu. Os parâmetros cinéticos k cat,(s-1) e k cat/Km (µM-1. s-1) foram respectivamente: Hip-His-Leu (1,14 e 7 x 10 -4), Abz-YRK(Dnp)P-OH (2,60 e 0,77), Abz-LFK(Dnp)-OH (2,77 e 0,36) e Abz-SDK(Dnp)P-OH (1,92 e 0,19). As atividades conversoras de angiotensina I (média ± DP) do líquido pericárdico e no soro foram, respectivamente, 3,16 ± 0,90 mU x mg -1x min-1 e 0,33 ± 0,11 mU x mg -1x min-1 . A diferença foi significativa entre os dois fluidos. CONCLUSÃO: Uma ECA com grande similaridade com a enzima somática foi isolada do fluido pericárdico humano. A atividade conversora de angiotensina I é maior no líquido pericárdico quando comparada com a atividade do soro. Esses dados constituem importante evidência do papel do líquido pericárdico no metabolismo de peptídeos ativos.

Desenvolvimento e validação da versão em português da Escala de Barreiras para Reabilitação Cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: As doenças cardiovasculares possuem alta incidência e prevalência no Brasil, porém a participação na Reabilitação Cardíaca (RC) é limitada e pouco investigada no país. A Escala de Barreiras para Reabilitação Cardíaca (CRBS) foi desenvolvida para avaliar as barreiras à participação e aderência à RC. OBJETIVO: Traduzir, adaptar culturalmente e validar psicometricamente a CRBS para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Duas traduções iniciais independentes foram realizadas. Após a tradução reversa, ambas versões foram revisadas por um comitê. A versão gerada foi testada em 173 pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (48 mulheres, idade média = 63 anos). Desses, 139 (80,3%) participantes de RC. A consistência interna foi avaliada pelo alfa de Cronbach, a confiabilidade teste-reteste pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e a validade de construto por análise fatorial. Testes-T foram utilizados para avaliar a validade de critério entre participantes e não participantes de RC. Os resultados da aplicação em função das características dos pacientes (gênero, idade, estado de saúde e grau de escolaridade) foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: A versão em português da CRBS apresentou alfa de Cronbach de 0,88, ICC de 0,68 e revelou cinco fatores, cuja maioria apresentou-se internamente consistente e todos definidos pelos itens. O escore médio para pacientes em RC foi 1,29 (desvio padrão = 0,27) e para pacientes do ambulatório 2,36 (desvio padrão = 0,50) (p < 0,001). A validade de critério foi apoiada também por diferenças significativas nos escores totais por sexo, idade e nível educacional. CONCLUSÃO: A versão em português da CRBS apresenta validade e confiabilidade adequadas, apoiando sua utilização em estudos futuros.

Avaliação do conhecimento de pacientes de reabilitação cardíaca: Brasil versus Canadá

FUNDAMENTO: Grande parte da relação entre o estado de saúde e o conhecimento sobre saúde e doença pode ser atribuída aos efeitos combinados de comportamento dísparrelacionado à saúde, condições ambientais e estruturas socioeconômicas, bem como o contato com a atenção à saúde e prestação da mesma. OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever e comparar o conhecimento dos pacientes com doença arterial coronariana (DAC),incluídos em programas de reabilitação cardíaca (RC) no Brasil e no Canadá, sobre os fatores relacionados à DAC. MÉTODOS: Duas amostras de 300 pacientes brasileiros e 300 pacientes canadensesincluídos em RC foram comparadas transversalmente. Os pacientes brasileiros foram recrutados de dois centros de RC no Sul do Brasil, enquanto os pacientes canadenses foram recrutados de um centro de RC em Ontário. O conhecimento foi avaliado utilizando o Questionário de Educação de Doença Arterial Coronariana (CADE-Q), psicometricamente validado em Português e Inglês. Os dados foram processados por meio de estatísticas descritivas, post-hoc eteste t de Student. RESULTADOS: A pontuação média total de conhecimento para toda a amostra foi de 41,42 ± 9,3. Os entrevistados canadenses apresentaram pontuações totais de conhecimento significativamente maiores do que os entrevistados brasileiros. O domínio mais bem esclarecido em ambas as amostras foi o exercício físico.Em 13 de 19 questões, os entrevistados canadenses relataram pontuações de conhecimento significativamente maiores do que os entrevistados brasileiros. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes ambulatoriais canadenses relataram conhecimento significativamente maior que suas contrapartes brasileiras. Os resultados também sugeremque um currículo educacional estruturado em programas de RC pode contribuir para um maior conhecimentodo paciente, o que pode em última análise facilitar as mudanças comportamentais.

Development and implementation of an integrated technical management system

Quality Management, Integrated Technical Management Systems, ITMS, Technical Elements, Environment, Occupational Health and safety, OH&S, Standards, ISO, General Regulations, Integration, Management Functions, Computer Centre, Suc-cess Concepts, Documentation, PCT, QMS, EMS, OH&S-MS, Portioning, Evaluation, Technical Cycle, Technical Compliance, Framework

Pentoxifylline Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling Induced by Tobacco Smoke Exposure

Abstract Background: Tobacco smoke exposure is an important risk factor for cardiac remodeling. Under this condition, inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism abnormalities, apoptosis, and hypertrophy are present. Pentoxifylline has anti‑inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative properties. Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline would attenuate cardiac remodeling induced by smoking. Methods: Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: Control (C), Pentoxifylline (PX), Tobacco Smoke (TS), and PX-TS. After two months, echocardiography, invasive blood pressure measurement, biochemical, and histological studies were performed. The groups were compared by two-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. Results: TS increased left atrium diameter and area, which was attenuated by PX. In the isolated heart study, TS lowered the positive derivate (+dp/dt), and this was attenuated by PX. The antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in the TS group; PX recovered these activities. TS increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased 3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenases (OH-DHA) and citrate synthase (CS). PX attenuated LDH, 3-OH-DHA and CS alterations in TS-PX group. TS increased IL-10, ICAM-1, and caspase-3. PX did not influence these variables. Conclusion: TS induced cardiac remodeling, associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changed energy metabolism. PX attenuated cardiac remodeling by reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiac bioenergetics, but did not act upon cardiac cytokines and apoptosis.

Estudos citológicos em Hemíoteros da família Coreidae

A more or less detailed study of the spermatogenesis in six species of Hemiptera belonging to the Coreid Family is made in the present paper. The species studied and their respective chromosome numbers were: 1) Diactor bilineatus (Fabr.) : spermatogonia with 20 + X, primary spermatocytes with 10 + X, X dividing equationaliv in the first division and passing undivided to one pole in the second. 2) Lcptoglossus gonagra (Fabr.) : spermatogonia with 20 + X, primary spermatocytes with 10 + X, X dividing equationally in the first division and passing undivided to one pole in the second. 3) Phthia picta (Drury) : spermatogonia with 20 + X, primary spermatocytes with 10 + X, X dividing equationally in the first division and passing undivided to one pole in the second. 4) Anisocelis foliacea Fabr. : spermatogonia with 26 + X fthe highest mumber hitherto known in the Family), primary .spermatocytes with 13 + X, X dividing equationally in the first division an passing undivided to one pole in the second. 5) Pachylis pharaonis (Herbtst) : spermatogonia with 16 + X, primary spermatocytes with 8 + X. Behaviour of the heteroehromosome not referred. 6) Pachylis laticornis (Fabr.) : spermatogonia with 14 + X, primary spermatocytes with 7 + X, X passing undivided to one pole in the first division and therefore secondary spermatocytes with 7 + X and 7 chromosomes. General results and conclusions a) Pairing modus of the chromosomes (Telosynapsis or Farasynapsis ?) - In several species of the Coreld bugs the history of the chromosomes from the diffuse stage till diakinesis cannot be follewed in detail due specially to the fact that lhe bivalents, as soon as they begin to be individually distinct they appear as irregular and extremely lax chromatic areas, which through an obscure process give rise to the diakinesis and then to the metaphase chomosomes. Fortunately I was able to analyse the genesis of the cross-shaped chromosomes, becoming thus convinced that even in the less favorable cases like that of Phthia, in which the crosses develop from four small condensation areas of the diffuse chromosomes, nothing in the process permit to interpret the final results as being due to a previous telosynaptic pairing. In the case of long bivalents formed by two parallel strands intimately united at both endsegments and more or less widely open in the middle (Leptoglossus, Pachylis), I could see that the lateral arms of the crosses originate from condensation centers created by a torsion or bending in the unpaired parts of the chromosomes In the relatively short bivalents the lateral branches of the cross are formed in the middle but in the long ones, whose median opening is sometimes considerable, two asymetrical branches or even two independent crosses may develop in the same pair. These observations put away the idea of an end-to-end pairing of the chromosomes, since if it had occured the lateral arms of the crosses would always be symetrical and median and never more than two. The direct observation of a side- toside pairing of the chromosomal threads at synizesis, is in foil agreement with the complete lack of evidence in favour of telosynapsis. b) Anaphasic bridges and interzonal connections - The chromosomes as they separate from each other in anaphase they remain connected by means of two lateral strands corresponding to the unpaired segmenas observed in the bivalents at the stages preceding metaphase. In the early anaphase the chromosomes again reproduce the form they had in late diafcinesis. The connecting threads which may be thick and intensely coloured are generally curved and sometimes unequal in lenght, one being much longer than the other and forming a loop outwardly. This fact points to a continuous flow of chromosomal substance independently from both chromosomes of the pair rather than to a mechanical stretching of a sticky substance. At the end of anaphase almost all the material which formed the bridges is reduced to two small cones from whose vertices a very fine and pale fibril takes its origin. The interzonal fibres, therefore, may be considered as the remnant of the anaphasic bridges. Abnormal behaviour of the anaphase chromosomes showed to be useful in aiding the interpretation of normal aspects. It has been suggested by Schrader (1944) "that the interzonal is nothing more than a sticky coating of the chromosome which is stretched like mucilage between the daughter chromosomes as they move further and further apart". The paired chromosomes being enclosed in a commom sheath, as they separate they give origin to a tube which becomes more and more stretched. Later the walls of the tube collapse forming in this manner an interzonal element. My observations, however, do not confirm Schrader's tubular theory of interzonal connections. In the aspects seen at anaphase of the primary spermatocytes and described in this paper as chromosomal bridges nothing suggests a tubular structure. There is no doubt that the chromosomes are here connected by two independent strands in the first division of the spermatocytes and by a single one in the second. The manner in which the chromosomes separate supports the idea of transverse divion, leaving little place for another interpretation. c) Ptafanoeomc and chromatoid bodies - The colourabtlity of the plasmosome in Diactor and Anisocelis showed to be highly variable. In the latter species, one may find in the same cyst nuclei provided with two intensely coloured bodies, the larger of which being the plasmosome, sided by those in which only the heterochromosome took the colour. In the former one the plasmosome strongly coloured seen in the primary metaphase may easily be taken for a supernumerary chromosome. At anaphase this body stays motionless in the equator of the cell while the chromosomes are moving toward the poles. There, when intensely coloured ,it may be confused with the heterochromosome of the secondary spermatocytes, which frequently occupies identical position in the corresponding phase, thus causing missinterpretation. In its place the plasmosome may divide into two equal parts or pass undivided to one cell in whose cytoplasm it breaks down giving rise to a few corpuscles of unequal sizes. In Pachylis pharaonis, as soon as the nuclear membrane breate down, the plasmosome migrates to a place in the periphery of the cell (primary spermatocyte), forming there a large chromatoid body. This body is never found in the cytoplasm prior to the dissolution of the nuclear membrane. It is certain that chromatoid bodies of different origin do exist. Here, however, we are dealing, undoubtedly, with true plasmosomes. d) Movement of the heterochromosome - The heterochromosome in the metaphase of the secondary spermatocytes may occupy the most different places. At the time the autosomes prient themselves in the equatorial plane it may be found some distance apart in this plane or in any other plane and even in the subpolar and polar regions. It remains in its place during anaphase. Therefore, it may appear at the same level with the components of one of the anaphase plates (synchronism), between both plates (succession) or between one plate and tbe pole (precession), what depends upon the moment the cell was fixed. This does not mean that the heterochromosome sometimes moves as quickly as the autosomes, sometimes more rapidly and sometimes less. It implies, on the contrary, that, being anywhere in the cell, the heterochromosome m he attained and passed by the autosomes. In spite of being almost motionless the heterochromosome finishes by being enclosed in one of the resulting nuclei. Consequently, it does move rapidly toward the group formed by the autosomes a little before anaphase is ended. This may be understood assuming that the heterochromosome, which do not divide, having almost inactive kinetochore cannot orient itself, giving from wherever it stays, only a weak response to the polar influences. When in the equator it probably do not perform any movement in virtue of receiving equal solicitation from both poles. When in any other plane, despite the greater influence of the nearer pole, the influence of the opposite pole would permit only so a slow movement that the autosomes would soon reach it and then leave it behind. It is only when the cell begins to divide that the heterochromosome, passing to one of the daughter cells scapes the influence of the other and thence goes quickly to join the autosomes, being enclosed with them in the nucleus formed there. The exceptions observed by BORING (1907) together with ; the facts described here must represent the normal behavior of the heterocromosome of the Hemiptera, the greater frequency of succession being the consequence of the more frequent localization of the heterochromosome in the equatorial plane or in its near and of the anaphase rapidity. Due to its position in metaphase the heterochromosome in early anaphase may be found in precession. In late anaphase, oh the contrary ,it appears almost always in succession. This is attributed to the fact of the heterochromosome being ordinairily localized outside the spindle area it leaves the way free to the anaphasic plate moving toward the pole. Moreover, the heterochromosome being a round element approximately of the size of the autosomes, which are equally round or a little longer in the direction of the movement, it can be passed by the autosomes even when it stands in the area of the spindle, specially if it is not too far from the equatorial plane. e) The kinetochore - This question has been fully discussed in another paper (PIZA 1943a). The facts treated here point to the conclusion that the chromosomes of the Coreidae, like those of Tityus bahiensis, are provided with a kinetochore at each end, as was already admitted by the present writer with regard to the heterochromosome of Protenor. Indeed, taking ipr granted the facts presented in this paper, other cannot be the interpretation. However, the reasons by which the chromosomes of the species studied here do not orient themselves at metaphase of the first division in the same way as the heterochromosome of Protenor, that is, with the major axis parallelly to the equatorial plane, are claiming for explanation. But, admiting that the proximity of the kinetochores at the ends of chromosomes which do not separate until the second division making them respond to the poles as if they were a single kinetochore ,the explanation follows. (See PIZA 1943a). The median opening of the diplonemas when they are going to the diffuse stage as well as the reappearance of the bivalents always united at the end-segments and open in the middle is in full agreement with the existence of two terminal kinetochores. The same can be said with regard to the bivalents which join their extremities to form a ring.

Pesquisas sôbre a análise estatística de experiências de adubação com o auxílio da lei de Mitscherlich

Statistical analyses of an experiment on wheat were carried out with the aid of Mitscherlich's law. The experiment was made in Ponta Grossa, Paraná, by the Ministry of Agriculture of Brasil. Lime, in the form of Ca(OH)2, was applied at the levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 metric tons per hectare. A 5 x 5 Latin square was used. Lime was applied in 1940 and wheat was cultivated in the same plots for several years. The following fertilizers were annually used for all plots: NaNO3 100 kilograms per hectare, Superphosphate 350 kilograms per hectare, K2S04 80 kilograms per hectare. The statistical analysis of the data collected in 1941, 1942, 1943, 1947 and 1948, carried out in accordance with the methods previously introduced by Pimentel Gomes and Malavolta (1949 a, 1949 b) and Pimentel Gomes (1950), proved: I. That Mitscherlich's law could be correctly applied to the data. II. That there was a statistically significant effect of lime on wheat yield. III. That the optimum amount of lime to be applied to the soil lies between 5 and 15 hundred kilograms of Ca(OH)2 per hectare. IV. That there is a migration of calcium from some plots to others, in such a way that the data obtained in 1947 and 1948 are not representative of the amounts of lime applied in 1940. V. That the analysis of variance can be used, as the Bartlett test shows that the variances at the distinct levele of lime application are not statistically different. It must be noted that, with improved variety and fertilization, the yield was rised to about 2500 kilograms per hectare in 1947, and 1600 in 1948, being only of about 100 kilograms per hectare in 1940.

Biologia da Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) ( Lepidoptera - Adelocephalidae ), praga do «Açoita-Cavalo» (Luehea spp.) e notas sôbre seus inimigos naturais

Biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) (Lep., Adelocephalidae), a pest of Luehea spp. (Tiliaceae), and notes on its natural enemies. In the beginning of 1950, one of the Authors made some observations about the biology of Arsenura xanthopus (Walker), in Piracicaba, State of S. Paulo, Brazil. From 1951 to 1953, both Authors continued the observations on such an important Adelocephalidae, the caterpillars of which represent a serious pest of Luehea spp. leaves. Actually, in some occasions, the caterpillars can destroy completely the leaves of the trees. The species is efficientely controlled by two natural enemies: an egg parasite (Tetrastichus sp., Hym., Eulophidae) and a fly attacking the last instar caterpillar (Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp), Dip., Tachinidae). Tetrastichus sp. can destroy 100% of the eggs and the fly, 70 to 100% of the caterpillars. Indeed, facts as such are very interesting because we rarely know of a case of so complete a control of a pest by an insect. A. xanthopus had not yet been mentioned in our literature. Actually neither the systematic bibliography nor the economic one has treated of this species. However, a few other species of Arsenura are already known as living on Luehea spp. According to the Authors' observations, W. tricolor was also unknown by the Brazilian entomological literature. Arsenura xanthopus (Walker, 1855) After giving the sinonimy and a few historical data concerning the species, and its geographical distribution, the Authors discuss its placing in the genus Arsenura Duncan or Rhescyntis Huebner, finishing by considering Arsenura xanthopus as a valid name. The Authors put the species in the family Adelocephalidae, as it has been made by several entomologists. The host plant The species of Tiliaceae plants belonging to the genus Luehea are called "açoita-cavalo" and are well known for the usefulness of their largely utilized wood. The genus comprises exclusively American plants, including about 25 species distributed throughout the Latin America. Luehea divaricata Mart, is the best known species and the most commonly cultivated. Biology of Arsenura xanthopus Our observations show that the species passes by 6 larval stages. Eggs and egg-postures, all the 6 instars of the caterpillars as well as the chrysalid are described. The pupal period is the longest of the cycle, taking from 146 to 256 days. Data on the eclosion and habits of the caterpillars are also presented. A redescription of the adult is also given. Our specimens agreed with BOUVIER's description, except in the dimension between the extremities of the extended wings, which is a little shorter (107 mm according to BOUVlErVs paper against from 80 to 100mm in our individuals). Winthemia tricolor (van der Wulp, 1890) Historical data, geographical distribution and host are first related. W. tricolor had as yet a single known host-; Ar^-senura armida (Cramer). This chapter also contains some observations on the biolcn gy of the fly and on its behaviour when trying to lay eggs on the caterpillars' skin. The female of W. tricolor lays from 1 to 33 eggs on the skin of the last instar caterpillar. The mam region of the body where the eggs are laid are the membranous legs. Eggs are also very numerous oh the ventral surface of the thorax and abdomen. The. preference for such regions is easily cleared up considering the position assumed by the caterpillar when fixed motionless in a branch. In such an occasion, the fly approaches, the victim, puts the ovipositor out and lays the eggs on different parts of the body, mainly on the mentioned regions, which are much more easily reached. The eggs of the fly are firmly attached to the host's skin, being almost impossible to detach them, without having them broken. The minute larvae of the fly enter the body of, the host when it transforms into chrysalid. Chrysalids recentely formed and collected in nature f requentely show a few small larvae walking on its skin and looking for an adequate place to get into the body. A few larvae die by remaining in the skin of the caterpillar which is pushed away to some distance by the active movements of the chrysalid recentely formed. From 1 to 10 larvae completely grown may emerge from the attacked chrysalid about 8 days after their penetrating into the caterpillars' body and soon begin to look for an adequate substratum where they can transform themselves into pupae. In natural conditions, the metamorphosis occurs in the soil. The flies appear within 15 days. Tetrastichus sp. This microhymenoptera is economically the most interesting parasite, being commonly able to destroy the whole pos^ ture of the moth. Indeed, some days after the beginning of the infestation of the trees, it is almost impossible to obtain postures completely free of parasites. The active wasp introduces the ovipositor into the egg of the moth, laying its egg inside, from 80 to 120 seconds after having introduced it. A single adult wasp emerges from each egg. Sarcophaga lambens Wiedemann, 1830 During the observations carried out, the Authors obtained 10 flies from a chysalid that were recognized as belonging to the species above. S. lambens is a widely distributed Sarcophagidae, having a long list of hosts. It is commonly obtained from weak or died invertebrates, having no importance as one of their natural enemies. Sinonimy, list of hosts and distribution are presented in this paper. Control of Arsenura xanthopus A test has been carefully made in the laboratory just to find out the best insecticide for controlling A. xanthopus caterpillars. Four different products were experimented (DDT, Pa-rathion, BHC and Fenatox), the best results having been obtained with DDT at 0,25%. However, the Authors believe in spite of the initial damages of the trees, that the application of an insecticide may be harmful by destroying the natural agents of control. A biological desiquilibrium may in this way take place. The introduction of the parasites studied (Tetrastichus sp. and Winthemia tricolor) seems to be the most desirable measure to fight A. xanthopus.

Determinação de potássio em fertilizantes por fotometria de chama

O presente trabalho relata um estudo sobre a determinação do potássio em fertilizantes por fotometria de chama e empregando o aparelho Coleman, modêlo 21. A precisão do método foi estudada, aplicando-o na análise de 3misturas contendo os fertilizantes sulfato de amônio e superfosfato simples ou triplo e uma quantidade conhecida de potássio na forma de sal puro, para análise (KC1 p.a.). As determinações do potássio foram executadas nas soluções das mencionadas misturas, após eliminar os ânions sulfato e fosfato com a resina Amberlite IR-4B (OH). Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que o método em questão além de ser muito rápido, forneceu resultados satisfatórios, quando se consideram as diluições necessárias para as determinações. Outras determinações executadas simultaneamente, e em soluções das mesmas misturas, mas sem eliminar os ânions sulfato e fosfato, forneceram dados próximos aos obtidos com a eliminação dos citados ânions.